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LINUX COMPLETE BEGINNER GUIDE BY ANTHONY LE GOFF @Ideo_logiq Jan 2014

Linux Beginner Guide 2014

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Howto beginner guide on Linux. 22 pages to enter on this operating system alternative. Some Security tips it's provided

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Page 1: Linux Beginner Guide 2014

LINUX COMPLETE BEGINNER GUIDE

BY ANTHONY LE GOFF@Ideo_logiq

Jan 2014

Page 2: Linux Beginner Guide 2014

2 SUMMARY

#CHAP 1. WHY I SHOULD INSTALL LINUX ?

Many people have heard of Linux, know if it may be useful to you thenbecomes yet another reality that it is possible to imagine in terms ofproductivity and security as a workstation.

#CHAP 2. CHOICE THE GOOD LINUX TO YOU

Want to test Linux is already a big step. This is also the beginning toexplore what "distro" is made depending on your needs.

#CHAP 3. INSTALL LINUX ON YOUR PERSONAL COMPUTER

Once you have selected your "linux distro" we will have take a bit oftime to install on your computer. Here you have to learn how to start anoperating system on a USB live, to partition your hard drive and thenstart the installation.

#CHAP 4. BOOST THE HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY

At last install on your Linux system, and sometimes there is a hardwarethat does not work natively. It is a fact, frequently wi-fi, 3D card orwireless mouse. Some ideas to fix the problems of a "fresh install"

#CHAP 5. SOFTWARE INSTALL, APPS & CYBERSECURITY

Your Linux OS running, you can begin to customize his appearance,desktop, startup, in graphical or command line.

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3

#CHAP 1 .Why I Should install Linux ?

Intro

Curious to change the operating system, but yet youhave no background in computer science. The commandline scares & coding is not your thing and yet tiredfailures of other operating systems? I mean the bluescreen of Windows such as fatal. This can be a start tomigrate to Linux.

Linux is not (always) elegant, this is not a Mac Book Pro or Air. However Apple or Windowshave an irritating tendency to have non custom user environments and constrained, it is afact: geeks are on Linux. Linux on your computer is not the computer Mr. or Mrs.everybody. It's yours, customize according to your computing needs, you take control ofyour computer. This should be the main reason to migrate.

The computer changes with cloudcomputing and it is more difficult tounderstand the different layers ofabstraction, what a computer is and howit works with the "all connected" and"smart object" starting invade us bysmartphones and drones. ApproachLinux allows you to better understandthe whole problem and therefore thesecurity of your data on the web.

Android runs on a Linux kernel, 75% ofsmartphones, 92% of supercomputersrun on Linux, and only 1.97% of personalcomputer are on a Linux system aroundthe world.

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4 This is totally free, you don't pay license

Last update of Windows 8 completely fresh with his new writing Metro and you must paythe license. It was Christmas and you change your computer, workstation Mac, you gocrazy for the latest Mac Book Pro, which cost you a trip to Bora Bora. And maybe then youwould have preferred to go made in French Polynesia.

This was just the beginning. You have to go buy somesoftware. The latest Office suite and license $ 150. You are acrazy photoshop and also buy the license. Train in offeringyou also pay for the updates contained you are unsure use.Apple offers the latest OSX, a small update and a few $ morefor the maintainability of your personal workstation. Updates,service packs, software suites, it is a budget.

Linux is completely free, whether on a computer or a 3000Machines and open source software included about 30,000

packages in Debian in deposits. You install the distribution, some automatic updates andyou are on a complete operational system software suite, web browser included,communication.

Updrade the system for a new & old computer

Want to recycle a computer, or switch a laptop under a light system to ensure that it heatsup a bit too much. The heart and kernel of linux running on thousands of serversworldwide operate by engineers who need resource stable production. This is the samekernel that you will find on your personal and lighter than Windows or Mac system.

Modify the system as you wish

If you browse a bit on blogs and websites specializing in Linux it isimpossible not to notice hackers on their system. Customize thesystem is second nature with Linux. Want to change the color ofwindows, no problem. You do not like the splash screen of thecomputer? This party is to give some freshness. This icon looks likenothing? Change it! Need a script to start a program, let's go.

Everything is modifiable, find the file system configuration and launch you to customizeyour computer. If you have a little fear there are some tools like Ubuntu Tweak for examplein software repositories. If you are imaginative and creative on your computer you'vefound your place.

