31/07/55

1

Group 8

Department of water resource engineering Faculty of engineering Kasetsart university

D3

What is Earthquake?

An earthquake is the

sudden, rapid shaking or

rolling of the Earth.

Earthquakes happen

when rocks break or slip

along fault lines in the

Earth’s crust, releasing

energy that causes the ground to move.

Earth Large plates include.

• The Africa: the continent of Africa as a continent. • Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica is a continent. • Australian Plate, covering Australia (To pages linked to

India, about 50-55 million years ago) was the continents. • Eurasian plate, covering Asia and Europe as a continent.

• North American plate, covering North America and northeastern Siberia, is inserted continent.

• South American plate, a sheet covering North America. • The Pacific: the Pacific Ocean. As the ocean. • There are also smaller than the plate, including the

Indian, the S series, the Caribbean, in the Juan de Fu, in a nice car, the Philippines and the Scotia.

plates

Thailand

WU1

Slide 1

D3 DPM, 18/7/2555

Slide 5

WU1 + Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

2

แผนดนไหวในภมภาคเอเซยตะวนออกเฉยงใต

http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/gsn/maps

WU2

What Causes Earthquake

The sudden slip at the fault causes

the earthquake a violent shaking of the

Earth when large elastic strain energy

released spreads out through seismic

waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the Earth.

http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/e-media/earth-science/chapter1_3.html

WHAT IS A FAULT? Earthquakes occur on faults. A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock between two blocks of rock , and can be any length, from centimeters to thousands of kilometers. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can also be at any angle. We classify these into two basic cases: strike slip and dip-slip motion.

Slide 9

WU2 + Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

3

TSUNAMIS GENERATED

BY

EARTHQUAKES

Large EQ (>7.5)

Shallow EQ – at or near

the seafloor (< 50 km)

Subduction zones

Sudden displacement

moves overlying column

of water generating wave

Measuring the shaking Magnitude is a measurement of the energy

produced by the earthquake and is not what you feel

during the event. What you feel is very complex-- hard

or gentle, long or short, jerky or rolling--and not describable with one number.

ht t p: //geophys ics . sc. m ahidol. ac. t h/wor dpr ess/wp-

cont ent /uploads/%E0%B8%A B% E0 %B8 %B2 %E 0% B8 %95 %E0 %B8 %B 3% E0% B9 %81 %E0 %B 8% AB %E0 %B8 %9 9%E 0% B9 %88 %E0 %B 8%8 7% E0% B8 %A8 %E0 %B 8% B8 %E0 %B8 %9 9%E 0% B8 %A2 %E0 %B 9% 8C %E0 %B8 %81 %E 0% B8% A5 %E0 %B8 % B2% E0 %B8 %87 %E0 %B 9% 81 %E0 %B8 %9 C%E 0% B9 %88 %E0 %B8 %9 9%E 0% B8 %94 %E0 %B8 % B4% E0 %B8 %99 %E0 %B 9% 84 %E0 %B8 %A B% E0% B8 %A7. pdf

WU4

Slide 18

WU4 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

4

The world's first earthquake detector ;science museum

WU3

INTERNET

USER

IP ADDRESS

สถานตรวจแผนดนไหวตางจงหวด

กรมอตนยมวทยา

รายชอสถานตรวจแผนดนไหว Network Code Station Code LON LAT ELEV velocity sensor

เขอนครธาร จ.จนทบร TM CHBT 102.3297 12.7526 4 Trillium120 sec

ดอยสเทพ จ.เชยงใหม TM CMMT 98.9476 18.8128 399.7 Trillium120 sec

เขอนวชราลงกรณ จ.กาญจนบร TM KHLT 98.5893 14.797 164 Trillium 40 sec

เขอนล าพระเพลง จ.นครราชสมา TM KRDT 104.8442 14.5905 266 Trillium 40 sec

ดานตรวจคนเขาเมอง จ.แมฮองสอน TM MHIT 97.9632 19.3148 270 Trillium120 sec สถานอตนยมวทยาแมสะเรยง จ.แมฮองสอน TM MHMT 97.931 18.1764 164 Trillium 40 sec

เขาคอ จ.เพชรบรณ TM PBKT 100.9687 16.5733 8 Trillium120 sec

เขอนบางวาด จ.ภเกต TM PKDT 98.335 7.892 53 Trillium 40 sec

ระนอง TM RNTT 98.4778 9.3904 38 Trillium 40 sec

สงขลา TM SKLT 100.6188 7.1735 14.5 Trillium120 sec

เขอนศรนครนทร จ.กาญจนบร TM SRDT 99.1212 14.3945 122 Trillium 40 sec

เขอนรชประภา จ.สราษฏรธาน TM SURT 98.795 8.9577 26 Trillium 40 sec

เขอนปากมล จ.อบลราชธาน TM UBPT 105.4695 15.2773 120 Trillium120 sec

เขอนน าพง จ.สกลนคร TM SKNT 103.9815 16.9742 254 Trillium 40 sec

เขอนทางวจ.ตรง TM TRTT 99.6912 7.8362 71 Trillium 40 sec http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/stations.php

Slide 20

WU3 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

5

Wave Equation

M = earthquake magnitude (Richter). A = the height of seismic waves as high as possible. A0 = height of seismic waves at the center.

