ACKNOWLEDGEMET

This thesis will certainly not be complete without due acknowledgement paid to all those who have helped one in doing my project work.

It is great pleasure to acknowledgement our profound sense of gratitude to our project guide Mr.J.SREEKANTH KUMAR Asst professor, Department of humanities and sciences,SBIT,Khammam for his valuable guidance throughout the development of our project.

It’s indeed great pleasure to acknowledge his constant encouragement and inspiration which inculcated in us a sense of team spirit and thereby helped influent evaluation of the project.

I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr.K.RAMARAO, principal Mr.G.SRINIVAS RAO, and Head of the Dept of ECE who extended their cooperation for the successful completion of our project work.

I would like to mention the kind cooperation and the help extended by all our team members namely

V.Sai Ravikiran (08M61A04D1) S.Rajshekar (08M61A04C1)

M.Abhinav Kumar (08M61A0437) K.Surya chaitanya (08M61A0426)

A.Mani kumar (08M61A0469) V.V.S.N.Satyajit (08M61A0464)

T.Ram Dayakar (08M61A0454) A.Raghu (08M61A0467)

V.Vinod Kumar (08M61A0461)

SWARNA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

( Approved by AICTE, Govt of A.P & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyd )

KHAMMAM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “FOREST IN ANDHRAPRADESH” is a

bonafide record of work carried out by V.SAI RAVI KIRAN bearing the roll

no 08M61A04D1 in partial fulfillment of work in Environmental sciences.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SIGNATURE OF INCHARGE

Topic :

FOREST RESOURCES

AND

IT’S HABITAT

Contents covered in the PROJECT are listed below

Introduction to FOREST & Its uses Reasons & effects for DEFORESTATION Case studies of DEFORESTATION Preventive measures for DEFORESTATION

Indian Forest coverage

Andhra Pradesh Forest coverage

Khammam district Forest coverage

Live Project on FOREST & TRIBAL HABITAT

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Definition of FOREST: The place where the wild life of both the flora & fauna naturally is basically considered to be a “FOREST”.

Uses of FORESTS:

1. In all, we have 3 types of functions with the FORESTS. They are Protective functions: These include the protective role of forests against soil

erosion, droughts, floods, intense radiation. Productive functions: Forests are the sources of wood and many other products

like gums, resins, fibers, medicines, katha, honey, bidi wrappers, pulp, paper. Accessory functions: These include the role of forests in recreation, aesthetics,

and as habitat of diverse wildlife.2. In addition to this, forests also have Ecological and Economical importance.

Ecological Importance:

Forests are home to 50-90% of earth’s spices and are potentially renewable resources if used as per optimum needs and ensuring their security known as sustainability. Forests play crucial role in regulating the global climate and temperature as forest cover absorbs the solar energy as for primary production of food and energy that would otherwise be reflected back into the atmosphere by the bare surface of the earth. The forest help as sinks for CO2 during photosynthesis and releases O2 in that process balancing the O2 in the biosphere. Forests also influence local, regional and global climate. On a hot day, large tree may extract from the soil as much as 5.5 metric tons of water and transpire it into the atmosphere to natural rain cloud seeding, thus 50-80% of the moisture in the air above tropical forests comes from trees via transpiration and evaporation. According to one calculation, during its life time a typical tree provides annual 200,00 US $ worth of ecological benefits in the form of oxygen, air purification, soil fertility erosion control, water recycling, humidity control and wildlife habitats.

Economical Importance:

Forests are the most valuable natural resources available to the mankind on planet earth. On the one hand, they are the essential source of livelihood and fuel for the poor and marginalized sections of the society; on the other hand they provide wood, timber from which furniture and other items of desire can be prepared for the rich. Wood may also be converted into solid, liquid

and gaseous fuels. Timber is an important material in building construction and day to day uses. The role of forests in the environmental amelioration and people’s life assumed global significance after the 1992 Rio Summit. The saga of deforestation in the developing countries on account of rising population and consequent poverty has attracted global attention of scientists, resources managers and law makers. To reverse the degradation in resources, action programs for conservation and development of forest resources have taken shape in most of the countries.

