1

What is a What is a ComputeCompute

r?r?

2

ComputerComputerAn electronic device An electronic device which manipulates and which manipulates and stores datastores data

It performs It performs mathematical and mathematical and logical operationslogical operations

3

Parts of Parts of a a

ComputeComputerr

4

5

SystemSystemAny collection of component Any collection of component

elements that work together elements that work together to perform a task. to perform a task.

6

E-Data ProcessingE-Data Processing

Hardware

SoftwarePeoplew

are

7

Computer SystemComputer System A complete, working computerA complete, working computer The computer system includes The computer system includes

not only the computer itself not only the computer itself (hardware), but also any software (hardware), but also any software and data that are necessary to and data that are necessary to make the computer function. make the computer function.

Likewise, human intervention is Likewise, human intervention is also neededalso needed

8

Components Components of Computer of Computer

System System

9

HardwareHardwareTangible parts of the Tangible parts of the computer systemcomputer system

It includes all the It includes all the physical parts such as physical parts such as CPU, Monitor, keyboard CPU, Monitor, keyboard and etc.and etc.

10

Computer Computer HardwareHardware

11

Input DevicesInput Devices

- These are devices used - These are devices used to enter information into to enter information into

a computera computer

12

KeyboardKeyboard One of the most used input devices, One of the most used input devices,

consisting of keys which are consisting of keys which are pressed to enter data and pressed to enter data and instructions into the computerinstructions into the computer

IBM first introduced the 83-key IBM first introduced the 83-key keyboard followed by the 84 keys keyboard followed by the 84 keys and finally 101-key keyboard which and finally 101-key keyboard which was the de facto standard, until was the de facto standard, until further modifications were further modifications were introduced by Microsoft.introduced by Microsoft.

13

QWERTY Keyboard QWERTY Keyboard LayoutLayout

Originally designed by Originally designed by Christopher Sholes in 1867Christopher Sholes in 1867

Its name was derived from Its name was derived from the first six characters on the the first six characters on the top row of normal keyboard top row of normal keyboard arrangement.arrangement.

14

KeyboardKeyboard

15

MouseMouse It is used to move on and It is used to move on and

control a pointer on the control a pointer on the computer screen, specifically in computer screen, specifically in a graphical user interface (GUI) a graphical user interface (GUI) systemsystem

This is connected to the This is connected to the computer by wire/ wireless and computer by wire/ wireless and is held by handis held by hand

16

MouseMouse

17

TrackballTrackball It is similar to the mouseIt is similar to the mouse It also has a rotating ball, but It also has a rotating ball, but

the ball is on top. Instead of the ball is on top. Instead of moving the device itself, the moving the device itself, the user moves the balluser moves the ball

18

JoystickJoystick This gives the computer This gives the computer

information on the direction and information on the direction and extent of displacement of a extent of displacement of a hand-held lever, enabling a hand-held lever, enabling a corresponding movement in an corresponding movement in an object on the screen that is part object on the screen that is part of particular programof particular program

Usually used for games.Usually used for games.

19

Light PenLight Pen It is shaped like a pen with the It is shaped like a pen with the

telltale cable connecting it to the telltale cable connecting it to the computercomputer

This is used to indicate a This is used to indicate a particular location on a a particular location on a a computer screen and is usually computer screen and is usually utilized for programs on utilized for programs on computer-aided design (CAD)computer-aided design (CAD)

20

ScannerScanner

This device inputs a digital This device inputs a digital image of a document or image of a document or picture into a computer.picture into a computer.

This is usually consists of a This is usually consists of a flat bed, on which an image flat bed, on which an image is placed and scannedis placed and scanned

21

Graphics TabletGraphics Tablet This is an input device in This is an input device in

which a stylus is moved, by which a stylus is moved, by hand, over a flat surfacehand, over a flat surface

The position of the stylus is The position of the stylus is tracked so that the user can tracked so that the user can input shapes and drawingsinput shapes and drawings

22

Touch-Sensitive Touch-Sensitive ScreenScreen

This is a computer monitor, This is a computer monitor, which consists of a which consists of a specialized screenspecialized screen

Users can touch particular Users can touch particular areas or touch-points on the areas or touch-points on the screen to input certain screen to input certain preferences or commandspreferences or commands

23

Recognition Recognition DevicesDevices

These devices are mostly used These devices are mostly used by banks and commercial by banks and commercial establishments to recognize and establishments to recognize and input large volumes of datainput large volumes of data