WU5

ตวอยางท 1

จงหาขนาดของแผนดนไหวทมความสงของคลนทสงทสด 10 มลลเมตรระยะทาง 100 กโลเมตรจากจดศนยกลาง

วธท า M = log - logA0

= log10 - log0.001 = 1 - (-3) = 4 หนวย รคเตอร

ตวอยางท 2

จงหาขนาดของแผนดนไหวทมความสงของคลนทสงทสด 20 มลลเมตรทระยะทาง 100 กโลเมตรจากจดศนยกลาง

วธท า M = log20 - log0.001

= 1.3 - (-3) = 4.3 หนวยรคเตอร

Slide 27

WU5 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

6

Aspects of the motion are described by the

peak velocity (how fast the ground is moving),

peak acceleration (how quickly the speed of the

ground is changing), the frequency (energy is

released in waves and these waves vibrate at

different frequencies just like sound waves), and

the duration (how long the strong shaking lasts).

Three factors primarily determine what you feel in

an earthquake. These are:

1) magnitude

2) distance from the fault 3) local soil conditions

MAGNITUDE

When scientists refer to a “Great“ earthquake, they do not mean the

earthquake was fabulous, they mean it was

huge. Informally, earthquakes are classified

according to their magnitude

size: under 5 small

5 - 6 moderate 6 - 7 large 7 - 7.8 major 7.8 or above great

Intensity Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual

shaking at a location during an earthquake, and is

assigned as Roman Capital Numerals. There are

many intensity scales. Two commonly used ones are

the Modified Marcella Intensity (MMI) Scale and the

MSK

Scale. Both scales are quite similar and range

from I- (least perceptive) to XII- (most severe). The

intensity scales are

based on three features of shaking.

• perception by people and animals,

• performance of buildings, and • changes to natural surroundings.

How the Ground Shakes?

Seismic Waves Large strain energy released during an

earthquake travels as seismic waves in all

directions through the Earth’s layers, reflecting

and refracting at each interface. These waves

are of two types -body waves and surface

waves; the latter are restricted to near the

Earth’s surface Body waves consist of Primary

Waves (P-waves)

and Secondary Waves (S-waves), and surface

waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

31/07/55

7

Seismic Waves Equation

Primary wave equation

Secondary wave equation

WU6WU7

Primary wave equation

Primary wave equation Secondary wave equation

Secondary wave equation Focal Pont

The point on the fault where slip starts is

the Focus or Hypocenter, and the point

vertically above this on the surface of the

Earth is the Epicenter. The depth of focus from

the epicenter, called as Focal Depth, is an

important parameter in determining the

damaging

Slide 37

WU6 Windows User, 25/7/2555

WU7 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

8

What are the Seismic effects on structures?

How Building Twist during the Earthquake?

Hazard Vulnerability in Gujarat

100% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes 11 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK VIIXmore)-Kachchh Area

9 % of Land liable to severe earthquake(Intensity MSK V-VIII)Banaskantha, jam nagar,Surendranagar 79.2 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK III-VI)

D2

Slide 48

D2 DPM, 18/7/2555

31/07/55

9

The formula to calculate earthquakes.

Standards used to design buildings to resist earthquakes (Design Code) is an American UBC Code (Uniform Building Code), which are many ways to calculate earthquakes. But how convenient and widely used in building work is to Lateral Load Analysis or Base Shear Analysis by converting seismic (Dynamic Load) in the form of shear forces acting at the base of the building Static Load, which can be obtained from formula

Design Code

V = Z I K C S Wd

V= Total base shear Z = Seismic zoning factor

I = Occupancy important factor (1.0 - 1.5) K = Frame factor C = Coefficient that depends on the period

(Period), the swing of the building. S = Soil factor (1.0 - 1.5) Wd = Total dead loads of structure WT = Total dead loads and live loads of structure a = Base shear coefficient