Reasons for Deforestation:

Cutting down the forest is considered to be deforestation. It may be happened manually or naturally. Destruction of forest due to natural calamities like forest fires, floods, cyclones, hurricanes, tsunami etc., is considered to be natural deforestation. Besides this, man because of his needs and wanting cut down the forest. Some of the reasons are listed below

It may be because of luxurious living or for basic needs like collection of fire wood and charcoal, collection of wood for construction of buildings etc..,

Sometimes for country development also we lose some of the valuable forest this is the case we are facing in the construction of road and dams, and establishment of industries and factories.

On the other hand because of over grazing and zoom cultivation also some lakhs of hectares of forest is being lost every year.

Effects of Deforestation:

Deforestation mainly has its impact on environment. It effects the environment in following ways

Due to deforestation co2 level increases and o2 level decreases which leads to Green House Effect (GHE).

It also include decrease of rain fall, increase in radiation, acid rain.

Due to the increase in radiation polar ice caps melts and increases the sea level which results in floods.

Because of deforestation we also face food scarcity, resources scarcity, declination of vulnerable medicinal herbs, spices.

We also face scarcity of wildlife. It is so because forests are the home for the wildlife.

Case studies of Deforestation:

This includes major evil effects due to construction of major dams which requires deforestation of large amount of forest. Two such cases are mentioned below

A large dam inevitably alters the course of nature and, because of interaction of complex and largely unknown forces, the ecological consequence are usually much more serious than were bargained. Silent valley has been drop but the government has decided to go ahead with Tehri, Vishnuprayag and many other projects. Also being proposed is the Manibhadra dam in Orissa, in one of the prime forest areas remaining in the country.

The 1983-84 annual report of the department of Environmental reveals that the construction of the Idukki Dam over the Periyar River in Kerala has hasten the degradation of vegetation and sharply reduced the forest cover. It is estimated that during the period 1951-1976, 0.49million hectares of forest have been lost due to major river valley projects. This is roughly 10% of the area that came under canal irrigation- 5.5 million hectares.

Preventive measures for Deforestation:

As we have already studied the evil effects of deforestation previously its our responsibility to prevent the deforestation. Some of the preventive measures were noticed below

Deforestation must be done only as per our basic requirements, it should exceed maximum limits.

A rule such that every industry has to maintain a green belt up to some noticeable square kilometer area and also they should be constructed in outskirts of mankind.

While construction of roads and dams compensated afforestation must be done when compared to deforestation.

Non bail imprisonment must be come into action for deforestation.

Every individual must follow moral principles in his / her life.

Everyone must adapt simple life.

Over grazing, zoom cultivation must be prevented.

If everyone starts planting at least one plant in his/her life time shortly but surely we can have the vision of greenery everywhere.

“ START PLANTING – START SAVING ”

Indian Forest coverage

Indian forest covers an area of 20.60% of total area. In numerical representation it occupies nearly 67.71 million hectares of total geography.

Andhra Pradesh Forest coverage

NON FOREST AREA - 84% MODERATE DENSE FOREST(MDF) - 9% OPEN FOREST - 7%

Geographic Area 2,75,069 km2 (8.4% of country) Population 75.73 million (7.4% of country) Urban 20.50 million (27.1%) Rural 55.22 million (72.9%)

Average Population Density 275 persons per km2

Tribal Population 6.30%Livestock Population 32.91 million (7.0% of country)

No. of Districts 23 Of Country’s Forest Area 8.24%No. of Hill Districts 0No. of Tribal Districts 8