These include Optical Character These include Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Optical Recognition (OCR), Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)Mark Recognition (OMR)

24

Voice Voice Recognition Recognition

DeviceDevice Allow you to communicate to Allow you to communicate to

the computer through speech the computer through speech and the likeand the like

The simplest example is a The simplest example is a condenser microphone which condenser microphone which can be used to capture soundcan be used to capture sound

25

Processing Processing DeviceDevice

- Device used to - Device used to process data into process data into

informationinformation

26

CCentral entral PProcessing rocessing UUnitnit The main part of a computer The main part of a computer

which executes instructions which executes instructions and controls various other and controls various other functions of the computerfunctions of the computer

It consists of Arithmetic and It consists of Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit and the MemoryUnit and the Memory

27

Microprocessor / CPUMicroprocessor / CPU

28

System UnitSystem UnitIt contains the central It contains the central processing unit and processing unit and primary memory (the primary memory (the electronic circuitry that electronic circuitry that enables the computer to enables the computer to process and store data)process and store data)

29

System UnitSystem Unit

30

31

Power InputPower InputWhere your plug in Where your plug in

the PC’s electrical the PC’s electrical power cordpower cord

32

Keyboard PortKeyboard PortDedicated port for Dedicated port for

the keyboardthe keyboard

33

Mouse PortMouse PortDedicated port for Dedicated port for

the mousethe mouse

34

USB PortsUSB PortsUniversal Serial Bus Universal Serial Bus

ports are general-ports are general-purpose connectors purpose connectors found on newer PCs.found on newer PCs.

35

Serial PortsSerial PortsThis-9 pin connector This-9 pin connector

is one of the oldest is one of the oldest and most universal and most universal ports found in the ports found in the

back of the PC.back of the PC.

36

Parallel PortParallel Port Virtually as old as the Virtually as old as the

serial port, the 25-pin serial port, the 25-pin parallel port has been parallel port has been updated a number of updated a number of times, popular means times, popular means

for connecting printers for connecting printers

37

Video PortVideo PortThis unique three-This unique three-

row, 15-pin connector row, 15-pin connector is where the monitor is where the monitor

connects to the connects to the system unitsystem unit

38

Audio PortsAudio PortsUsed to connect Used to connect

speakers, speakers, microphones, and microphones, and

other audio devicesother audio devices

39

Game PortGame Port Also known as a Also known as a

joystick port, this 15-joystick port, this 15-pin connector can be pin connector can be used for both joystick used for both joystick and for MIDI musical and for MIDI musical

devicesdevices

40

Modem PortModem Port This looks like a This looks like a

telephone jack.telephone jack.It enables your computer It enables your computer

to communicate with to communicate with other computer via other computer via

telephone line.telephone line.

41

Network Network InterfaceInterface

It sometimes referred to It sometimes referred to as an Ethernet as an Ethernet

connector.connector. It connects your PC to It connects your PC to

other PCs in a Local other PCs in a Local Area NetworkArea Network

Proper Opening Proper Opening and Shutting and Shutting

Down of a Down of a ComputerComputer

42

Opening of a ComputerOpening of a Computer

1.1. Check all the cables if properly Check all the cables if properly connectedconnected

2.2. Plug and switch on the AVRPlug and switch on the AVR

3.3. Switch on the MonitorSwitch on the Monitor

4.4. Press the Power Button of the System Press the Power Button of the System UnitUnit

5.5. Wait until the desktop appears and Wait until the desktop appears and the cursor will look like this the cursor will look like this before before opening any programopening any program

43

Shutting Down of a Shutting Down of a ComputerComputer

Close all the programsClose all the programs Click the Start button and click Turn Click the Start button and click Turn

Off or Shut DownOff or Shut Down A dialog box will appear, click again the A dialog box will appear, click again the

Turn Off or Shut Down buttonTurn Off or Shut Down button Wait until the monitor turns off or Wait until the monitor turns off or

totally black screen.totally black screen. Switch Off the monitor Switch Off the monitor Switch off and unplug the AVRSwitch off and unplug the AVR

44

45

Internal Internal ComponentComponent

s of a s of a System System

UnitUnit

46

47

CPUCPUCentral Processing UnitCentral Processing UnitThe brain of the computerThe brain of the computerAMD (Advanced Microdevices) AMD (Advanced Microdevices)

and Intel Corporationand Intel Corporation

48

Random Access Random Access Memory (RAM)Memory (RAM)

The CPU’s short-term The CPU’s short-term memory.memory.

