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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Vehicles Mike Bartholomy Mike Bartholomy 4/27/2006 – Energy Law 4/27/2006 – Energy Law [email protected] [email protected]

Bartholomy hydrogen fuelcell vehicles

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Page 1: Bartholomy hydrogen fuelcell vehicles

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehiclesVehicles

Mike BartholomyMike Bartholomy

4/27/2006 – Energy Law4/27/2006 – Energy Law

[email protected]@yahoo.com

Page 2: Bartholomy hydrogen fuelcell vehicles

Very Relevant TopicVery Relevant Topic

The topic of alternative fuel vehicles is The topic of alternative fuel vehicles is especially relevant given the events of the especially relevant given the events of the last few weekslast few weeks

As gas prices continueAs gas prices continue

to rise this summer we’llto rise this summer we’ll

likely see this topic getlikely see this topic get

more and more attentionmore and more attention

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Why Relevant?Why Relevant?

Gas prices/Oil MarketGas prices/Oil Market Oil currently around $73/barrelOil currently around $73/barrel Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel this Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel this

summersummer $4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010?$4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010? How long will oil be around? What about easy How long will oil be around? What about easy

to get to oil? Is it already gone?to get to oil? Is it already gone?

EnvironmentEnvironmentBush’s April 25Bush’s April 25thth “Plan” “Plan”

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Alternate Fuel VehiclesAlternate Fuel Vehicles

HybridsHybrids Here now, but still Here now, but still

require gasrequire gas

Ethanol/E85Ethanol/E85 Pushed by GMPushed by GM More expensive, just More expensive, just

as dirty?as dirty?

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Alternative Fuel VehiclesAlternative Fuel Vehicles

Internal Combustion Internal Combustion HydrogenHydrogen Slightly modified form Slightly modified form

of internal combustion of internal combustion engineengine

Burns hydrogen, Burns hydrogen, produces pure water produces pure water exhaustexhaust

Serious range Serious range problemsproblems

BMW has broken several BMW has broken several speed records for hydrogen speed records for hydrogen cars and is banking on cars cars and is banking on cars that can run successfully that can run successfully on both gas and hydrogenon both gas and hydrogen

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Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells

““An old idea whose time has come”An old idea whose time has come” Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist

Christian Friedrich SchönbeinChristian Friedrich Schönbein

Aspects of engines as well as batteriesAspects of engines as well as batteries

No pollution emittedNo pollution emitted

PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, buildings & much smaller applicationsbuildings & much smaller applications

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Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells

Fuel cells are similar to Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but designed batteries, but designed for continuous for continuous replenishment of energy replenishment of energy via external fuelvia external fuelMany different types of Many different types of fuel cells, most common fuel cells, most common will likely be the PEM FC will likely be the PEM FC Hydrogen and oxygen in, Hydrogen and oxygen in, water vapor and liquid water vapor and liquid water outwater outTypical output is about .8 Typical output is about .8 voltsvolts

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Storage & EfficiencyStorage & Efficiency

Two storage optionsTwo storage options1.1. Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store

it onboard the vehicle (the it onboard the vehicle (the direct hydrogen optiondirect hydrogen option) ) 2.2. Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a

tiny onboard hydrogen plant (the tiny onboard hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel onboard fuel processor optionprocessor option) )

Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal combustioncombustion

Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25%Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25% Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60%Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60%

Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.

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Fuel Cell StacksFuel Cell Stacks

In order to produce In order to produce enough voltage, cells are enough voltage, cells are grouped into stacksgrouped into stacksA hydrogen fuel cell A hydrogen fuel cell automobile would have at automobile would have at least 45 cells in a stackleast 45 cells in a stackHydrogen is stored and Hydrogen is stored and injected in either liquid or injected in either liquid or gas formgas formMany cells, but only Many cells, but only output is still liquid and output is still liquid and vapor watervapor water

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Applications of Fuel Cell Applications of Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology

CarsCars

BusesBuses

Space Travel & ExplorationSpace Travel & Exploration

AirplanesAirplanes

SubmarinesSubmarines

Off-grid Power SupplyOff-grid Power Supply

Combined Heat & PowerCombined Heat & Power

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Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles

Being pushed by car companies themselvesBeing pushed by car companies themselves DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and

Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S.Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S. Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada, Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada,

California; widespread production by 2010California; widespread production by 2010 GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV

profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in 2005. Prototype is Hy-wire2005. Prototype is Hy-wire

Also Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda, Also Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda, others have FCV prototypes on the roadothers have FCV prototypes on the road

Severing connection with gas prices?Severing connection with gas prices?

