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Locating Places on Earth Unit 9, Lesson 9.1 By Margielene D. Judan

Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth

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Page 1: Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth

Locating Places on EarthUnit 9, Lesson 9.1

By Margielene D. Judan

Page 2: Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth

Lesson Outline• Locating Places By Latitudes and Longitudes• Latitude and Longitude Distance Measurements• Layers of the Earth

Page 3: Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth

Celestial Navigation• Relied on celestial objects

(rising and setting of the sun, location of the stars, etc.)• Established first by the Greeks• Polaris – a star followed by

travelers heading north• Rising sun – east • Constellations – easily

recognizable patterns that help people orient themselves using the night sky

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Modern Navigation• Uses two imaginary lines

that run from pole to pole and from west to east.• Latitude – run from west to

east• Longitude run from pole

to pole

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Modern Navigation• Two starting points, known

as the great circles, are used (marked 0 degrees):• Equator – passes

horizontally through the center of the earth• Prime Meridian – the

vertical line that passes through Greenwich, England, dividing the earth into western and eastern hemispheres

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Latitudes• Indicates north or south location• Imaginary lines are called parallels of latitude. • Equator – starting point • Parallels of latitude bet. the

equator and north pole is written with N, while those between the equator and south pole is written with S.• Measurements ranges from - N

or S.

- N

- S

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Longitudes• Indicates west or east

location• Imaginary lines are called meridians of longitude• Prime meridian – starting

point passing through Greenwich and England (by international agreement)• Measurements ranges from

- E and WGreenwich Prime Meridian

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Longitudes• Unlike latitudes, lines of longitude

converge in the poles.• Thus, the more we get near the

poles, the distance between two meridians decreases.

Point of convergence

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Recitation (1-5)• Locate the following using latitudes and longitudes.

(next slide) Western Hemisphere

NorthernHemisphere

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1. Texas

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1. Texas - 30N, 100W

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2. South Dakota

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2. South Dakota - 45N, 100W

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3. Himalayas

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3. Himalayas- 30N, 90E

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4. South Africa

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4. South Africa- 30S, 30E

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5.Australia

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5.Australia- 30S, 150E

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Distance Measurements• Distance are expressed in

angular measurements called degree.• Furthermore, a degree is even

divided into 60’ (minutes) • The minutes is further divided

into 60’’ (seconds)• Below is an example showing

the degree, minute, and second:• 3050’12’’ N, 15045’25’’ E

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Distance Measurements• 1 degree (1) = 70 mi (112 km)• 1 minute (1’) = 1.667 miles• 1 second (1’’) = 100 ft

Ex. 1. What is the latitude of 840 miles north of the equator?Solution: Answer: 12N840 mi 1 70 mi

x = 12_____

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Distance MeasurementsEx. 2. South Korea is at 35N. How far is South Korea from the Tropic of Cancer?Solution: Answer: 805 milesTropic of Cancer is located at 23.5N. 35N – 23.5N= 11.5 11.5 70 mi 1x = 805 mi_____

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Important Latitude Lines• North Pole 90N• Tropic of Cancer

23.5N • Equator 0• Tropic of Capricorn 23.5S• South Pole

90S

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The Philippines• Location - 1300’00’’ N,

12200’00’’ E• 2nd largest archipelago

in the world (1st – Indonesia)• 7,107 islands• Land area = 300,000

km2

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Layers of the Earth

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Layers of the Earth (Basic)Based on their properties, the earth is divided into:• Crust • Mantle• Core

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Layers of the Earth• Continental Crust• Oceanic Crust• Mohorovicic

discontinuity• Upper Mantle• Lower Mantle• Gutenberg Discontinuity• Outer Core• Inner Core

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Crust• Thinnest and outermost

layer• Shows greatest

variations in thickness• Divided into:1. Continental crust2. Oceanic crust

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Continental Crust• Thickness : 30-50 km• Mineral composition:

Silicon Aluminum (SIAL) rocks• Basic type of rock:

Granite• Thicker than oceanic

crust

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Oceanic Crust• Thickness : 7.5 km• Mineral composition:

rocks rich with silicon, iron, and magnesium (SIMA)• Basic type of rock:

Basalt• Thinner than continental

crust• Denser than continental

crust (due to basalt)

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Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)• Discovered by Andrija

Mohorovicic by studying seismic waves• Rigid zone• Separates crust from upper

mantle

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Mantle• Characteristic: plastic

solid (it flows, but it is solid; ex. lava)• Thickest layer of the

earth• The convection currents in it are responsible for movements in the earth’s tectonic plates.

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Upper Mantle• Thickness: 965 km• Composition: silicates of

metallic compounds• Characteristic: elastic,

denser than crust• Lithosphere = crust +

upper mantle• Asthenosphere = upper

mantle (flowing, plastic)

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Lower Mantle• Thickness : 1,930 km• Composition: Iron and

magnesium• Characteristic: elastic,

denser than crust

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Gutenberg discontinuity• Discovered by

Beno Gutenberg by studying seismic waves• Separates lower

mantle from outer core

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Outer core• Thickness : 2,880-

5,035 km• Composition: Iron-rich

metal alloy• Characteristic: liquid

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Inner core• Composition: heavy

iron and nickel• Characteristic: solid,

very dense, highly elastic• Responsible for the

earth’s magnetic field • Hotter than the sun’s

surface

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