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JEWISH & EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
ReligionReligion BeliefsBeliefs BookBook
JewishJewish God’s chosen God’s chosen people. people. Awaiting Awaiting MessiahMessiah
TorahTorah
ChristianChristian Jesus of Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Nazareth (Jesus Christ) was the Christ) was the son of God son of God (Messiah)(Messiah)
TrinityTrinity
Bible: Old Bible: Old Testament & Testament & New TestamentNew Testament
IslamIslam No Trinity. No Trinity. Muhammad Muhammad was the last was the last prophet of God.prophet of God.
Koran (Qu’ran)Koran (Qu’ran)
EARLY JEWISH ART
Synagogue
Dura Europos, Syria
ca. 245-256
Title: Menorahs and Ark of the CovenantMedium: Wall painting Size: 3'11" X 5'9" (1.19 X 1.8 m)Date: 3rd century Source: In a Jewish catacomb, Torlonia, Rome
Title: The Finding of the Baby Moses Medium: Copy in tempera on plasterDate: 244–45 Source: Detail of a wall painting from a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARTSyncretic images: taking on new meaning due
to a shift in beliefs or culture (e.g. orant, Good Shepherd)
Title: Good Shepherd, Orants, and Story of JonahDate: Late 3rd–early 4th centurySource: Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome
Title: The Good Shepherd Medium: Marble Date: later 3rd century
JONAH
GOOD SHEPHERD
ORANT FIGURES
Chronology of Early Christianity
Crucifixion of Christ ca. 29
Crucifixion of St. Peter ca. 64
Persecution of ChristiansTrajan Decius 249-251Diocletian 303-305
Edict of Milan 313
Foundation of Constantinople 324
Christianity becomes state religion 390
Fall of Rome to Alaric the Visigoth 410
Gospels (“good news”): Matthew, Mark, Luke & John
Alpha: BeginningOmega: EndChi Rho: first two
letters of Christ in Greek
Early Church Structure
Catacomb showing loculi
Rome
3rd-4th centuries
Good Shepherd, Orants, Story of Jonah
Catacomb of Pietro and Marcellino, Rome, Italy
early 4th centuryfresco
Why do you think the catacombs were built
underground?
Architecture
Baptistery from Christian Community House
Dura Europos, Syria
ca. 240-256
Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome
c. 320-27
Basilica Plan
Old Saint Peter’s Basilica (plan)
Rome, Italy
ca. 320
1. Nave
2. Aisles
3. Apse
4. Transept
5. Narthex
6. Atrium
Old Saint Peter’s Basilica (section)
Rome, Italy
ca. 320
Title: Old St. Peter’s (interior) Medium: PaintingDate: 16th century
Santa Costanza
Rome, Italy
ca. 337-351
Central-Plan Church
Plan of the Church of Santa Costanza, Rome.
•First used as tombs, baptistries, and shrines
•Dome
•Tholos
Santa Costanza
Rome, Italy
ca. 337-351
MosaicsImportant form of
Christian Art
Classic style• Three-
dimensional figures
• Using drapery• Turned figures• Illusionistic
Title: Parting of Lot and Abraham Medium: MosaicDate: 432–40Source: Nave arcade of the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
Title: Harvesting of Grapes Medium: MosaicDate: c. 350Source: Ambulatory vault, Church of Santa Costanza, Rome
RAVENNA395 CE Emperor Theodosius I split Roman Empire into Eastern & western divisions, each ruled by one of his sons
Honorius (r. 395 – 423 CE) ruler of the Western Roman Empire moved the capital from Milan to Ravenna
Western & Eastern Roman Empire: 476 CE
Title: Mausoleum of Galla Placidia Date: c. 425–26Source: Ravenna
Title: Good Shepherd, lunette over the entrance Medium: Mosaic Date: c. 425–26Source: Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna
Title: Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. View from entrance, barrel-vaulted arms housing sarchophagi, lunette mosaic of the Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence Date: c. 425–26 Source: Ravenna
Dome Mosaic of HeavenMausoleum of Galla Placidia
Ravenna, Italy
ca. 425tessera mosaic
Manuscripts
• Scroll• Codex• Papyrus• Parchment• Vellum• Illuminated
Manuscript
Vienna Genesis
Early 6th centurytempera, gold, silver on purple vellum12 1/4 x 9 1/4 in.
Rossano Gospels
early 6th centurytempera on purple vellum11 x 10 1/4 in.
Matthew chapter 27
Christ before Pilate
Sculpture
• Diptych–Two-panel
• Triptych–Three-panel
• Monumental sculpture
Title: Archangel Michael(panel of a diptych)Date: Early 6th centuryMedium: IvoryHeight: 17 X 15 ½” Source/location: The British Museum, London
How does the stylistic treatment of this ivory relief recall both its classical heritage and features
that identify it as Early Christian?
Title: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Medium: Marble Size: 4 X 8' (1.2 X 2.4 m)Date: c. 359Source: Grottoes of Saint Peter, Vatican, Rome
4 point essay
Identify this piece of art and it’s location. Discuss the characteristics of the work that reveal its Classical
sources.
Byzantine Christian art is very stylized. Lot of mosaic or painted but usually
Contains a lot of gold. The Hagia Sophia which was the Church of the Holy Wisdom built by Justinian.It was
made into a mosque in 1453 after the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople.
Byzantine Emperor
Christ
Mary and Jesus surrounded by an Emperor and Empress.
An Empress
Christ
Mary holding baby Jesus
St. John the Baptist
Emperor Constantine
Emperor Justinian holding Hagia
Sophia
Hagia Sophia
Elaborate columns with Justinians initials
One small area in the center
Some of the Apostles
Christ with some Apostles
Damage to the faces was done during the Iconoclast period
St George
Constantine on the left and his mother Helen on the right.
A rock cut church
Many churches here