Recruiting SolutionsRecruiting SolutionsRecruiting Solutions

Ganesh Venkataraman Viet Ha-Thuc

Personalizing Search @ LinkedIn

Bigger Picture

▪ LinkedIn’s vision– Create economic opportunity for every member of the

global workforce▪ Connect members to other members, knowledge and

opportunity and help them be great at what they do

Economic Graph

▪ Organize people, companies, jobs, knowledge and map out the economic graph

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Role of Search

▪ At the heart of the economic graph, search makes the economic graph accessible, useful and actionable

▪ Powers searching people, jobs, companies, schools etc. ▪ On linkedin.com consumer, recruiter, sales solutions

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Powered by Search

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Basic Nomenclature

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TypeAhead/TYAH Full Search/SERP

Search is ...

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Search is about understanding the user intent

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LinkedIn Search - An Overview

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Query Processing

Retrieval

Ranking

Federated Page Construction

Search Assist● Instant Results● Guided suggestions● Autocomplete

suggestions

Entity View/Action

Let’s talk intent - Navigational

▪ Navigational - exactly one result in mind

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Two types of Intent - Exploratory

▪ Exploratory - Typically more than one entity in mind

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How to handle navigational queries?

Be Fast

Type Less

Be Lenient

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Handling Navigational Queries

▪ Type Less– Index prefixes (‘ga’, ‘gan’, ‘gane’ => ‘ganesh’)

▪ Be Fast– Do not retrieve all documents– Order documents in posting list by static rank – Modify query for targeted retrieval

▪ Be Lenient– Smart spell correction

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Exploratory Queries

▪ If possible guide users to more structured queries▪ Above query could go into different verticals if these are selected▪ User intent becomes much clearer

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Exploratory Queries

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Unclear intent - Federating TYAH results

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LinkedIn Search - Bird’s eye view

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Query Processing

Retrieval

Ranking

Federated Page Construction

Search Assist● Instant Results● Guided suggestions● Autocomplete

suggestions

Entity View/Action

Query Processing - things not strings

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TITLE CO GEO

TITLE-237software engineersoftware developer

programmer…

CO-1441Google Inc.

Industry: Internet

GEO-7583Country: US

Lat: 42.3482 NLong: 75.1890 W

(RECOGNIZED TAGS: NAME, TITLE, COMPANY, SCHOOL, GEO, SKILL )

Retrieval

▪ Custom search engine to handle 100’s of millions of documents (Galene)

▪ Key Features:– Offline indexing pipeline– Supports live updates with fine granularity– Static Ranking

▪ Posting list organized by static rank for each document

▪ Enables early termination20

LinkedIn Search - Bird’s eye view

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Query Processing

Retrieval

Ranking

Federated Page Construction

Search Assist● Instant Results● Guided suggestions● Autocomplete

suggestions

Entity View/Action

Ranking

▪ Manually tuning vs. Learning to Rank (LTR)

▪ Why Learning to Rank?– Hard to manually tune with very large number of features– Challenging to personalize– LTR allows leveraging large volume of click data in an

automated way

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Training Data: Human Label

What if the searcher is a job seeker?Or a recruiter?

Training Data: Human Label

▪ Relevance depends on who’s searching

▪ Difficult to scale

Training Data: Human Label

Training Data: Click StreamApproach: Clicked = Relevant, Skipped = Not Relevant

User eye scan direction

Unfair penalized

Training Data: Click StreamApproach: Graded relevance

Uncertain (middle level)

Non-relevant

Relevant

Feature Overview

▪ Textual features▪ Social features▪ Homophily features

– Geo– Industry

▪ Inferred Searcher Interests▪ etc.

Inferred Searcher Interests

Interests * Locations * Industry ...

Learning Algorithm

▪ Coordinate Ascent Algorithm– Listwise approach

▪ Objective function: Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG)– Defined on graded relevance

– Intuition: more useful to show more-relevant documents at higher positions

LinkedIn Search - Bird’s eye view

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Query Processing

Retrieval

Ranking

Federated Page Construction

Search Assist● Instant Results● Guided suggestions● Autocomplete

suggestions

Entity View/Action

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Federated Search Page

▪ Why do we need this?– Not to overwhelm the user with too much information –Make results personally relevant

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Motivation

▪ Challenges–Query can be ambiguous

–Incomparability across vertical objects▪Compare objects of different nature: individual job vs. people cluster▪Objects associate with different signals

– Comparability across verticals

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Motivation

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Overall Approach

Learning Federation Model

▪ Predicts: p(click| individual result OR vertical cluster, query, searcher)▪ Training data: click logs▪ Features

–Relevance scores from base rankers–Searcher intent–Query intent–etc.

Features▪ Searcher Intents

– Mine searcher profiles and past behavior to infer intent▪ Title recruiter -> recruiting intent▪ Search for jobs -> job seeking intent

– Machine-learned models predict member intents:▪Job seeking▪Recruiting ▪Content consuming

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Features▪Query Intents: e.g. p(job vertical| “software engineer”)

–Mine from historical searches and actions

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Features▪Query Intents: e.g. p(job vertical| “software engineer”)

–Mine from historical searches and actions

▪Personalized Query Intents–p(job vertical| “software engineer”, searcher)

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Features

▪ Query Intents: e.g. p(job vertical| “software engineer”)–Mine from historical searches and actions

▪Personalized Query Intents–p(job vertical| “software engineer”, searcher)

–Individual searcher → searcher group▪p(job vertical| “software engineer”, job seeking searcher)

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Calibrate Signals across Verticals▪ Relevance scores from vertical rankers are incomparable

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Calibrate Signals across Verticals▪ Relevance scores from vertical rankers are incomparable▪ Construct composite features

People relevance score of searcher if result is Peoplef 1= ⎨0, otherwise

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Calibrate Signals across Verticals

▪ Verticals associate with different signals

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People Result

Job Result

Group Result

Recruiting Intent

Job Seeking Intent

Content Consuming

Intent

Calibrate Signals across Verticals

▪ Verticals associate with different signals

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People Result

Job Result

Group Result

Recruiting Intent

Job Seeking Intent

Content Consuming

Intent

Calibrate Signals across Verticals

▪ Verticals associate with different signals

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People Result

Job Result

Group Result

Recruiting Intent

Job Seeking Intent

Content Consuming

Intent

Conclusions▪ Search personalization is at the core of our economic graph

vision–Connect talent with opportunity at massive scale

▪ Click data is useful sources for personalized training data–Need to correct position bias

▪ Personalized features are keys

▪Create composite features to calibrate across verticals

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We are hiring!