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5 Learn in depth IT skills

Whether a beginner or advanced level, Linux allows you to learn the computer step bystep, using modern functions, command line or GUI to explore the functions of thecomputer. For example, you can learn to do handling in different forms:

• Check the access permissions work• Knowing the commands currently running with the function top• "Mount" a USB storage drive or an external hard drive with mount• What is the rsync and how to use it to backup your data• Become a master of your data with the commands grep, tail or find.

Modify & play with effects on Linux

Linux is highly customizable and you can changethe system to give effects to your desktop, addadditional zones of work and other things toincrease your productivity while having a cool andstylish office or more extravagant as an arrayairplane and indicator on the operating state of thecomputer.An example with the desktop Gnome ShellElementary Luna.

The dock in Ubuntu: Unity, to manage your applications and automatic document searchon your computer. It is also possible to run a Windows system for Linux applications byvirtualizing the system with VirtualBox or applications with wine.

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#CHAP 2. Install linux on your computer

You have decided to take the step and you run Linux or start attempt after a few years ofinterruption for X reasons. It is time to prepare a distribution Linux "distro" that you will beinstalling on a USB Live (CD is out of date) to enter the world of Linux.

To create a USB key you will have to use a Windows software called Linux Live USB creatoror Lili for intimate with this software available for download.A second solution is to install the system in VirtualBox virtualization machine for testingsafely on your current operating system with this tutorial.

A small overview of various popular Linux distributions that you can test according to yourneeds and desires. To install it by Live USB and restart your PC to the USB key. Somedistributions are made to start while others are for advanced users see informed (ArchLinux and Kali). You can download the image file in. Iso each site distributions or viabitorrent.

Ubuntu : The most popular « for human being »

Ubuntu is developed through the company Canonical by an entrepreneur named MarkShuttleworth. He had a dream to create a distro accessible to everybody. This is arelatively new distro. It extends from the Ubuntu release with Touch for Smartphone andtablet. The Ubuntu user community is very important and reactive forums in case ofproblems, see sponsorship. This is a simple solution to start focusing on simplicity of use.This is the distribution or you will be less hardware problem during installation, often with ahigh material compatibility support.

Ubuntu started with the beginner's guide to apprehend the system. Documentation of theU buntu wiki it's also very powerfull

You will find variations of desktop such as Gnome-Shell, KDE or XFCE. Ubuntu comes invery intrusive Unity environment with research on Amazon, Ebay. Distributions changename depending on the desktop: Gnome remix, Kubuntu, Xubuntu.

Ubuntu offers a cloud service named Ubuntu One by default.

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7

Linux Mint : The new distro for beginner

Linux Mint is based on simplicity and elegance. It is a derivative of Ubuntu and thereforerobust distribution. There are two desktop environments either Cinnamon or Mate. Tomigrate from Windows without being too lost on the interface is a good choice because thebar and the menu are placed in the same manner. A smooth migration. Everything youneed in a default OS is: office suite, tools, internet, browser, flash player, MP3, DVD. Tostart in Mint you can follow this user guide.

Mageia : The french alternative system

Mageia is a French project born from the death of Mandriva in 2010. The distribution isbased on the creation of IT governance stable of collaborative work by a community ofpassionate. You can find the documentation on this page. The default desktop is KDE. It isalso the first distribution to be built as free format MariaDB management system databaseinstead of MySQL.

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8 Fedora : Solid Alternative

Fedora is developed by Linux Red Hat enterprise. The system is robust and different fromUbuntu package management (based on Debian. Deb on Ubuntu) RPM. Rapidly developingsupports a variety of hardware and PowerPC oriented. Fedora is also used on the serverside and system administration.

Arch Linux : The corner of bearded men experts

Arch Linux is not the distribution that installs following two, three drinks and you begin toremake the world. But it is well to rebuild your computer operating system from scratch. Tolearn Linux and IT "like a pro" is what you need and also a lot of coffee or tea at hand. Youstart with nothing and build your system. There's no updates every 6 months but onlyupdates as needed. If the computer and the command line does not scare you begin thisinstallation guide edited by the community (or in this link by Lifehacker) in Virtual Box fortesting purpose

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9 Kali : Offensive 127.0.0.1

Kali formerly Linux Back | Track is an offensive cyber penetration project on computernetworks. Debian-based distribution for very informed on IT risk user, network auditing etc... It is definitely not for beginners, but it is well known in the Linux world. Not looking toget help for use on forums, you will not.