Recorded Forest AreaReserved Forest (RF): 50,479 km2

Protected Forest (PF): 12,365 km2

Unclassed Forest (UF): 977 km2

Total: 63,821 km2

Of State’s Geographic Area 23.2%Of Country’s Forest Area 8.24%

Forest Cover: Andhra Pradesh

Very Dense Forest (VDF): 23 km2

Moderate Dense Forest (MDF): 24,356 km2

Open Forest (OF): 20,040 km2

Total: 44,419 km2

Of State’s Geographic Area: 16.15%Of Country’s Forest Cover: 1.35%

Tree Cover

Culturable Non-Forest Area (CNFA): 204,084 km2

No. of trees per ha of CNFA: 16.9Tree Cover: 12,120 km2

Of State’s Geographic Area: 4.41%Of CNFA: 5.94%

Forest & Tree Cover

Total Forest & Tree Cover: 56,539 km2

Of State’s Geographic Area: 20.55%Of Country’s Forest & Tree cover: 7.27%

Per capita Forest & Tree Cover: 0.07 ha

A.P. FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED

A.P. Forest Development Corporation Limited has been established in June 1975 in pursuance of the policy of Government of India under Companies Act. Kothagudem Division was established on 20.5.1978 and comprises 6 zones viz., 1. Kothagudem 2. Annapureddipalli 3. Sathupalli-I 4. Sathupalli-II 5. Aswaraopeta 6. CTD Sathupalli. Degraded forest areas with less than 0.4 crop density were taken on lease from Forest Department. Plantations are raised to an extent of 11687 hectares with different species as shown below.

ACTIVITIES To raise industrial plantations like Eucalyptus, Bamboo etc., to meet the raw

material requirement of the wood based industries viz., M/s. ITC Ltd. (BPL) Bhadrachalam and M/s APPM Ltd., Rajahmundry.

Eco-friendly and diversified crop management in degraded forest lands of state.

Contributing in protection of the environment and increased forestland productivity.

Providing gainful employment to the local tribals and rural people.

To provide market support to farmers for forest produce.

To provide consultancy in raising bio-aesthetic plantations.

 OBJECTIVES

Improving the quality and productivity of the degraded forests and plantations.

Adoption of watershed approach.

Adoption of latest gains in biotechnology for improved productivity.

To provide gainful employment to the local people.

Khammam district Forest coverage

Khammam District is a district in Andhra Pradesh, India. It had a population of 2,565,412 of which 19.81% were urban as of 2001 census. Khammam town is the district headquarters. The present name of Khammam is said to have been derived from the name of the temple 'Narsimhadri', later 'Stamba Sikhari' and then it was termed as 'Stambhadri'.The name of the town Khammam seems to have been derived from the name of this hill of Kamba and the town was named as Khammam Mettu which was later renamed as Khammam.The river Godavari enters Khammam district from Warangal district and flows nearly 250km across the district.

FOREST

Khammam is one of the leading districts of A.P.State in total Forest coverage. Out of total geographical area of 16029 Sq. Km. In the district, an area of 7488.82 Sq Km is under forest cover spreading over 5 territorial and one wild life divisions. River Godavari passes through eastern part of the district and harbors one of the richest bio-diversity in the state. Other tributaries of the river Godavari like Taliperu, Kinnersani and Sabari also help in bringing prosperity to the area. Commonly seen species are Teak, Nallamaddi, Bijasal, Jitregi (rose wood), hard vickia, Binta, Bamboo etc.

6. Divisions in Khammam district

Administratively Khammam district is divided into four revenue divisions and 46 mandals.

Aswapuram Aswaraopeta

Bayyaram

Bhadrachalam

Bonakal

Burgampadu

Chandrugonda

Chintakani

Chintoor

Cherla

Dammapeta

Dummugudem

Enkoor

Julurpadu

Garla

Gundala

Kalluru

Kamepalli

Karepalli

Khammam (Urban)

Khammam (Rural)

Kusumanchi

Konijerla

Kothagudem

Kukkunoor

Kunavaram

Madhira

Manuguru

Mudigonda

Mulakalapalli

Nelakondapalli

Paloncha

Penuballi

Pinapaka

Sathupalli

Singareni

Tallada

Thallacheruvu

Tekulapalli

Tirumalayapalem

V.R.Puram

Velerupadu

Vemsoor

Venkatapuram

Wazedu

Wyra

Yellandu

Yerrupalem

Tribals:

The Khammam district has a tribal population of 5,58,958, which is about 13.29% of the total tribal population of the state, Andhra Pradesh

Live Project on FOREST & TRIBAL HABITAT

In order to how the solid proof regarding the forest values in the habitat, we have decided to take a live

project on the FOREST RESOURCES & ITS HABITAT. For this, we selected two spots in our KHAMMAM Dist, near BHADRACHALAM, Kunavaram Mandal. Those are Mayuri Central Nursery, Buttaygudem, Nellipaka Beet, and Ramachandrapuram. Both these are located in Kunavarum Mandal.

