Early Christian Architecture

Presented by:-Arshad Nafees

Historical Background….The Early Christian architecture started in two prominent locations centered at Rome and Constantinople.•Early Christian Architecture occurred in Rome and in areas around Rome.•From the two focal points Early Christian Architecture spread to other areas in the European and Asian region.

Timeline ………..

The following is a time line of events for the Early Christian period:-

•29 A.D. Passing of Isa(AS) and beginning of Christian Religion.

•286 A.D. Emperor Diocletian reorganizes the Roman Empire splitting it into two; the Eastern and the Western part.

•313 A.D. Emperor Constantine recognizes the Christian religion and adopts it as a state religion.

•324 A.D. Emperor Constantine reunited the Roman Empire with a new capital.

•364 A.D. Rome finally splits into two; the Western and Eastern Empire.

Social Characteristics & Beliefs….

•The single most important social phenomenon of the Early Christian period was the spread and acceptance of the Christian religion.

•During the period from the first century to the third century after the death of Jesus, Christianity was a secret society.

•It was considered dangerous and subversive by the government Christians met secretly in tombs and private houses.

•Gradually, however, it spread and became widely accepted in Asia minor and in Rome itself.

•By the third century, Rome had a population of 50,000 Christians.

•The religion was tolerated but it was still illegal.

Architectural Characteristics….

• With Christianity widely accepted as a state religion in Rome it was necessary for architecture to respond to the demands of the religion for worship space.

• Mode of worship was the most important determinant of the form of the church.

• The requirements include:- A path for processional entry and exit of the clergy An altar area, where the clergy celebrate mass A space for the segregation of the clergy from the congregation during

procession and communion Burial space.

Introduction…..

The term early Christian architecture refers to the architecture of the early Christian churches of the roman era

•This is further divided into two types; the basilica church and the alternative church plans.

•With Christianity accepted as a state religion in Rome and expanding in influence, it became necessary for architecture to respond to the space demands of the new religion.

•A building used for Christian worship had to provide a path for the processional entry and exit of the clergy, an alter area, where the clergy celebrated mass, a space for the segregation of the clergy from congregation during the procession and communion.

Basilica Church Type• The early churches were generally simple and functional in their design.

• The emphasis was centered on the act of Christian worship.

• The architecture of the church that developed was not a completely new style, but the use of available Roman forms to satisfy a new program need.

• The form chosen for the early church was the Roman basilica.

• It was suitable for use as a church with no serious modification and it could be easily and rapidly built at low cost.

• The Basilica was also preferred because of the emphasis on participation in mass.

• The most common form of the early churches had a rectangular hall with a timber trussed roof.

• It also had one or two isles on each side of a central nave and an apse at one end facing the principal entrance located at the other end.

Basilica Church Type

S. Giovanni in Laterano (AD 313-320)

• A typical example of the early Christian church is S. Giovanni in Laterano Rome.

• It was the first church commission by Emperor Constantine.

• It was built as the Cathedral of the Bishop of Rome

• It was remodeled several times.• The church consists of a central nave

flanked by two narrow isles and separated from them by a monumental colonnade.

• The central nave rose above the isle roof, and the inner isle rose above the outer.

• The nave terminated at an apse.• The structure was of brick faced concrete

covered with simple trussed-timber roof.

S. Giovanni in Laterano (AD 313-320)

S. Peters, Rome (AD 333)

• St Peter was the most important of the basilica churches built by Constantine.

• The church has a triple entrance gate leading to an atrium.

• The church like S. Giovanni discussed earlier is a five isles church.

• The Basilica had a wooden roof of interlocking rafters.

• The nave did not lead directly to the apse but instead ends in a transverse space that is as high as the nave.

S. Peters, Rome (AD 333)

S. Peters, Rome (AD 333)

Alternative Church Form

The rectangular basilica was not the only form adopted for the early church •Alternative more centralized plans, with a focus on a central vertical axis rather than a longitudinal horizontal one were also adopted occasionally.

•The centralized churches were of two broad types.

•There were the completely circular church.

•These had a circular or octagonal space surrounded by an ambulatory

Examples of these include Saint ConstanzaRome, the lateran Baptistery Rome and Saint Stefano Rotondo.

The Baptistery of Constantine, Rome (A.D. 430–440) built near the Lateran Church by Sixtus III, and not by Constantine to whom it is generally attributed, is among the oldest of Italian baptisteries, of which it was probably the model.

•It is octagonal in shape according to plan.

• The roof is supported by a two-storeyed ring of eight porphyry and marble columns taken from old pagan buildings, while in the centre is an old Roman bath of green basalt converted into a font.

Baptistery Church Form

Baptistery Church Form

OCTAGONAL BAPTISTERY

Round Alternative Form (St Constanza)

•This was a church originally designed as a mausoleum for Emperor Constantine’s daughter.

•It was designed as a centralized monument.

•It is symmetrical in plan with a domed central space.

•The domed central space was ringed by an arcade with 12 pairs of double colonnade.

•Beyond the arcade is an encircling ambulatory.

•A barrel vault is used to roof the ambulatory.