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NEW WORLD MONKEYS
Flattened muzzles Rounded laterally placed nostrils Evolved in isolation in SA Fill a variety of niches Retain some primitive characteristics Some spp converged on prosimian and ape
characteristics Small to medium size Arboreal and diurnal except Aotus Most have relatively short arms and no opposable
thumb 5 genera have prehensile tails
PLATYRRHINES
CEBIDAE
Callitrichinae & Cebinae
CALLITRICHINES
More specialized and smallest
Bright colors & patterns
Some VCL capabilities
2 nipples and single uterus Characteristic of mammals
with singletons Twinning is norm (except
Callimico) Multiple placentae ↑5
Males & nonreproductive
siblings carry infants
Mating pattern – tendency for 1 breeding female with one or two males2nd breeding female has been observed except Callimico where breeding mother and daughter
High female-female competition within groups: aggression, ovulatory suppression
pheromonal in Saguinus behavioral? & pheromonal
in Leontopithecus
Callimico - Goeldi's monkey
Tufted, silky black monkey Upper Amazonia Secondary forest- low levels Variable SO
1-♂ & multi-♂ >1 ♀ may breed, e.g.
mother and daughter Single births VCL Invertebrates & FR, no
exudates
Saguinus - tamarins
Southern CA, Amazonia Variety of habitats and elevations
CA=Central America
SA=South America
Many colors and facial elaborations
Lack dental specializations
Reproductive suppression pheromonal
Work with S. fuscicollis found that in absence of 2nd male, one twin had poor survivorship
Many spp sympatric Polyspecific/mixed-species associations
HEY!
Those aren’t tamarins
Leontopithecus Lion tamarins
More of the same Reproductive suppression
Behavioral Pheromonal – both by dominant ♀→♀ & dominant ♂→♂
Interspecific pelage
variability
Long fingers reach into tree holes
MARMOSETS
Smallest NW monkeys
Specialized dentition: long, chisel-like incisors and peg-like canines for gnawing bark → exudate flow
Exudates very important Defend trees
Marmosets 2 genera: Callithrix & Mico Amazonia, Brazil, Bolivia Dry forest especially edge and
secondary
Forage for insects in understory tangles
SO more variable
Sometimes multiple breeding females
Cebuella pygmaea - pygmy marmoset
Smallest anthropoid Amazonia Low levels of forest and
vine tangles Also, dwarf marmoset:
Callibella
Usually 1male-1female groups Can be 2 males, 1 dominant
↑VCL Highest gums, some insects, low FR
CEBINAE: Cebus and Saimiri
Grouped together based Molecular evidence Skull morphology
rounded like OW large brains
Morphology Locomotion SO similarities - multi-male-female Similar habitats
HR's contain patchily distributed fruit and insects Resource-defense vs territoriality Diet ↑olfactory communication - urine-wash
Polyspecific/mixed-species associations
Differences:
Cebus: Broader distribution Groups don't congregate Aggressive towards some
Atelids Less male-male competition
for females but more apparent dominance hierarchy
Less variable SO Whereas Saimiri may be male or female
philopatric Adults allogroom, share food, allomaternal
nursing (not in Saimiri except 1sp – allomaternal nursing)
Differences cont’d
Saimiri: Squirrel monkeys
Extensive distribution in southern CA and SA
Small - squirrel-sized Males fatten Prehensile tail in infancy
Arboreal quadrupeds, good leapers - sometimes come to ground
Fruit, insects, some leaves Glean cryptic (usually
immobile) insects
Large multi-male multi-female groups Come together into large aggregations of ↑100's
animals – possibly dillution
Communication Intragroup
Contact calls Alarm calls
Intergroup
High predators: cats, raptors, snakes
S. Sciurius vs S. oerstedii Common (SA) vs Red-backed (CA)
Endangered - pest status - crop raiders
Males stay females leave No strict dominance hierarchy
Females stay males leave Males and females have
dominance hierarchy In Peru - females dominant to
males Males get fat and compete
aggressively - females choose mates
Cebuscapuchins or organ-grinder monkeys
Tufts resemble Capuchin monks’ cowls
CA and SA Tufted and nontufted spp
All forest types All levels of canopy and ground Arboreal quads but descend to ground Furry prehensile tail - different
Fruit, fauna Dental specializations for cracking nuts Clever, most dexterous, especially tufted capuchin - if it’s there,
they'll find it and get at it Invertebrates under bark & in leaf litter, hard nuts
"noisy destructive foragers"
Alpha female higher than all but alpha male
MONKIDS
Tool use - use rocks to crack nuts or bang on branch
Large brains but no complex problem-solving capabilities, i.e. more trial and error learning (Visalberghi)
Opposable thumb
ATELIDAE
Atelinae Pitheciinae Aotinae
ATELINAE
Largest and pronounced SD
Long prehensile tail w/ friction ridges
To varying degrees have converged on suspensory hanging adaptation & brachiation
Alouatta howler/howling monkeys
Also subfamily Alouattinae Species are allopatric Broadest distribution Variety of habitats and
altitudes
Large Inter- and intra-specific pelage
variability and some sexual dichromatism
Male howling as spacing mechanism - dawn and evening chorus
Expanded hyoid bone forms large resonant chamber
If high stimulation, females howl
Poorly differentiated thumb
Therefore Schizodactyly - II and III to hold things
Slow arboreal quadrupeds with ↑tail use
1-male or multi-male High male-male
competition for group access
Infanticide seen Aunting Reverse age/tenure
dominance hierarchy Mean=15 individuals,
range=2-45
Leaves, FR, FL Can exploit unripe fruit and mature leaves Combo: enlarged salivary glands and hindgut, slow
throughput time Folivorous dental characteristics Low travel, high rest, especially when food low quality
Startling new research shows that howler monkeys are capable of using toilets.