V = a Wt

http://microfeap.com/DrSomporn/Engineer/Eng003doc_Earthquake.htm

WU8

The earthquake เหตการณแผนดนไหวทมผลกระทบตอประเทศไทย วน เดอน ป ศนยกลาง/ ขนาด/ บนทกเหตการณ ต าแหนงทรสก ความรนแรง 624 ป กอน ค.ศ. โยนก VI MM ยามรงแจง แผนดนไหว ฟารอง วนพฤหสฯ เดอน 10 623 ป กอน ค.ศ. โยนก VI MM แผนดนไหว ฟารอง ฝนตก วนศกร เดอน 8 594 ป กอน ค.ศ. โยนก VI MM ยามคอนรง แผนดนไหว ฟารอง วนจนทร เดอน 10 589 ป กอน ค.ศ. โยนก VI MM ยามเชา แผนดนไหว ฟารอง ขน 14 ค า เดอน 8 พ.ศ. 1003 โยนก XII MM แผนดนไหวสนนหว นไหว ครงหนงกหายไป วนเสาร เดอน 7 ถงสามหน ท าใหโยนกนครยบจมลงเกดเปน แรม 7 ค า กลางคน หนองน าใหญ พ.ศ. 1077 โยนก VIII MM ยามเชา แผนดนไหว ยอดเจดยหก 4 แหง ขน 8 ค า เดอน 7 พ.ศ. 1905 สโขทย VI MM แผนดนไหว มเสยงดง แรม 8 ค า เดอน 12 พ.ศ. 1909 สโขทย V MM แผนดนไหวทวทกทศ แรม 8 ค า เดอน 11

http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/earthquakestat.php

power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.

Chang san fault. The length of the

channel, about 130 kilometers from Mae

Chan to the east. The Mae Chan. It cuts

across the south of the district County to the

east along the north side of Chiang Khong Navy ships. Mae Chan fault length of about 130 km

from the years 2521 and> 3 on the Richter

scale occurred along the fault is 10 times / 3

times the size of> 4.5 on the Richter scale was

only on September 1, 2521 are> 4.9 on the Richter scale.

power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.

Mae Tha fault. Is curved along the Mae Wang River. And the river in Mae Tha, Chiang Mai and Lamphun. The total length is about 55 kilometers of intensive studies in the year 2521, there were several small earthquakes.

http://blog.eduzones.com/anisada/80016

Slide 50

WU8 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

10

WU9WU10

http://www.naturalsoft.com/faults.html

Slide 55

WU9 Windows User, 25/7/2555

WU10 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

11

Statistics of earthquakes felt in the country since 2550 - present.( in Thailand )

12 Sep 2550 in South Sumatra and 8.4 on the

Richter scale was felt on the high-rise building in

Bangkok.

13 Sep 2550 the area south of the Sumatra quake

of 7.1 on the Richter scale was felt in some of the

buildings.

12 May 2551 in Sichuan province of China, and

7.8 on the Richter scale shaking the feel of the tallest

building in Bangkok. And China has killed about 20,000

people.

30 Sep 2552 in the middle of the island of Sumatra

was 7.9 on the Richter scale was the tallest building in

Bangkok. Indonesia has killed about 1,000 people.

Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)

9.5 Richter scale earthquake on 5 May 1960

on the southern coast of Chile. As a result,

more than 1,600 people have died and 2

million homeless.

9.2 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Mar

1964 Alaska to the United States, the tsunami

claimed 128 lives and destroyed "in the neck,

Anchorage" (Anchorage), the largest city in the state.

Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)

9.1 Richter scale earthquake that we all

remember well. I was born on 26 Dec 2004 at

sea in Indonesia. As a result, the tsunami is

widespread in many coastal countries in the

Indian Ocean. More than 220,000 people lost

their lives.

9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Nov 1952

at the Russian coast of the peninsula to the

Income Support values (Kamchatka) Russia's Far

East. As a result, a large tsunami in the Pacific Rim. However, no reports of damage.

Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)

9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 13 Aug 1868

in North America, the port area. We are part of

Peru. But as of Chillicothe. When an earthquake

occurs. Feel the vibration as far as 1,400 miles.

9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 26 Jan 1700

in North America. Along the west coast. Tsunami

across the Pacific. Destruction of villages along the coast of Japan.

Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)

8.9 Richter scale earthquake that occurred

just recently on 11 Mar 2011 earthquake under

the sea to the southeast coast of Japan. Result in

a 10-meter high tsunami swept into the flood. The

damage is being reported to the periodic

8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Feb 2010

at the coast of Chile. Earthquakes along the

beach to play in the U (Maule) away from the

capital Santiago, only 500 km in the tsunami that has killed about 500.

31/07/55

12

Statistics of earthquakes (world Record)

8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 31 Jan 1906

in Ecuador, shaking the central coast of South

America to Ecuador and Colombia. I feel

almost as far as the North American continent

at San Francisco.

8.7 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Feb 1965

at Ballarat Island (Rat Islands) miles away from Alaska. The tsunami wave height of 10 meters.

http://www.udon108.com/board/index.php?topic=79326.0

WU11

Slide 67

WU11 Windows User, 25/7/2555

31/07/55

13