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Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: the case of Uganda Michel Dione and Emily Ouma Eastern Africa Regional Animal Health Networks Meeting September 7 – 11, 2015, Kampala, Uganda

Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

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Page 1: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig

diseases: the case of UgandaMichel Dione and Emily Ouma

Eastern Africa Regional Animal Health Networks MeetingSeptember 7 – 11, 2015, Kampala, Uganda

Page 2: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Why pig value chains in Uganda?

Dynamic and rapidly growing sector in Uganda.In the past three decades pig population increased from 0.19 to 3.2 million pigs Highest per capita consumption (3.4 kg/person/year) of pork in the region -10 times increase in the last 30 years, whereas beef is declining.More than 1.1 million households raise pigs in rural and peri-urban settings.Pigs contribute to livelihoods and income to meet emergency needs and school fees (“live bank”)

Page 3: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Informal sector• A large informal sub-sector– Mostly backyard systems, managed by

women and children– Low productivity (breeds, feeds & health

constraints)– Uncoordinated trade & transport– Unsupervised slaughter slabs, with no meat

inspection in local markets, road-side butchers, pork joints

– Only 1 approved slaughterhouse in Kampala (Wambizzi)

– Few investors in formal processor: Fresh Cuts, Sausage King

Page 4: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Goal

To improve livelihoods, incomes and assets of smallholder pig producers, particularly women, in a sustainable manner, through increased productivity, reduced risk, and improved market access

Project sites: Central (Masaka and Mukono); North (Lira); West (Hoima); East (Kamuli)

Page 5: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

• Stakeholder Consultation

• GIS Study on Targeting Smallholder Pig Value Chains in Uganda

• Situational Analysis of the Pig Sector in Uganda

• Participatory Outcome Mapping and Site Selection

• Value chain toolkit development

• Value Chain Assessment

• Benchmarking surveys

• Best-bets intervention selection

• Testing and validation of best-bets

• Scaling up and out of the interventions

Methodology

Page 6: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Qualitative data collection tools • Seasonal calendar (Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant

Interview)• Institutional interactions tool (FGD)• Production systems tool (FGD)• Social capital – involvement in collective action and benefits

(FGD, KII)• Activity clock – gender roles in production and marketing (FGD)• Decision-making tool –decision making and control of resources

(FGD)• Livelihood analysis – income sources (FGD, KII)• Value chain mapping (FGD, KII)• Animal health and management (FGD, KII)• Breeding (FGD)• Feeding (FGD)• Food safety and nutrition (FGD)

Page 7: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

PRODUCERS (n=1400)INPUTS/SERVICES

Feed input stockists and millers (n=36 stockists and n=200 feed samples)

Vet drugs stockists (n=36) Service providers:

o Veterinarians/AHA/paravets (n=53)o Owners of village breeding boars (n=90)o Extension staff (public and private)

OUTPUT Traders of live pigs (including collectors and transporters) (n=86) Slaughterhouses/abattoirs (n=1) Processors (formal-Fresh Cuts/Quality Cuts) Retailers (meat/processed products) – butcheries, supermarkets,

pork-joints Consumers – preferences for different pig/pork product

attributes

Benchmark surveys

Page 8: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Uganda Smallholder Pig Value chain Map

Page 9: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Input suppliers

Interconnectedness of the VC nodes and implication for disease spread

Processors

Consumers

Pig & pork traders

Pig producers

Transporters

Complexity of the value chain

Page 10: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

High disease burden – especially ASF, ecto and endo parasites Low bargaining power (farmers operate individually)/pig weight estimation Lack of capacity on low cost locally prepared feed rations

Constraints along the pig value chain

Production

Collection/bulking

Slaughter

Processing

Retail

Consumption

Inputs and services Expensive, and of poor quality feeds (adulterated) Weak implementation of quality assurance systems

Key constraints

Lack of designated areas for centralised slaughtering/ no meat inspection Poor waste management

Lack of prerequisites for pork storage (lack of cold chain) Poor pork handling and hygiene practices

High transaction costs (especially transport), Poor biosecurity measures resulting in disease spread Poor handling of pigs during transportation – affects pork quality

Few formal processors despite high demand for pork/pork products Low supply of quality pigs

Lack of awareness on pork zoonoses Evidence for presence of pathogens causing zoonotic diseases

Page 11: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Results from cross sectional surveys and laboratory investigations for diseases and zoonoses

Pathogen Summary of results (Mean sero-prevalence Masaka, Mukono and Kamuli) (n=1300 samples)

African swine fever No seropositive detetecd, but genotype IX virus was isolated in Kamuli

Brucella suis very low sero prevalence and sero-positives were not confirmed

Taenia solium up to 55% seroprevalence (higher in rural areas)

Intestinal worms 50-71% strongyles ; > 6-20% Ascaris; > 5-18% lung worms; > 0-12% ; Trichuris; > 0-7% Strongyloides ransomi

Coccidiosis 24-50% (Microscopy)Trypanosoma spp 2/696 (Microscopy)Trichinella 7% seroprevalenceToxoplasma 28% seroprevalenceSwine erysipelas 70% seroprevalence, in pigs from farm sampling

Page 12: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

African swine fever

• Major pig disease constraint • Endemic in Uganda• High mortality (up to 100%)• High occurrence of outbreaks during dry season

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Fate of pigs affected by ASF according farmers (n=350)