Volatile storageVolatile storageCan be accessed quickly but it Can be accessed quickly but it

disappears when the power is disappears when the power is turned off.turned off.

49

Memory DevicesMemory Devices These are devices that are used These are devices that are used

for the temporary and short-for the temporary and short-term storage of data, which the term storage of data, which the compute can use during compute can use during processingprocessing

These include ROM (Read Only These include ROM (Read Only Memory) and (RAM) Random Memory) and (RAM) Random Access MemoryAccess Memory

50

Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory

51

NorthbridgeNorthbridge A special helper chip that A special helper chip that

connects CPU and RAMconnects CPU and RAM BUS – multiple wires used to BUS – multiple wires used to

connect two or more devices in connect two or more devices in the motherboard.the motherboard.

Frontside Bus – connects the Frontside Bus – connects the CPU, Northbridge and RAMCPU, Northbridge and RAM

52

CPU SpeedsCPU Speeds Clock Chip – a crystal that Clock Chip – a crystal that

oscillates at a certain frequency oscillates at a certain frequency when electricity us applied to it, when electricity us applied to it, providing the system speed.providing the system speed.

Each click of the clock is Each click of the clock is measured in millions or billions of measured in millions or billions of cycles per secondcycles per second

53

Note:Note:One cycle per second is Hertz One cycle per second is Hertz

(Hz)(Hz)One million cycles per second One million cycles per second

is a megahertz (MHz)is a megahertz (MHz)One billion cycles per second One billion cycles per second

is a gigahertz (GHz)is a gigahertz (GHz)

54

Processor Processor PackagesPackages

The form factor of the The form factor of the chip : its shape, size and chip : its shape, size and external featuresexternal features

55

Types of Types of Processor Processor PackagePackage

56

Single-Edge Single-Edge Cartridge (SEC)Cartridge (SEC)

Introduced in mid-1990sIntroduced in mid-1990sPentium II is an example Pentium II is an example of this package.of this package.

57

Pin-Grid Array Pin-Grid Array (PGA)(PGA)

Most commonly used Most commonly used package for the processorpackage for the processor

It has tiny golden wires It has tiny golden wires sticking out the underside sticking out the underside of the CPUof the CPU

58

MotherboardMotherboardThe big printed circuit board The big printed circuit board

that covers most of the bottom that covers most of the bottom of the system unit.of the system unit.

Provide an area where all of Provide an area where all of the internal components of the the internal components of the PC can connect.PC can connect.

59

Expansion slotsExpansion slotsEnable you to expand the Enable you to expand the

capabilities of your system by capabilities of your system by adding extra components.adding extra components.

Any device that snaps into an Any device that snaps into an expansion slot is an expansion expansion slot is an expansion card.card.

60

Three Types Three Types of of

Expansion Expansion SlotsSlots

61

1. PCI1. PCIPeripheral Component Peripheral Component InterconnectInterconnect

Expansion slot used for Expansion slot used for high-speed input/output high-speed input/output device which uses PCI busdevice which uses PCI bus

62

2. AGP2. AGPAccelerated Graphics Accelerated Graphics PortPort

Expansion slot used for Expansion slot used for a video carda video card

63

3. ISA3. ISAIndustry Standard Industry Standard ArchitectureArchitecture

Used by older and/or Used by older and/or slower devicesslower devices

64

Hard DriveHard DriveThe PC’s long-term The PC’s long-term memory; data stored memory; data stored there remains available there remains available for later use.for later use.

65

IDEIDEIntegrated Drive ElectronicsIntegrated Drive ElectronicsA standard that defines how A standard that defines how

the motherboard the motherboard communicates with communicates with secondary storage devices.secondary storage devices.

66

CD-ROM DrivesCD-ROM DrivesCompact Disc – Read Compact Disc – Read Only MemoryOnly Memory

Design to read CDs.Design to read CDs.

67

CD-RCD-RCompact Disc Compact Disc RecordableRecordable

Allow you to write data to Allow you to write data to them but only one timethem but only one time

68

CD-RWCD-RWCompact Disc Compact Disc ReWritableReWritable

Enables you to read and Enables you to read and write repeatedly. write repeatedly.