Amazing!!!
Ateles - spider monkeys Yucatan to Amazonia Species are allopatric Upper canopy
Often high primary rainforest Problem with exclusive
habitat needs
Large and graceful
Variable pelage within and between species
Very similar looking sexes, even genitalia
Lower SD
Variety of locomotor habits
arboreal quadruped suspensory behaviors brachiating climbing sometimes bipedal in trees leap
"hook grip" - most spp lack external thumb - gets in way when swinging
High ripe FR but some YL's, insects…
Fission-fusion SO Large groups Male philopatric Small foraging units, usually adult female w/ young or
young males
↑calls barks, whinnies…
Woolly monkeys
Least known NW monkey 2 genera: Lagothrix & Oreonax Primary forests of Amazon Basin and montane cloud
forests of Andes (Oreonax)
Similar diet (i.e. high fruit) and SO as Ateles Similar locomotion to howlers Interesting submissive display: sob and cover eyes with
hand Most hunted (food, pelts, pet trade) also habitat
destruction pressures
Brachyteles - woolly spider monkey or muriqui
Largest NW primate - up to 30#
High forest canopy Similar morphology,
locomotion, and SO to Ateles
Similar diet/dentition/low BMR to Alouatta
Round head and dense fur like woolly monkeys
Pendulous clitoris
No dominance hierarchy or male-male competition for females - take turns Large testes
suggest sperm competition
High leaves + FR & FL Faster throughput time
than Alouatta Highly endangered - few
patches of highly seasonal rainforest in SE Brazil
Hunted for food and hides, also habitat destruction
3 genera Not well-studied Amazon Basin Seed predators
Powerful jaws and muscles Large procumbent incisors and other dental specializations
for gnawing and cracking hard nuts/tough fruits/seeds Advantage - foods not available to other primates
Endangered - hunted for food, bait, and tails - used as dusters and ornaments
PITHECIINAE
Relatively furry Leaping, climbing, dropping abilities, bipedally
hop/walk when on ground FR, seeds/nuts, when resources scarce: insects and
some leaves, some spp – dirt Multi-♂ fluid SO except Pithecia - monogamous
Pithecia sakis
Upper canopy of undisturbed (primary) forest Long shaggy bushy fur, long fluffy tails
Smallest - ~7#
Chiropotes Bearded saki
Upper canopy of undisturbed (primary) forest
Extra robust skull and jaws
Beards, rounded tufts of fur over temples and forehead
Larger than sakis
Cacajao uakari
Upper canopy of undisturbed (primary) seasonally flooded forests
Difficult study conditions therefore one of least studied primates in wild
<9#, short tail, long shaggy coat, bald head, red faces due to no pigment and high numbers capillaries - darken when upset
High leaping/swinging abilities
Urine wash, anogenital scentmarking, rub aromatics into fur, e.g. fruit juice
Have pungent smell Wag tails when upset
High allogrooming & play
Callicebus - Titi monkey
Small Short faces, fluffy
bodies and tails Good leapers
Geographic Distribution
C. moloch group range (in red)C. cupreus group range (in yellow)C. donacophilus group range (in green)
13 Species recognized C. modestus C. donacophilus C. olallae C. oenanthe C. cinerascens C. hoffmannsi C. moloch C. brunneus C. cupreus C. caligatus C. dubius C. personatus C. torquatus
Some dispute over taxonomy. Previously only 3 species recognized. Debate over species subdivision based on ecology and habitat.
Many species
Lower canopyUsually near waterRaptors and arboreal
snakesRare accounts of tufted
capuchin attacks.
Coat long & colorfulUpper body ranges
between red, grey-brown, yellow, and/or black
Monogamous Entwine tails & hold hands Stressed if separated More attached to each other
than infant When around outsider males,
male behaves ‘jealously’ with increased display of affection towards mate
Duets to maintain spacing Territorial defense Male carries young
AOTINAE
Aotusowl or night
monkey
Only nocturnal anthropoid
Primitive Gray Neck Group
A. lemurinus A. trivirgatus
Derived Red Neck Group
A. miconax A. infulatus
Panama to N Argentina except Guianas and SE Brazil Low BMR allows them to live in colder climates
All forest types and levels
Small ~2#, monomorphic Distinctive masks Long tail (entwine tails) Nails except 4th toe – clawlike nail
Nocturnality avoids competition with other monkeys Can exploit different levels, all resources Small HR's, short path length
Largest relative eyes of anthropoids Eye features suggest diurnal ancestry
No tapetum lucidum Small olfactory bulbs
Travel further on well-lit nights, thought they don't see well in dark
Plastic/races Southern areas more
diurnal – thought related to less competition with larger monkeys and/or low night temperatures
Arboreal quadrupeds but good leapers
FR, insects, leaves, FL, nectar
Monogamous with ↑3 offspring <3yr
↓ allogrooming, no duets New evidence suggests may
change partners In captivity mate for life, more
flexible in wild. Share offspring care
Males carry, feed, play Females lactate with less
interaction with kid No birth season but birth
peaks appear to correspond to FR availability
Repeatedly use communal sleeping sites: tree holes or brush/tangles
Peaceful within group interactions but aggressive between groups at FR trees on well-lit nights
Whoop yells - inflate throat pouches
Threaten with stiff pounces, chase, whoop, wrestle, urine wash, and scent mark - then return to territory
Few predators except humans
THE END
….FOR GOODNESS SAKE