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CONNIE SIM SIEW YUNG (PGP110021) GHIVITHA d/o KALIMUTHU (PGP 110004)PRASHENA NAIR d/o PREBAKARRAN (PGP110011)
DESIGNING YOUR OWN DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
WHAT ARE SURVEYS ?WRITING GOOD
SURVEYS
WHAT ARE SURVEYS ? Approach used to gather & describe :
(i) characteristics
(ii) attitudes
(iii) views
(iv) opinions Survey is a process that deals with :
(i) students
(ii) teachers
(iii) administrators
(iv) people who are important to a study
Surveys typically take the form of :(a) interviews(b) questionnaires
or (c) both
Basically, interviews & questionnaires are design using the qualitative method which consists of close-ended and open-ended questions.
Naturally, there are several differences between interviews and questionnaires.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEWS
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEWS (cont)
Personal interviews
(a)AdvantagesCompletenessUse visual aids
(b)Disadvantages Interviewer biasExpenseTime consuming
QUESTIONNAIRES What is a questionnaire?
Formalized schedule for collecting data from respondentsOutlines information to be gathered
Key criteria of a good questionnaire Relevance to the problem at hand Accuracy in terms of its measures
QUESTIONNAIRES
Mail questionnaires Advantages
Low in cost Respondent convenience No interviewer bias Convenient
Disadvantages Lack of speed No interviewer Limited reach
SURVEY QUESTION Developing a focused and effective questionnaire will
help you to efficiently and accurately pinpoint the information that will help you make more informed decisions.
(A) “YES/ NO” QUESTION
Ex: Have you ever purchased a product or service
from our website?
Yes
No
(b)The Multiple Choice Questions
* consists of single or multiple answers
Ex: How did you first hear about our web site?
Television
Radio
Newspaper
Magazine
Word-of-mouth
Internet Other: Please Specify _______________
(c) Likert Scale
Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale
(d) Rank Order Scaling * ranked based upon a specific characteristic
Ex: Based upon what you have seen, heard, and experienced, please rank the following brands according to their reliability. Place a "1" next to the brand that is most reliable, a "2" next to the brand that is next most reliable, and so on. Remember, no two cars can have the same ranking . Toyota Mazda Ford
(e) The Rating Scale
* used to measure the direction and intensity of attitudes.
Ex: Which of the following categories best describes your
last experience purchasing a product or service on our
website? Would you say that your experience was:
Adapted from: http://www.mineful.com/online_surveys/new_product_survey.html
EXAMPLES OF SURVEYS (Advertisement)
Evaluation)
Adapted from: http://www.mineful.com/online_surveys/advertisment_evaluation_survey.html
Graduate Student Survey
Adapted from: http://www.mineful.com/online_surveys/graduate_student.html
Job Evaluation Survey
Adapted from: http://www.mineful.com/online_surveys/job_evaluation_questionnaire.html
Online Questionnaire Examples
Adapted from: http://evensenwebs.com/prototypes.html
WRITING GOOD SURVEYS Clear written statement of a survey( basically ideas
on what you want to survey) It can be either in the form of an interview or
questionnaire Feedback from colleagues on the quality of the items
and to pilot the survey instrument with participants (similar to the ones you will eventually be surveying)
Approach an interview ( perceive ideas from your colleagues & participants to find out what was going on in their minds as they interacted with it).
NUM
THINGS TO AVOID IN WRITING GOOD SURVEY ITEMS
01
Overly long items
02
Unclear or ambiguous items
03
Negative items
04
Incomplete items
05
Overlapping choices in items
06
Items across two pages
07
Double-barreled items
08
Loaded word items
09
Absolute word items
10
Leading items
11
Prestige items
12
Embarrassing items
13
Biased items
14
Items at the wrong level of language
15
Items that respondents are incompetent to answer
16 Assuming that everyone has an answer to all items
17 Making respondents answer items that don’t apply
18 Irrelevant items
19 Writing superfluous information into items
VIDEO PRESENTATION
Adapted from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsZySkZ8bRo&feature=related
LINKS Steenstra, H.H. (2009). Interaction and the
standardized survey interview. Cambridge Online Journal.Retrieved 10 November 2011, from http://dx.doi.org/null
www.bus.iastate.edu
http://www.ehow.com/info_8163642_descriptive-methods-research-design.html
most often used in education for research and various kinds of curriculum development projects.
Can also be used for research not directly connected to curriculum.
a)To obtain informationb)To investigate topicsc)To ask opinions.
Survey
Language survey can be used to answer any research questions that requires exploration, description, or explanation of peoples’ characteristics, attitudes , view and opinions.
Will be focus on interpreting survey results which is presented in table.
will focus on descriptive statistics – interpreting the numerical tables of frequencies, percentages and descriptive statistics.