69

Floppy DrivesFloppy DrivesRead floppy discsRead floppy discsThe first kind of storage The first kind of storage used by PCsused by PCs

Data HierarchyData Hierarchy

Bit = 1 or 0Bit = 1 or 0 1 Byte = 8 bits = 1 character 1 Byte = 8 bits = 1 character 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte 1024 KB = 1 Megabyte1024 KB = 1 Megabyte 1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte 1024 G = 1 Terabyte1024 G = 1 Terabyte

70

71

Video CardVideo CardAlso known as graphic Also known as graphic adapteradapter

Act as the interface Act as the interface between computer and between computer and monitormonitor

72

Power SupplyPower SupplyConverts standard Converts standard household A/C current household A/C current into the D/C current into the D/C current needed by the PCneeded by the PC

73

Sound CardSound CardProvides the sound input Provides the sound input and output for your PC.and output for your PC.

Used for speakers and Used for speakers and microphonesmicrophones

74

Network Interface Network Interface Card (NIC)Card (NIC)

To access a Local Area To access a Local Area NetworkNetwork

75

Output Output DevicesDevices

-Display or transfer -Display or transfer information to the user information to the user

after processing after processing

76

MonitorMonitor One of the most common output One of the most common output

devices. It is the screen which shows devices. It is the screen which shows the results of processing or the the results of processing or the inputs of the userinputs of the user

Desktop or Personal Computers Desktop or Personal Computers come with Cathode-Ray Tube(CRT) come with Cathode-Ray Tube(CRT) similar to those of televisions while similar to those of televisions while Laptop computers come with a Laptop computers come with a Liquid Crystal Display(LCD).Liquid Crystal Display(LCD).

77

MonitorMonitor

78

PrinterPrinter This device provides This device provides

hardcopy or a printout to the hardcopy or a printout to the useruser

It takes text as inputted and It takes text as inputted and then prints them on paperthen prints them on paper

79

Types of PrinterTypes of Printer Dot Matrix – use small wires to Dot Matrix – use small wires to

press on ribbons and quite noisypress on ribbons and quite noisy Inkjet Printer – similar to matrix Inkjet Printer – similar to matrix

printers but instead of using printers but instead of using needles it sprays droplets of ink needles it sprays droplets of ink onto the paper to form imagesonto the paper to form images

Laser Printer – noise-free, as these Laser Printer – noise-free, as these employ light to draw text and employ light to draw text and images; uses electrostatic processimages; uses electrostatic process

80

PlotterPlotter

It is a special output device which It is a special output device which also causes printed output to be also causes printed output to be produced in a manner not too produced in a manner not too different from that used by different from that used by regular printersregular printers

81

SpeakersSpeakers Provide output for voice, Provide output for voice,

sound or music and are a sound or music and are a necessary of a multimedia necessary of a multimedia systemsystem

82

Storage Storage Media & Media & DevicesDevices

- Provide a permanent - Provide a permanent storage for data, storage for data, information and information and

programs for later use programs for later use or retrieval or retrieval

83

Hard DiskHard Disk Most common storage media Most common storage media

which usually permanent part of which usually permanent part of the computerthe computer

This is where most programs This is where most programs and data are stored, especially and data are stored, especially the operating system for fast the operating system for fast retrieval and execution by the retrieval and execution by the useruser

84

Floppy DiskFloppy Disk This is removable storage This is removable storage

device which has a smaller device which has a smaller capacity compared to a hard capacity compared to a hard diskdisk

The standard 3.5-inch floppy The standard 3.5-inch floppy disk has 1.44 MB capacitydisk has 1.44 MB capacity

85

Compact Disc Compact Disc (CD)(CD)

Also a removable device with a larger Also a removable device with a larger capacity than a floppy capacity than a floppy

It usually come in the form of CD-It usually come in the form of CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory)Memory)

The common capacity of a CD-ROM is The common capacity of a CD-ROM is 650MB650MB

There are also recordable and There are also recordable and erasable CDserasable CDs

86

Digital Video Disc Digital Video Disc (DVD)(DVD)

CDs which contain a very large CDs which contain a very large amount of data and are used for amount of data and are used for storing films and other data-storing films and other data-intensive files such as computer intensive files such as computer games and applicationsgames and applications