Tails : Anonymously

Tails is a distribution based on Debian 6 "Squeeze" to surf the internet anonymously withTor & bypass censorship. You do not let a trace, while learning to use tools such asencryption for your emails with GnuPG, files, and instant messaging.You can turn to the guardian project for tools such as Jitsi and ChatSecure for instantmessaging “Off-The-Rrecord” and sms TextSecure for which should be integrated nativelyon Android devices with CyanogenMod in future versions.

Tails installation guide.

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#CHAP 3. Install linux on your personal computer

You decide to give Linux a chance and you just found the distro made for your needs. Sohere we go for installation via a live USB. You going to need some knowledge about diskpartitioning also cohabitation system and boot / Multiboot.

You should not need this guide during installation because you will not have it at hand.Whatever print it to keep it close to hand in case of a system panic / / Kernel Panic / / oryour own cold sweat.

Burning a Live USB

There are several methods to burn a Linux distro . The CD is obsolete now uses the USBespecially since ultrabooks have no CD / DVD drive.As I mentioned before you need to go the Linux Live USB Creator software to do this onWindows. Mac the method is a bit more complex, and I advise you to search a little onGoogle.

As an example we will burn the latest version of Linux Mint available in this downloadpage. Allow the 64-bit version if you > = 4GB of memory on your computer. Otherwise goto the 32 - bit case . Choose the environment Mate or Cinnamon . You can then select a download mirror live from . Iso , ie your image file or torrent link viaBittorrent .

You install Lili USB Creator and your USB stick 2GB (at least) is ready to burn the image ofLinux Mint comes finish this download . You have a few functions to the software [1] :

1. Select the USB key to be used2. Select a location for the image of Linux Mint, namely ISO3. Leave persistence mode on the live CD keeping the settings on your USB keyduring use4. Format the USB key if necessary FAT5. Click the flash to start the burning process

USB ready to go need to restart your PC, and bored begin. This is a good sign you are notto learn? Normally your PC is not set to boot from an operating system on a USB stick. Thisrequires change the BIOS of your PC. The BIOS is specific to each computer manufacturer,and to enter you must know the combination code. The first screen that appears for ashort time is normally your bios with the combination to enter. Most of the time the deletetouch: del, then see F8. You to discover and explore your computer to change theparameter reading external drive [2].

If all goes well your USB stick it will start the loading screen and the Linux Mint system willappear [3]

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Picture 1: Interface Lili USB Creator

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Picture 2: BIOS H20 by Sony - Activation Boot sequence for running on External Boot device (USB) priority of Internal Hard Disk Drive

Picture 3: Bootloader Linux Mint Live USB

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13 Installation process

The installation may be slightly different between the distributions. If you are installingLinux for the first time on your computer and it Windows is already on the hard drive thereis a good chance that you did not want to begin by removing your old operating system. Inthis case you will make the two systems coexist (dualbooting) on the same computer. It ispossible to choose at boot screen either Windows or Linux.

Hard Drive Partitioning

You will start the installation process by clicking Install Linux Mint on the desktopcomputer. You get to the partition screen or it is also possible to integrate with Windows.Remember for dualboot first install Windows Linux Then to get better compatibility

In case this installation we will automatically install the system on an LVM logical volumeand encrypt the hard disk entirely AES with dm-crypt. Things to do if you choose to removeWindows [after backup] for compatibility.

You will then be asked for a strong password for your encrypted hard disk. Preferably agood password disk: 16 alphanumeric characters mini coupled with special characters anddo not form a known word.

Choose thereafter your username (login) and password login name. Do not encrypt thehome folder, you have already encrypt hard drive. Note: if you keep Windows, encryptedby the personal file systems to coexist.

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Partitioning and installation was totally transparent, but what art what my computer?

The installation needed to partition for installing critical system components:

> The "root" root filesystem is on / and format in the format ext4 <10GB> An area of memory swap the same size as your RAM> The bootloader to boot the system or make multi-boot with Windows using Grub2

Illustration 4: Partionning scheme LVM+DM-CRYPT One hard disk configuration

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15 On reboot after ejecting the USB key, the GRUB Bootloader appears to select the system toboot. If you coexist with Windows: The information displayed:

• Name Distribution (ie Linux Mint)• His version (ex: 16)• Its core [kernel] (ex: 3.2.0.23-generic)• The partition mount (eg / dev/sda2)• A test of the RAM, hardware fault• Other systems (Windows)

Be careful when re-installing Windows and you lose the GRUB boot Multi-Boot. In this caseit will install GRUB for example with a USB LIVE online procedure by selecting / bootpartitionIt is easier to install Windows before Linux to avoid problems with GRUB.