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues

Storage is Storage is complicatedcomplicated

Limited rangeLimited range

Expensive fuelExpensive fuel

Still a fossil fuel?Still a fossil fuel? Energy carrier, not Energy carrier, not

energy sourceenergy source

*Infrastructure**Infrastructure*

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Hydrogen SourcesHydrogen Sources

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle InfrastructureInfrastructure

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today

is by steam reforming of natural gasis by steam reforming of natural gas Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power

reactors?reactors? R&D into several new methods:R&D into several new methods:

Biological Water SplittingBiological Water Splitting

Photoelectrochemical Water SplittingPhotoelectrochemical Water Splitting

Reforming of Biomass and WastesReforming of Biomass and Wastes

Solar Thermal Water SplittingSolar Thermal Water Splitting

Renewable ElectrolysisRenewable Electrolysis

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle InfrastructureInfrastructure

The Hydrogen HighwayThe Hydrogen Highway World’s first hydrogen World’s first hydrogen

refueling station opened refueling station opened in Iceland in 2003in Iceland in 2003

California & Florida have California & Florida have both approved fundingboth approved funding

BC Hydrogen Highway BC Hydrogen Highway will link Vancouver & will link Vancouver & Whistler by start of 2010 Whistler by start of 2010 Winter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic Games

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EnvironmentEnvironment

Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?)Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?)

Emissions freeEmissions free

There are costs associated with There are costs associated with environmental environmental

damagedamage

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EconomicsEconomics

Current projections – several times the Current projections – several times the price of standard carsprice of standard carsFlexibility of oil industryFlexibility of oil industry Manipulation of supply to keep oil just cheap Manipulation of supply to keep oil just cheap

enoughenough At what point does it become worthwhile to At what point does it become worthwhile to

consumers?consumers?Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependency Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependency costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell cars + hydrogen fuel???cars + hydrogen fuel???

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EconomicsEconomics

Only 2 ways to reduce Only 2 ways to reduce our dependence on our dependence on foreign oilforeign oil Increase productionIncrease production Decrease demandDecrease demand

The push for hydrogen The push for hydrogen fuel cell technology in fuel cell technology in cars represents the cars represents the secondsecond

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PoliticsPolitics

Obvious connection Obvious connection between current between current administration and oil administration and oil companies and companies and certain oil producing certain oil producing companiescompaniesSome criticize a FCV Some criticize a FCV push as a cynical ploypush as a cynical ployBut…2006 State of But…2006 State of the Union Addressthe Union Address Also, the 2003 Also, the 2003

AddressAddress

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Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment

Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005 §§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration & §§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration &

Pilot ProgramPilot Program § 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses§ 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses § 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for § 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for

AutomobilesAutomobiles § 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and § 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and

Hydrogen Energy SystemsHydrogen Energy Systems § 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell § 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell

Motor Vehicle CreditMotor Vehicle Credit § 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax § 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax

CreditCredit § 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study§ 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study

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Other StatutesOther Statutes

Clean Air Act – 1990 AmendmentsClean Air Act – 1990 Amendments § 211 – Emission Standards for Moving Sources§ 211 – Emission Standards for Moving Sources § § 241-250 – Clean Fuel Vehicles§ § 241-250 – Clean Fuel Vehicles

Many other federal incentive programs, including Many other federal incentive programs, including IRS tax breaks for FCV purchasersIRS tax breaks for FCV purchasersState Incentives & RegulationsState Incentives & Regulations E.g. California:E.g. California:

15 different incentive programs for AFVs15 different incentive programs for AFVsHydrogen Energy PlanHydrogen Energy Plan

CA Hydrogen Highway NetworkCA Hydrogen Highway Network Network of hydrogen refueling stations, safety standards, Network of hydrogen refueling stations, safety standards,

commercial availability by 2010commercial availability by 2010

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So Where Are We At?So Where Are We At?

Hydrogen is only type of energy that can provide Hydrogen is only type of energy that can provide a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a decadedecade

Clean, twice as efficient as internal combustion, Clean, twice as efficient as internal combustion, and plentifuland plentiful

But like manned space flight in early 60s, But like manned space flight in early 60s, hydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitivehydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitive Do we need a 10 year goal ala Kennedy?Do we need a 10 year goal ala Kennedy?

Currently several times (10x?) more expensiveCurrently several times (10x?) more expensive

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RecommendationRecommendation

We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel cell vehiclescell vehiclesThere are definite issues, but nothing compared There are definite issues, but nothing compared to the economic, political and environmental to the economic, political and environmental issues associated with being wholly dependent issues associated with being wholly dependent on oil.on oil.A Kennedy-type goal, combined with gas prices A Kennedy-type goal, combined with gas prices continuing to rise at the current rate could get us continuing to rise at the current rate could get us there by 2010-15, possibly even sooner.there by 2010-15, possibly even sooner.Americans will need to look beyond the sticker Americans will need to look beyond the sticker price price

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Major SourcesMajor Sources

National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.hthttp://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.htmlmlDoE Alternative Fuels Data Center DoE Alternative Fuels Data Center http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.htmlHydrogen Fuel Cell Realm Hydrogen Fuel Cell Realm http://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.htmlWired Magazine – Wired Magazine – How Hydrogen Can Save AmericaHow Hydrogen Can Save AmericaBosselman et al., Bosselman et al., Energy, Economics and the Energy, Economics and the EnvironmentEnvironmentFuelCellWorks.comFuelCellWorks.comCnn.com, WikipediaCnn.com, Wikipedia