Usually store up to 8 GB of dataUsually store up to 8 GB of data

87

Hardware Hardware ConnectionConnection

- These are the - These are the connectors that connectors that

physically connect and physically connect and link the components link the components and devices so that and devices so that

they can interact and they can interact and exchange dataexchange data

88

BUSBUS This is a group of wires This is a group of wires

composing a system composing a system interconnections that allow interconnections that allow communication between the communication between the different devicesdifferent devices

It is the electrical pathway It is the electrical pathway through which the computer through which the computer processor communicatesprocessor communicates

89

Circuit BoardsCircuit Boards These are arrangements of These are arrangements of

electrical components electrical components through which signals or through which signals or current can pass throughcurrent can pass through

90

Serial ConnectionSerial Connection This type of connection which This type of connection which

involves a slow transfer of involves a slow transfer of information from the information from the computer to an external computer to an external component such as mouse or component such as mouse or printerprinter

91

Parallel ConnectionParallel Connection

Uses multiple sets of wires Uses multiple sets of wires but is limited in terms of but is limited in terms of distance covereddistance covered

It also connects components It also connects components such as printers or scanners such as printers or scanners to the computerto the computer

92

Types of Types of SoftwareSoftware

93

System SoftwareSystem Software The kind of software that controls The kind of software that controls

and takes care of the working and takes care of the working computer and overall functioning of computer and overall functioning of the system.the system.

The best example of system software The best example of system software is the operating systemis the operating system

Ex. Windows XP, Windows ME, Ex. Windows XP, Windows ME, Windows XP, Linux, Unix, Apple’s OSWindows XP, Linux, Unix, Apple’s OS

94

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Software that generally suited Software that generally suited to perform a particular task or to perform a particular task or functionfunction

Ex. Word Processor, Ex. Word Processor, Spreadsheet, Computer Games, Spreadsheet, Computer Games, Desktop Publishing Software Desktop Publishing Software and Graphics Programand Graphics Program

95

Types of Types of Production of Production of

SoftwareSoftware

96

Commercial SoftwareCommercial Software

These are created and marketed These are created and marketed by big software companiesby big software companies

Usually made by a team of Usually made by a team of experts and computer experts and computer professionals and are sold for professionals and are sold for quite a big pricequite a big price

Ex. Microsoft Windows OS, MS Ex. Microsoft Windows OS, MS OfficeOffice

97

SharewareShareware Because of the high cost of Because of the high cost of

software, many individual software, many individual programmers made sharewareprogrammers made shareware

Shareware, however is not Shareware, however is not really shared but is lent or really shared but is lent or allowed to be tested for a time allowed to be tested for a time before a fee is requestedbefore a fee is requested

98

FreewareFreeware Given for free or allowed to Given for free or allowed to

be downloaded from the be downloaded from the Internet.Internet.

Programmers who create Programmers who create freeware do it as a service to freeware do it as a service to users who cannot afford users who cannot afford programsprograms

99

Output DeviceOutput Device It displays data once it has It displays data once it has

been processed.been processed.The most common output The most common output

devices are the computer devices are the computer display screendisplay screen and and printerprinter

100

Secondary Storage Secondary Storage DeviceDevice

It allows data to be It allows data to be permanently stored so that it permanently stored so that it can be used at a later time.can be used at a later time.

Common secondary storage Common secondary storage devices include floppy disk devices include floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, and drives, hard disk drives, and CD-ROM drivesCD-ROM drives

101

Note:Note:

Input, output and Input, output and secondary storage secondary storage devices are also devices are also sometimes referred to sometimes referred to as as peripheral devicesperipheral devices

102

SoftwareSoftware It is a set of instructions that tells the It is a set of instructions that tells the

computer hardware what to do.computer hardware what to do. It is also known as programIt is also known as program Examples: MS Word, Excel, & Examples: MS Word, Excel, &

PowerPointPowerPoint

103

PeoplewarePeoplewareThey are mainly They are mainly

responsible for the responsible for the development and use of development and use of the systemthe system

No computer would run No computer would run without the help of peoplewithout the help of people

104

How the How the Computer Computer

Works?Works?

105

Electronic vs. Electronic vs. ElectricElectric

106

ComputerComputer It is an electronic deviceIt is an electronic device An electronic device uses An electronic device uses

very small electric current at very small electric current at very low voltage levels to very low voltage levels to represent and store state represent and store state informationinformation

107

Electronic DeviceElectronic Device Generally, at 0 volt the state Generally, at 0 volt the state

is off and at 5 volts the state is off and at 5 volts the state is on.is on.