In this section
Refer to Table 5.6 in page 148. Immediately can tell that over
two-thirds of the respondents were females.
Americans and native speakers of English.
Average age was 44.2 years old. However, use table to present
about categories of people and only one dimension may not have been very efficient.
Example:Characteristics of Students in the Sample
Klauda.S.L and Guthrie.J.T (2008). Relationships of three components of reading fluency to reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(2), 310-321.
Characteristics Sample (%)
GenderMaleFemale
49.650.4
EthnicityAfrican AmericanAsianCaucasianHispanicOther
20.52.965.28.82.6
From the table, Immediately can tell that female respondents more than male respondents.
Students from Caucasian ethnic are more than other ethnic.
Yet, it can be more economic if presented in prose.
Table of numbers can be more useful when multiple categories of numerical information are presented along two or more dimensions.
Refer to table 5.7 on page 149. Such data display allows you to
readily compare the groups. Immediately can know that Higher
Education has the highest percentages of females (82.3%)
Research and Teacher Education have the lowest (62.5% and 62.9%).
Can quickly spot the fact that the Higher Education has the highest proportion of US citizen (98.4%) who are native speakers of English (96.8%).
Example
Reis, S.M, McCoach, D.B, Muller, L.M and Kaniskan,R.B. (2011). The effect of differentiated instructional and enrichnemt in five elementary school. American Educational Research Journal. 48(2). 462-501
Category SuburbanSouth %
UrbanSoutheast %
UrbanMagnet %
RuralSouth %
SuburbanMidwest %
White 45 1 59 65 55
Black 37 93 15 28 14
Hispanic 10 5 6 3 9
Asian 2 1 20 1 16
American Indian
1 0 0 0 0
Multiracial 5 — — 3 7
From the table, Immediately can know that the highest percentages of students who took part in the survey from Rural South is white students. (65%)
Black students from Urban Southeast have highest percentages taking part in the survey, (93%)
Only 1% percentages of American and Asian students from Urban Southeast school took part in the survey.
Table have advantage if want to present multiple categories of numerical information along two or more dimensions.
• Refer to Table 5.8• Table 5.8 shows several types of
information –i)Meansii)Standard deviationsiii)Frequencies• Bailey and Brown surveyed language –
testing teacher from around the world about amount of coverage they give some main topics that are typical of such course.
• Report responses of language-testing teacher from around the world.
Table 5.8 reports the language-testing teacher’s responses to Likert scale questions (0-5 with 0 being “none”)
“Item Writing” as a 3.24 which is higher compared to the other topics.
Standard deviation of 1.46 indicates that the responses to that item were a bit more varied than other topics.
Frequencies show exactly what percentage of the language testing teachers selected each possible options.
2.4% do not cover “Item Writing” 14.3% - some coverage 26.2%- extensive coverage Table is good way to present Likert
scale information as it provides a good estimate of mean and standard deviation.
Table also gives clear picture of actual percentages for each point along the Likert scale.
“Two kinds of knowledge that influence teachers’ understanding and practice of teaching. Subject matter and curricular issues Teachers’ implicit theories of teaching
(Richards, 1998: 51)
Beliefs are the best indicators of the decisions that people make throughout their lives.
(Dewey, 1933)
Teacher Beliefs About Learning
Learning can be alternatively conceptualized as:
1. a quantitative increase in knowledge
2. material committed to memory
3. the acquisition of material which can be retained and used in practice
4. the abstraction of meaning
5. a process aimed at understanding of reality
6. some form of personal change
(Gow & Kember, 1993)
Teacher Beliefs About LearnersLearners may be alternatively thought of metaphorically as:
1.resisters
2.receptacles
3.raw material
4.clients
5.partners
6.individual explorers
7.democratic explorers
(Meighan & Meighan, 1990)
Teacher Beliefs About Teaching
Good teachers are alternatively thought to have as key characteristics:patiencehigh IQwarmthcreativityability to be humourous
James D. Brown, & Theodore S. Rodgers,
Doing Second Language Research
Teacher Beliefs About Teaching
commitment to teaching good grades in college Ability to relate to different kinds of people Organizational skills Outgoingness
(Weinstein, 1989)
It appears that teaching is heavily influenced by the belief systems of its practitioners.
Belief systems come into play in “dealing with ill-structured and entangled domains”.
Teaching is such a domain influenced by: personalities of individual classes. national, community and school demands
on teaching time. teacher themselves.
James D. Brown, & Theodore S. Rodgers,
Doing Second Language Research
Belief systems often determine how language-learning tasks are chosen, modified, sequenced and contextualized by teachers and researches alike.
James D. Brown, & Theodore S. Rodgers,
Doing Second Language Research