Page 13: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Perception of pig value chain actors on level of risk for ASF along the value chainValue chain nodes

Average overall score of FGDs

Rank Value chain actors (ranking)

Input supply and services 4.9 5

Boar service (1); Para-vetenarians and Village vetenarians (2); Feed suppliers (3); Drug stockists (4); Private and Government veterinarians (5)

Pig Production 5.2 4 Piglet producers (1); Growers (2)

Pig trading 6.8 1 Live pig collectors (1); Brokers (2); Transporters (3)

Slaughtering 5.5 2 Backyard slaughters (1.); Slaughter slabs (2); Wambizzi abattoir (3)

Retailing 5.4 3 Butchers (1); Supermarkets (2)

Consumption 3.7 6 Individual households (1); Pork joints (1); Restaurants (2)

Ranking of the role of value chain actors on the dissemination of ASF

Page 14: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Value chain actor’s practices associated with the dissemination of ASF

Don’t use Movement Permit Trade of sick pigs Purchase of pigs

from outbreaks areas Mixing of sick and healthy pigs

Poor cleaning and disinfection of trucks/vehicles/clothing/shoes/boots

Lack of capacity to identify sick pigsPoor knowledge of farmers about

biosecurity

Slaughter of sick pigsSale meat from sick pigsAbsence of inspection

Lack of reporting of outbreaksPoor disposal of offal

Poor self-hygiene during meat processing

Presence of stray dogs

Poor reporting of outbreaksPoor disinfection material

Use of expired drugsPoor quality vet services

Poor quality of feeds

Free range No restricted access at farm

Trade of sick pigs Mixing of sick with healthy pigs

Farm tools sharingPoor hygiene at farm

Lack of capacity to identify sick pigsUse of communal village boar

Poor food waste disposal

Poor knowledge of ASF

Dogs and cats

Input suppliers

Traders

ConsumersButcher/retailer

Producer

Page 15: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Selection of best bet interventions

• Impact pathway workshop

• Best bet identification workshop

• Feed-back workshops to farmers

• Ex-ante assessment of interventions

Page 16: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Issues InterventionsLimited knowledge on biosecurity measures

Education package for different actors including : biosecurity knowledge and pig disease information

Lack of knowledge on husbandry

Training on good husbandry practices

Poor drug management

Sensitize actors on consequence of low quality drugs

Identified best bet interventions related to animal health (1)

Page 17: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Issues InterventionsFree ranging • Promote housing model with 3-

stages enclosure (Kraal)• Improved tethering model

Weak disease surveillance systems

• Rapid diagnostic tests (ASF/Cyst.)• Centrilised slaughter place • Community diseases syndromic

surveillance (mobile phone)Poor hygiene and processing practices

• Capacity building of pork butchers on best slaughtering and handling practices

Identified best bet interventions related to animal health (2)

Page 18: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Testing the effect of biosecurity protocols on pig farmer’s KAP using a Randomised Controlled Trial

Intervention– Capacity building of 2500 value chain

actors on application of biosecurity practices for control of ASF (Lira and Masaka districts)

Indicators for monitoring – Evidence of changes in farmer

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices – Evidence of change in pathogen

burden (PRRS, PCV, etc… )

Page 19: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Assessing the potential of training pork butchers on reduction exposure to zoonotic disease risks

Intervention– Training of butchers on appropriate

slaughtering and pork handling (Mukono Municipality)

Indicators for monitoring – Evidence of changes in farmer

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices – Evidence of change in pathogen

burden (total bacterial count)

Page 20: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

Capacity building material for control and management of ASF and other pig diseases

(1) Training manuals• African swine fever• Parasite control • Pig managing • Management of the

village boar• Feeding• Business planning and

financial management • Strengthening capacity

of smallholder pig farmers to access markets

(2) Fact sheets on biosecurity

Fact sheets on biosecurity

Producers Traders/Brokers/Transporters

Butchers Input suppliers

ILRILocal GovernmentMAIIFFarm GainAFID

ILRIUS VWB

• Training manual of pig slaughtering and pork handling

• Fact sheets on biosecurity

ILRIUS VWBNALIRRIMAAIF

Fact sheets on biosecurity

ILRIUS VWB

Page 21: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

On going related research

• Knowledge Attitudes Practices, Capacities and Incentives (KAPCI) of smallholder Pig Value Chain actors for the adoption of biosecurity measures

• Gender dimension in pig husbandry and biosecurity for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases (Intra HH surveys and Gender Transformative Approach-gender roles and relations)

• Socio-cultural factors that influence disease control in the smallholder pig value chain

• Enhancing diseases diagnostic test using mobile phone technology

Page 22: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

• Public sector: MAAIF, NAADS, local governments of Kamuli, Masaka, Mukono, Hoima & Lira, KCCA

• Research/education institutions: NARO / NaLIRRI, Makerere University (COVAB, CAES, CNS), SLU, Iowa State Univ.

• NGOs: VEDCO, SNV, Veterinarians Without Borders• Private sector: BRAC, PPM, Agro-Empowerment

Center, ADINA Farm; UPO, Union of Pig Coops of Greater Masaka, Wambizzi Coop., Greenfields Uganda Ltd., OrgaFarms (on IMOs),

Partnerships

Page 23: Smallholder pig value chain approach for the control of African swine fever and other pig diseases: The case of Uganda

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