Power dissipation for Power dissipation for computers, particularly computers, particularly portable such as laptops and portable such as laptops and palmtops is kept low.palmtops is kept low.

108

Electric ApplianceElectric Appliance It uses raw power to operate It uses raw power to operate

and function and not to store or and function and not to store or represent datarepresent data

Air-conditioning units, Air-conditioning units, refrigerators, electric fans, and refrigerators, electric fans, and the like all use powerline voltage the like all use powerline voltage levels of 110 or 220 volts.levels of 110 or 220 volts.

109

Does it mean Does it mean that that

computers do computers do not require not require powerline powerline

electricity?electricity?

110

The answer is NO. The answer is NO. Computers use the 110- or Computers use the 110- or

220-volt electricity for 220-volt electricity for their power supply and their power supply and internally convert this to internally convert this to the appropriate voltage the appropriate voltage levels.levels.

111

Let us see Let us see how an on or how an on or

an off is an off is used to used to

represent represent data.data.

112

Data Data HierarchyHierarchy

113

BitBit Smallest unit of data Smallest unit of data Represented by 0 or 1Represented by 0 or 1

114

NibbleNibble It consists of four bitsIt consists of four bits

115

ByteByte It consists of 8 bits or 1 It consists of 8 bits or 1

charactercharacterCharacter – smallest Character – smallest

meaningful unit of datameaningful unit of data

116

Kilobyte (KB)Kilobyte (KB) It consists of 1024 bytesIt consists of 1024 bytes

117

Megabyte (MB)Megabyte (MB) It consists of 1024 KBIt consists of 1024 KB

118

Gigabyte (GB)Gigabyte (GB)

It consists of 1024 MBIt consists of 1024 MB

119

Terabyte (TB)Terabyte (TB)

It consists of 1024 GBIt consists of 1024 GB

120

Petabyte (PB)Petabyte (PB)

It consists of 1024 TBIt consists of 1024 TB

121

Exabyte (EB)Exabyte (EB)

It consists of 1024 PBIt consists of 1024 PB

122

Proper Care Proper Care of of

ComputersComputers

123

Here are some ways:Here are some ways:

Place your computer in a dry, Place your computer in a dry, clean and cool placeclean and cool place

Do not eat or drink while Do not eat or drink while working on your computerworking on your computer

124

Here are some ways:Here are some ways:

Clean your computer regularly. Clean your computer regularly. Use dry cloth and a wax Use dry cloth and a wax specially made for computers.specially made for computers.

Cover your computer when not Cover your computer when not in use so that dust will not gather in use so that dust will not gather on it.on it.

125

continuation…continuation…When you are using a When you are using a

computer, handle its parts with computer, handle its parts with care.care.

Do not hit your computer when Do not hit your computer when there is something wrong with it. there is something wrong with it. Call somebody who is Call somebody who is technically knowledgeable in technically knowledgeable in fixing the problem.fixing the problem.

126

continuation…continuation…Run the shutdown program Run the shutdown program

before turning off ,your before turning off ,your computer. Failure to do so computer. Failure to do so many results in data loss.many results in data loss.

Clean your mouse regularly so Clean your mouse regularly so that you will not have difficult that you will not have difficult rolling it over a mouse pad.rolling it over a mouse pad.

127

continuation…continuation…Protect the data stored in your Protect the data stored in your

storage media. Place your storage media. Place your disks and CD-ROM in a disks and CD-ROM in a protective case. Don’t bend protective case. Don’t bend your disks or put them near your disks or put them near magnets. Magnets will magnets. Magnets will damage the data stored in damage the data stored in your disks.your disks.

128

Computer Computer Problems Problems and Issuesand Issues

129

Software Software BreakdownBreakdown

130

Things to do when Things to do when Software Breakdown Software Breakdown

occursoccurs

Turn the computer off and then Turn the computer off and then on again (cold booting), then on again (cold booting), then run the program againrun the program again

131

Things to do when Things to do when Software Breakdown Software Breakdown

occursoccurs If the program continues to If the program continues to encounter difficulties, try encounter difficulties, try reinstalling it.reinstalling it.

If the problem continues, contact If the problem continues, contact your software vendor or dealer your software vendor or dealer and try replacing the software.and try replacing the software.

