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Ch. 10 – Memory and Thought Memory – capacity for storing and retrieving information

Dual credit psychology notes chapter 10 - memory(shortened for slide share)

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  • 1. Ch. 10 Memory and Thought Memory capacityfor storing and retrievinginformation

2. Process of Memory Encoding processing information into memory Storage storing or maintaining a memory Retrieval process of getting information out of memory, oftenfor a specific task 3. Encoding Encoding processing information into memoryTypes1. Structural encoding what a word looks like2. Phonemic encoding focuses on how a word sounds3. Semantic encoding focuses on meaning usually results in deeper memory because it requires a deeper level of processing than the first two types of encoding*Assumes memory, thought and language are allconnected since they all use symbols Sapir WhorfHypothesis 4. The Process of Memory 5. Storage Memory stored in a three-stage model1. Sensory Memory what you are processingnow very detailed but only for an instant-Iconic visual; Echoic - Auditory2. Short-term memory Working memorywhat you can remember for a short time phone numbers, - lasts about 20 seconds3. Long-term memory what you know/havelearned experienced cant always retrieve 6. Three Stages of Memory 7. Sensory Memory 8. Short-Term Memory 9. Long-term Memory 10. Specific Types of Memory Declarative recall of factual information dates, words, faces, events, etc 2types1. Episodic Recall of personal facts (what movie you were watching on your first date)2. Semantic Specific facts 1st president of the USA; capital of South Dakota, 2nd Amendment, birthday, etc Procedural how to do stuff (drive acar, shuffle cards, swim, ride a bike) 11. Memory and the BrainPage 280 Figure 10.6 12. Parts of the Brain Involved In Memory Hippocampus transferring episodic andsemantic memories to Long Term Memory Cerebellum nondeclarative memories(procedural memories, conditioned memories) Cerebral Cortex Short Term Memories, finalstorage for visual, auditory, verbal memories Amygdala involved in processing of emotionalmemories, hormones enhanced emotionalmemories 13. Memory and Hippocampi 6min30sec 14. Retrieval getting information out ofmemory so you can use it Retrieval cues stimuli that help getinformation out of memory1. Associations relating items to known information by priming giving hints2. Context remember easier if placed in the same event3. Mood Similar mood = ease in remembering 15. Retrieving Information 16. Recognition identifying somethingthat you have learned from options 17. Recall remembering without anyexternalcutes 18. State Dependent Learning Learning that is only effectively done if you are in a similar state 19. Relearning Learning something again you have already learned before -Takes less time the second time, third time, etc 20. Decay Memory fades overForgetting time Interference you forget because new information gets in the way Proactive old information gets in the way of new Retroactive new information gets in the way of old Repression forgetting information you dont want to remember sometimes done subconsciously 21. Improving MemoryExercise Neurotransmitter and hormone release;improved blood flow 22. Improving Memory/Retrieval Chunking Combininginformation together toremember it191419841999201119451967 23. Rehearsal Practicing material to help remember it Maintenance Rehearsal repeating thingsover and over to help remember, store in longterm memory Elaborative Rehearsal Organizing, thinkingabout, relating to prior learning or existingmemories making examples, creatingscenarios, etc Elaborative is much better because more cuesare built 24. Overlearning Continuing to practicematerial over and overeven after it is learned toincrease retention Examples Practicingscales in music, drilling inwrestling, battingpractice, online mapreview games, etc 25. Differentiation Learning material in a variety of ways to improvememory Songs, rhymes, quizzes, note cards, pictures withterms, etc 26. Distributed Practice (Zeigarnick Effect) Learning a little bit over time is better thancramming Example Alex studies 5 hours the day beforea test, Sarah studies 1 hour each day for 5days, Sarah will do better on the test assumingthey are of equal intelligence, ability, etc 27. Mnemonic Devices Every Good Boy DoesFine ROY G BIV I before e except after c My Big Green ElephantHas Neon Colored Pants