Observations done at Mayuri Central Nursery were listed below. There, in that Nursery, we observed following species

Teak

Eucalyptus

Bio diesel

Seemarooba

Hybrid tamarind

Alla neredu

The above species were discussed below in detail according to the information provided by Mr. D.Laxman, Forest Beet Officer (F.B.O),

Teak:

As per as information gathered by us, the present teak trees are 14,000.

Its figure is shown above. Every Teak tree can’t survive more than 60years, so it must be cut down immediately after 60years. They are grown with the help of manure mixture. That mixture consists of red and black soils, water, natural manure and gamaxine. With this mixture plant is kept in a (9”×5”) polythene covers.

These Teak trees are very much used as wood for construction of buildings.

Eucalyptus:

These are very useful as a medical plant. With these plants, many pain balms can be prepared. Its figure is shown below

They are grown through stem propagation. At first a piece of plant’s stem is taken apart and made to grown in the trays, which were shown in the below

In the tray the part of the stem is placed along with the Omniculator.

Those trays are placed in the Mistchamber in which just 400C is maintained. If the temperature is increased then the temperature is cooled with the help of cooler placed in the chamber. At a time we can grown 40,000 plants in the Mistchamber.

Water was sprinkled with the help of sprinklers as shown

After this they are made to grow in the open area as shown below

Biodiesel:

It is used as a natural fuel it is also known as Kanugabaga. The present trees at Nursery are 1, 60,000. The figure of bio diesel plants are shown below

They are grown with the help of manure mixture. That mixture consists of red and black soils, water, natural manure and gamaxine. With this mixture plant is kept in a (9”×5”) polythene covers.

Hybrid Tamarind:

This is obtained by the stem propagation. Stem of one plant is tied to the upper part of the tamarind plant in a polythene cover and keep it until it gets hard. The present Hybrid Tamarind trees in the nursery are about 200. The figure of the Hybrid Tamarind is shown below.

Seemarooba:

The present seemarooba plants in the nursery are about 16,000. Its figure is shown below

Alla Neredu:

Its production is very low here. Only just one tree is grown. Its figure is shown below

Tribal Living:

For the forest habitat we need to select an area in which we can find tribals. For this we have selected Ramachandra Puram, which belongs to Kunavarum Mandal and 70km apart from Bhadrachalam. There we have observed some important things which made us to feel pity at the tribals.

From the main route 15km interior this Ramachandra puram located. There nearly 25 families were living in which atleast 5-6 memberes are there. They were migrated from Chhattisgarh in the year 2002. But they were provided neither with any tribal welfare projects nor with ration cards. Even though they got the job cards they were not provided with any job.

They were not even provided with proper schooling even though there were 30 children to be educated. Only one bore well is there to satisfy all the needs of nearly 150-200members. There is no electrical power and proper health checkup. For every minor need they were supposed to walk a distance of 12km from their living. They commonly depend on rain fed crops like sonamasuri.

This was the school located there

Beside all these things we have also observed following trees

Sirimon

Teak

Amla

Tangedu

Eucalyptus

Rosewood

Nallamaddi

Sandra

Ageesa

Cucumber

All possible wild animals live in the dense forest.

Conclusion:

The above furnished data in the live project is as per the data collected from the locality and by witnessing individually. From this project we are very proud to convey that we have obtained practical knowledge and got a chance to know about tribal culture. From our view at the tribal people of Ramachandra Puram we have felt still so many tribal welfare programs were not reaching them. It’s our responsibility to

convey our special thanks to our beloved, Honorable and Respected Mentor

Mr.J.SREEKANTH KUMAR, our project guide to have this beautiful and valuable opportunity to have the live project.