132

Note:Note:This problem may occurs due This problem may occurs due

to other problems such as a to other problems such as a hard disk loaded with too hard disk loaded with too many programs, viruses or just many programs, viruses or just simple incompatibility with the simple incompatibility with the hardware.hardware.

133

Hard Disk Hard Disk CrashCrash

134

Hard Disk CrashHard Disk Crash One of the worst experiences for a One of the worst experiences for a

new usernew user When you turn on the computer When you turn on the computer

and nothing happensand nothing happensYou find out that all the contents You find out that all the contents

of your hard disk are totally of your hard disk are totally erased without recovering any erased without recovering any filefile

135

Things to do when Things to do when Hard Disk Crash Hard Disk Crash

occurs occurs Have your hard disk checked if Have your hard disk checked if

there is hope for recovering there is hope for recovering any important data or fileany important data or file

136

Things to do when Things to do when Hard Disk Crash Hard Disk Crash

occurs occurs Have your hard disk Have your hard disk reformatted and programs you reformatted and programs you want to reinstalledwant to reinstalled

The next time you use your The next time you use your computer, have a BACKUP of computer, have a BACKUP of all your important files in all your important files in another storage media.another storage media.

137

Virus Virus AttacksAttacks

138

Virus AttacksVirus AttacksHard disk may crash caused Hard disk may crash caused

by virusesby virusesComputer may behave in an Computer may behave in an

unpredictable mannerunpredictable mannerThe software or programs The software or programs

may breakdownmay breakdown

139

Let us understand Let us understand what a virus IS NOTwhat a virus IS NOT

A virus is not a germ, A virus is not a germ, bacteria or organic virusbacteria or organic virus

A virus is not a malfunction A virus is not a malfunction of any devices or computer of any devices or computer part.part.

140

What, then is a What, then is a VIRUS?VIRUS?

It is a program that copy It is a program that copy itself, and then transfer from itself, and then transfer from one computer to another one computer to another without users knowing it. without users knowing it.

141

What, then is a What, then is a VIRUS?VIRUS?

The program cannot be seen The program cannot be seen like an ordinary file. It is hidden like an ordinary file. It is hidden within executable files or datawithin executable files or data

It is made to either express It is made to either express something through screen, or to something through screen, or to infect and erase datainfect and erase data

142

Things to do to in Virus Things to do to in Virus AttacksAttacks

Always BACKUP your Always BACKUP your important dataimportant data

Install an anti-virus Install an anti-virus program on your program on your

computer. computer.

143

Things to do to in Virus Things to do to in Virus AttacksAttacks

NEVER share floppy disk and NEVER share floppy disk and other storage media with other other storage media with other computer users. Also don’t use computer users. Also don’t use pirated software.pirated software.

Don’t open or access unknown Don’t open or access unknown files or attachment in the Internet files or attachment in the Internet as these be affected by a virusas these be affected by a virus

144

Safety Safety Precautions Precautions for Working for Working

on a on a ComputerComputer

145

#1#1Make notes as you work Make notes as you work

so that you can go back so that you can go back step-by-step to check step-by-step to check

your work later if your work later if necessarynecessary

146

#2#2When unpacking hardware When unpacking hardware

or software, remove the or software, remove the packing tape and packing tape and

cellophane from the work cellophane from the work area as soon as possiblearea as soon as possible

147

#3#3Keep components Keep components away from your hair away from your hair

and clothingand clothing

148

#4#4Keep screws and Keep screws and

spacers orderly and in spacers orderly and in one place, such as a one place, such as a

cup or traycup or tray

149

#5#5Do not stack boards Do not stack boards on top of each other, on top of each other, you could remove a you could remove a

chip accidentally.chip accidentally.

150

#6#6When handling When handling motherboards and motherboards and expansion cards do expansion cards do

not touch the chips on not touch the chips on the boardsthe boards

151

#7#7 Hold expansion cards by the Hold expansion cards by the

edges. Do not touch any edges. Do not touch any soldered components on a card, soldered components on a card, and do not touch chips or edge and do not touch chips or edge

connectors unless it is connectors unless it is absolutely necessary. Do not absolutely necessary. Do not

touch a chip with a magnetized touch a chip with a magnetized screwdriver.screwdriver.

152

#8#8Do not use a graphite pencil Do not use a graphite pencil

to change DIP switch to change DIP switch settings, because graphite settings, because graphite is a conductor of electricity is a conductor of electricity and the graphite can lodge and the graphite can lodge

in the switch.in the switch.