Everything should work out-of-the-box. If you have no luck, it is possible that somematerials has not been recognized such as Wi-Fi and your associated network card. In thiscase you need to go a few settings manually.

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#CHAP 4. Boost the hardware & software compatibility

Most of the material in circulation works perfectly under Linux. It happens in some casesthere is some problems on the exotic material. For example the case of hybrid cards onSony Vaio and "dock" laptops. If your computer is new, latest generation drivers have notbeen compiled for Linux.

To avoid problems of compatibility some hardware manufacturer are "Linux friendly" as HP,Lenovo or Dell. Include sale of computers natively on Ubuntu with Dell XPS for exampleand you save Windows license.

Computer Compatibility list on Ubuntu : http://www.ubuntu.com/certification/desktop/

Relapsing scare, my WI-FI does not work

This is the most common case. Everything works except the WLAN card, ie Wi-Fi normallyalready in the Live USB on your mobile you saw the sign that some things wrong and itshould fix the problem. The first reflex is “to google” your problem and see if other peopledo not have a solution for the same hardware.

A first attempt is possible from the command line [alt + F2 and enter: terminal or Applications > Accessories > Terminal] with ifconfig & iwconfig or nm-tool(ie : fn+F2 for activate wifi connexion on laptop)

sudo ifconfigYou miss probably this :

wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 81:23:2b:69:95:1c inet adr:192.168.0.2 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Masque:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Packets reçus:90109 erreurs:0 :0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:56301 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:1000 Octets reçus:121710992 (121.7 MB) Octets transmis:10722558 (10.7 MB)

Test with this command :sudo ifconfig wlan0 up

Diagnostic equipment, you need to know the manufacturer's name, the best chipset andbus (pci, pci-e, usb). Under Windows you can retrieve the information then go to theassistance: http://linux-wless.passys.nl/

Command line : lsusb if your WI-FI card is on USB Socket & lspci if the card is on internalpci ou pci-e chipset

sudo lsusb

or

sudo lspci -v

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17 This should already refer you to a solution if you're not specify "red" ie a blacklisted card.Secondly you can also go to the Ubuntu Documentation website

If nothing works you Could use driver under Windows. You'll have to to retrieve and export.Install package ndisgtk then to add the windows driver under Linux. To download thesoftware to use an ethernet cable temporarily.Also HOWTO for Windows drivers

Proprietary drivers

Most of the material is open source as Intel and other manufacturers. Sometimes ithappens that the driver or owner (Nvidia, AMD ATI, Broadcom ...), especially the graphicscard or some network adapters and maybe your Wi-Fi In this case it is possible to install itvia a tool simple: Driver Manager (available in Ubuntu Software Center or already installedby default) System > Administration > Driver Manager

Generally after a fresh install of Ubuntu Linux, check if there are no proprietary drivers toinstall.

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18 Others : DVDs, MP3s, Video, flash, fonts etc..

Linux Mint installing default software and proprietary format like MP3. Ubuntu which isbased on open source is not configured by default. It is very simple to configure this byinstalling the package: ubuntu-restricted-extras by apt-get command or in UbuntuSoftware Center

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras libavformat-extra-53 libavcodec-extra-53

Then for DVD compatibility

sudo apt-get install libdvdread4

sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh

Other distributions have other packages in restricted deposits. Look manager such as YUM,Synaptic based on "mp3" format, "avi" "Windows Media" etc ...

In the case of keyboard and mousepad

Normally it should work by default. Tools for a little extras like the re-mapping of buttonsuse xev utility and its documentation

For more help on hotkeys go to this page, or stay long press the Dash button for the"Windows" key

Additional help online

• The Ubuntu community is a good place to start with a wiki and forum provided toretrieve information, ask questions. The documentation is very well provided forlaptops and hardware. Ask Ubuntu also go to find answers to more advanced topics

• Arch Linux wiki planned for Arch Linux users, the best wiki on the subject to learnLinux in depth. Users under Arch no longer use apt-get package manager. Archlinux Provide pacman as package manager

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#CHAP 5. Software install, apps & cybersecurity

Here you have finished the installation and set up your distribution with functionalequipment. Your desktop is blank, so what next? Tips and tricks for a more productive OS,and personalized according to your preferences

