SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION•DON’T WRITE!•new ways of thinking •Telescope, microscope invented

•Printing press spread ideas•Math studied

CHANGES IN THE UNIVERSE

•PTOLEMY (200 AD) created GEOCENTRIC MODEL or Earth centered universe

• Earth surrounded by crystal rotating spheres w/ heavenly bodies stuck in them. (10th was Prime mover w/ God & stars beyond 10th sphere)

Ptolemy’s view

•Nicholas Copernicus (mid 1500’s Poland) said universe is HELIOCENTRIC - sun centered.

•Sun center of universe & planets revolve around sun

•Moon revolves around earth, earth rotates on axis & revolves around sun each year

Copernicus’s View

•Johannes Kepler said sun at center, but orbits were ellipses, not circles.

•Galileo Galilei- w/ telescope discovered sunspots, moon mtns & planets were solid, (not orbs of

light)

•Put on trial by pope

•Ideas against Church teachings.

•Isaac Newton- defined laws of motion, including law of gravity. (1600s)

•Rene Descartes: Fr philosopher who said “I think, therefore I am”

•Doubt material world, trust your mind.

•Use reason•Mind & matter are separate.

• Father of rationalism.

•FRANCIS BACON developed SCIENTIFIC METHOD: a procedure for analyzing & collecting evidence.

•Bacon said use inductive reasoning (go from particular idea to general).

•Use observations, experiments to

prove a hypothesis to lead to correct principles.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

•The Enlightenment PHILOSOPHES were Fr intellectuals.

•Reason, law, hope, progress, themes of enlightenment

•Said you should apply rational criticism, study society, look at facts & use scientific

method to make society

better.

•John Locke, (big influence) said all humans born w/ TABULA RASA or a blank slate.

•All knowledge comes from experience.

•All people have natural rights

• Change environment, people change, so new society is created

•Baron Montesquieu: used scientific method to study govt to find natural laws that govern social & political relationships.

•Said there should be executive, legislative & judicial branches.

• Also separation of powers & checks & balances.

•VOLTAIRE- Middle class Parisian writer.

•Taught religious toleration•Believed in freedom of thought

• “All men are brothers”• “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it”

•Jean Jacque Rousseau: people create laws to protect property,but become slaves of govt

•Wrote Social Contract 1762: said entire society agrees to be governed

by general will, but lose individual liberty.

•Don’t Write!!!!! MAN IS BORN FREE, BUT EVERYWHERE HE IS IN CHAINS

•Free people, remember this maxim: we may acquire liberty, but it is never recovered if it is once lost

•ECONOMICS-Said if people pursue own eco self interest, all society benefits.

ADAM SMITH (father of capitalism) govt should protect society from invasion & create public works

•Govt should not interfere by imposing regulations.

Called LAISSEZ-FAIRE- let them alone

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

•DON’T WRITE!!!! Colonies set up for profit, took natural resources & turned them into manufactured goods & sold back to colonies & nations.

•DON’T WRITE! Ruled America from 3000 miles away

•England has a constitutional monarchy

Britain needs $$$$ & passes Stamp Act Tax, taxing all paper goods

•Colonists angry, but have no say in govt

•1st Continental Congress meets to plan action

•Revolution starts! & Congress meets after start of

rev on 4/16/1776(Concord/Lexington)

•Congress organized govt & est Continental Army led by George Washington

•Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence

•Adopted July 4, 1776

•declared equality & rights of the people, reasons for rebellion & independence from GB

•France 1st to

recognize US

•War ends w/ Treaty of Paris in 1783, giving US control of land E of the Mississippi.

•Articles of Confederation, 1st constitution, kept each state independent.

•Very weak govt. (no power to tax, etc)

•Meeting called to fix Articles.

•May 25, 1787, 55 delegates met in Philly for Constitutional Convention.

•Articles tossed out & framers write new constitution.

•New Constitution has executive, legislative & judicial branch

•Separation of powers divide power btw branches.

•Checks & balances allows each branch to check & balance each other (Montesquieu)

•James Madison wrote Bill of Rights (10 Amendments) gave basic rights of people (speech, press, religion).

•States would not ratify Constitution w/o it.•Seen as proof of Enlightenment

•Enlightened Absolutism: rulers who used enlightenment ideas,

but kept royal

power.

•Prussia: Frederick II or The Great: Voltaire lived w/ him, abolished torture, granted limited free speech, press & religious toleration.

•Kept serfdom

                                    

•AUSTRIA: JOSEPH II: abolished serfdom, no death penalty, equality for all before law, religious toleration.

•Failed. Upset many. Nobles, serfs

unhappy

•RUSSIA: CATHERINE THE GREAT:

•Planned w/ Diderot, set up enlightenment program, did not follow thru

•Favored nobility •Expanded serfdom