153

#9#9Always turn off a computer Always turn off a computer

before moving it. A before moving it. A computer’s hard drive computer’s hard drive

always spin while it is on, always spin while it is on, unless it has a sleep mode. unless it has a sleep mode.

154

#10#10Always turn off a computer Always turn off a computer

before moving it. A before moving it. A computer’s hard drive computer’s hard drive

always spin while it is on, always spin while it is on, unless it has a sleep mode. unless it has a sleep mode.

155

#11#11To protect disks, keep them To protect disks, keep them

away from magnetic fields, away from magnetic fields, heat and extreme cold. Do heat and extreme cold. Do

not open the shuttle window not open the shuttle window or touch the disk’s surface.or touch the disk’s surface.

156

#12#12 The power supply and the The power supply and the

monitor can hold a monitor can hold a dangerous level of electricity dangerous level of electricity even after you turn them off even after you turn them off

and disconnect from a and disconnect from a power source.power source.

157

Protecting Protecting Against Against

Electrostatic Electrostatic DischargeDischarge

158

ElectroStatic Discharge ElectroStatic Discharge (ESD)(ESD)

Commonly known as static electricityCommonly known as static electricity An electrical charge that can build up An electrical charge that can build up

on the surface of insulating materials, on the surface of insulating materials, such as clothing or plastic.such as clothing or plastic.

This is why touching a metal doorknob This is why touching a metal doorknob after you cross a carpet in your after you cross a carpet in your stocking feet can result in a very stocking feet can result in a very noticeable shock.noticeable shock.

159

Why worry about Why worry about ESD?ESD?

A charge of much less than 3000 A charge of much less than 3000 volts can damage electronic volts can damage electronic components .components .

Walking across carpet can generate Walking across carpet can generate 1,500 to 30,000 volts of static 1,500 to 30,000 volts of static electricity.electricity.

Just picking up a common plastic bag Just picking up a common plastic bag can generate over 1,000 volts and can generate over 1,000 volts and often much more.often much more.

160

How to prevent How to prevent ESD?ESD?

Ground Bracelet or Ground Bracelet or Antistatic Wrist StrapAntistatic Wrist Strap

Ground MatGround MatStatic Shielding BagStatic Shielding Bag

161

Manual Way to prevent Manual Way to prevent ESDESD

As you work on a computer, make a As you work on a computer, make a point of touching the metal frame or point of touching the metal frame or power supply box before you touch any power supply box before you touch any other part.other part.

Touch it again every time you move Touch it again every time you move around, this will at least equalize the around, this will at least equalize the amount of static electricity stored up amount of static electricity stored up and waiting to move in you and in the and waiting to move in you and in the PC.PC.

162

Lab Lab ActivitiesActivities

163

Handling PC Handling PC ConnectionsConnections

Identify the types of ports Identify the types of ports and connectionsand connections

You need a computer with You need a computer with standard peripherals standard peripherals attached including a mouse, attached including a mouse, keyboard and monitor.keyboard and monitor.

164

Opening a System Opening a System UnitUnit

You need:You need:PCPCA Phillips screwdriverA Phillips screwdriverPreferably an antistatic wrist Preferably an antistatic wrist strapstrap

Identify the internal parts of Identify the internal parts of the System Unitthe System Unit

165

Handling Expansion Handling Expansion CardsCards

You need:You need:A PC running Windows A PC running Windows A Phillips screwdriverA Phillips screwdriverA straight-slot screwdriverA straight-slot screwdriverAn Antistatic wrist strapAn Antistatic wrist strapA three-prong parts retrieverA three-prong parts retriever

166

Identifying the Identifying the Type of CPU in Type of CPU in

Your PCYour PC A working PC running WindowsA working PC running Windows Paper and PencilPaper and Pencil Screwdrivers Screwdrivers An antistatic wrist strapAn antistatic wrist strap You need to know the You need to know the

manufacturer, model, speed manufacturer, model, speed and package.and package.

167

Five ways to identify the Five ways to identify the type of the CPUtype of the CPU

System InformationSystem InformationMy Computer PropertiesMy Computer PropertiesPhysical ConnectionPhysical ConnectionRebootRebootCPU-Z (Application Program) CPU-Z (Application Program)

can be downloaded at can be downloaded at www.cpuid.comwww.cpuid.com