Install apps, softwares

Ubuntu and Mint integrate the Ubuntu Software Center to install and navigate easily toexplore applications or software. Users also give notes to it as on Android and Google Play.If you need a further repository use, I advise you to install Synaptic for Debian-baseddistros such as Ubuntu or Mint.

sudo apt-get install synaptic

For example you are looking for VLC video player, audio and internet stream. Either youare installing the Ubuntu Software Center or via command line with:

sudo apt-get install vlc

It's as simple as that to set up Linux softwaresIn the case of Chrome, the web browser:

sudo apt-get install chromium-browser

The updates that will if necessary with the update manager and ask if you want to applythe necessary updates of the system, and security applications.

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Command Line, again & again

To go further in the command line and the terminal, especially if the coincidence of yourchoice, want to install a Linux server for Debian 7 & Owncloud for the private cloud on apersonal Raspberry Pi is part of your projects, it will be necessary to dress for the divesand compile yourself.

A nice beginning with the ebook : Linux Command

Plan a fair amount of tea, coffee, or redbull for intrepid. Do not be afraid of the commandline, it can significantly shorten the tasks

A few software packages for your workstation

To complement the installation you may need:

Xchat – Messaging client IRC (Internet Relay Chat)Shutter – Screenshot ManagerZim – Personal wiki / notepadgtkhash – Verify hash to image disk .isop7zip – Archive manager 7zipgimp – Draw software , alternate to PhotoshopInkscape – Vector draw sotfwarefilezilla – Client FTP & SFTPTransmission – Client TorrentJAVA 7 – Java runtimeVirtual Box – VirtualizationVia PPAs :Ubuntu-Tweak – computer setup, modification and customization.Variety – random wallpapersKeepass – Password manager

In command Line, open a terminal :

sudo apt-get install xchat shutter zim gtkhash p7zip-full gimp inkscapefilezilla transmission icedtea-7-plugin openjdk-7-jre virtualbox keepass2

PPA Ubuntu-Tweaksudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppasudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak

PPA Varietysudo add-apt-repository ppa:peterlevi/ppasudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install variety

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21 Battery power manager for laptopsudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install tlp

Computer security on workstation

Linux is considered more secure than Windows or Mac. However workstation is notnecessarily secure depending on your habits. It is the user that security, not the computer.

Ubuntu Unity security case

Since the Ubuntu 13.04 release includes security vulnerabilities quite annoying spywaresuch as with Amazon and ebay in research and the remote desktop on the screen sectionselection.

> Session protection (delete remote desktop) on Lightdm dans un terminal

nano /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

Add:allow-guest=falsegreeter-show-remote-login=false

> Modify Lens, the search tool in Ubuntu, delete shopping Amazon & co

gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Lenses disabled-scopes "['more_suggestions-amazon.scope', 'more_suggestions-u1ms.scope', 'more_suggestions-populartracks.scope', 'music-musicstore.scope', 'more_suggestions-ebay.scope', 'more_suggestions-ubuntushop.scope', 'more_suggestions-skimlinks.scope']"

• Security and Cloud. It is advised to keep their data in Europe since the Snowdencase under the protection of privacy. So avoid solutions such as Dropbox, GoogleDrive, Box, etc. that are on American servers of U.S. companies.

• Secure Cloud Solution is interesting Wuala (Swiss company), 5GB free, adopting aclient-side asymmetric encryption and data are encrypted on their servers inEurope.Install guide : https://www.wuala.com/en/download/linux

• Under management by firewall software, you can install gufw. It is easilyconfigurable.

• Management of confidential documents TrueCrypt is also available for Linux at thisaddress http://www.truecrypt.org/downloads

Adding a OpenVPN. If you intend to buy a VPN to encrypt your connection you going toneed a supplement for network-manager to manage openvpn.

sudo apt-get install network-manager-openvpn

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With this guide you can start in the world of Linux and discover computer science. It is athought, a philosophy quite different business giants like Apple and Windows. Surely thebest shortcut that you find to take control of your computer and your data.

Some web adresses

http://www.pinterest.com/AnthonyLeGoff/linux-for-human-being/http://lifehacker.com/http://www.webupd8.org/http://www.unixstickers.com/http://www.pearltrees.com/t/ubuntu/id2508190

> If you like this work, bitcoin donation is appreciate here <

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PUBLICATION IT & CYBERSECURITY