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dysphotic
100m
The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
Only green and blue wavelengths pass through water a great distance.
Light Penetration
in the Ocean
Light Penetration
in the Ocean
What color/wavelength of light will animals use?
dysphotic
Types of light production: 1. incandescence – light bulb2. luminescence- fluorescence bulb
What is the difference between these types of light?
Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction
What organisms that you know of have bioluminescence?
Bioluminescence evolved in several kingdoms.
Evolution:In early evolution, O2 was toxic. Some organisms were able to convert it to a nontoxic substance, which had the tendency to produce photons of light. This may have had a selective advantage to some organisms.
Not found in freshwater organisms.
luciferase
Luciferin + O2 oxyluciferin + light
• Bacterial• Intrinsic
Photobacterium
(bacterial)
Light emitting organ
Cephalopod Photophore
Examples of Bacterial Photophores:• fish, few squid, Pyrosoma (tunicate)
How do they get bacteria?• organ open to exterior (provide entrance for bacteria to
enter)• potentially continuous luminescence
Pyrosoma
Bacterial photophores- 3 genera
• Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship)• Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the
rest (17) have make their own luminescence)• Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship)
Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria
Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular)
Examples of fish that have bacterial photophores:• Anglerfish (ceratioids)• Pinecone fish (Monocentrids)• Lantern eyes/flashlightfish (Anomalopids)• Ponyfishes/slipmouths (Leiognathids)• Ichthyococcus
Intrinsic photophores:1. Widely distributed, ex. Cookie cutter shark2. Numerous photophores 1000’s3. Make own luminescence4. Control output of light (on and off)
Control of Bioluminescence:They can control biolum intensity by controlling blood supply to light organ (i.e., control the amt of O2 -- O2 decreases light intensity decreases)
Light control using a shield• Lid• Vascular control• Rotation of organ
• Reproductive advantage
• Countershading
• Escape and avoid predation
• Species recognition
• Feeding
• In evolution
Some mesopelagic copepod species are red/black in color. Why?
Malacosteus (dragonfish)
squids- looking for mates.
Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.
mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators.
Photoblepharon- blink and run method.
Duncecap or helmet jellyPeriphylla periphylla
Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis
ostracod
Dinoflagellate
Ctenophore
pterapods
Firefly squid
Deep sea squid
Deep sea glass squidTeuthowenia pellucida
Deep sea gulper
Photophores on ventral surface
Deep sea viper fish & deep sea shrimp
Black Devil Angler Fish
lure
angler fish
Inquiry
1. Define bioluminescence.2. Who produces bioluminescence?3. What is the difference between
intrinsic and bacterial bioluminescence?
4. What is the blink and run method?5. What is countershading?6. What is the evolutionary
advantage of bioluminescence in bacteria?
