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Understanding the role ICT can play in natural resource monitoring and management.....
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USING GPS MOBILE HAND-HELD COMPUTERS AND GIS TOOLS TO MONITOR AND MANAGE THE AFI MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE
SANCTUARY OF BOJE DISTRICT, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA: AN E-READINESS ASSESSMENT REPORT
BY
UCHE OKPARA (B.AgRiC (NigERiA); m.sC (gREENwiCH)
Department of Agricultural EconomicsUniversity of Nigeria
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Afi Conservation Partners are in charge of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
(AMWS) Conservation Project within the Boje District. They are initiating two flexible,
portable and user-friendly technologies that allow local users with low literacy levels to
record GPS referenced natural resource related data using ‘touch-screen’ hand-held
computers. Data collated would be uploaded on a GIS platform for mapping and analysis
and for subsequent use in managing the biodiversity assets of the Sanctuary. These two
ICTs (that is, GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools) have been used in
Cameroon and Congo Brazzaville to monitor and manage natural resources of national
importance. Their use in the AMWS project is expected to address the serious human and
environmental threats facing the enormous natural resource base of the Sanctuary. But
how e-ready is Boje District to allow the full penetration and use of these technologies?
What type of environment does the District offer in terms of ICT use generally? How e-
ready are the stakeholders to use these technologies? What are the actual use and benefits
of these technologies? Using a synthesised combination of the e-readiness methodologies
proposed by the Harvard University’s Center for International Development (CID), the
Computer Systems Policy Project’s (CSPP) Readiness Guide for Living in the
Networked-World and the Networked Readiness Index (NRI) in the Global Information
Technology Report, the above e-readiness questions were adequately answered in this
report. Evidence from this study revealed that the District is generally not e-ready going
by its remote location, lack of ICT infrastructure and the poor socio-economic status of
the local populace. Mobile telecommunication may have penetrated the area but internet
access is non-existent except at the local district forestry office managed by the Afi
Partners. The Afi Conservation Partners are e-ready to use the technologies but they face
the enormous challenge of carrying the local communities along. The people have to be
trained and motivated to take leverage of the ICT potentials. ICT infrastructure and
enough funding are required to ensure sustainable use of the technologies for monitoring
and managing the resources of the AMWS.
1. INTRODUCTION
2
1.1 General Overview
The use and promotion of ICTs as instruments for environmental monitoring and
management and the sustainable use of natural resources are critical issues of global
concern today (ITU, 2008). ICTs application for natural resource monitoring and
management fall under the category known as ‘e-environment’ and ‘e-agriculture’ (Clark,
2006). ICTs are essential to our understanding of the distribution of natural resources and
our ability to deal with environmental changes. The rapid diffusion of advanced
broadband internet networks and deployment of web-based services are transforming the
way natural resource studies, research and decision-making are carried out globally.
Today, new technologies such as geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing
and global positioning systems (GPS) alongside mobile telephone technologies have
become the most important tools supporting natural resource monitoring, protection and
management projects (ITU, 2008; Carmen et al., 2010).
However, several rural communities whose livelihoods revolve around the resources of
nature do not have the capacity to take advantage of these technologies. This is the case
with most developing countries in Africa and Asia (Obijiofor et al., 2005). In Nigeria for
example, the ICT sector has been growing tremendously since the 1999 deregulation of
the sector by the Nigerian government. Mobile telecommunication lines increased from
500,000 lines to an unprecedented 10 million lines between 2003 and 2008 (NDG, 2008).
Telecommunication and allied services such as internet are now accessible in most big
cities. The vast majority of private internet users access the internet through internet cafes
while others do so through dial-up facilities, and a small percentage made up of mostly
corporate bodies and government officials through VSAT link-up provided by Internet
Service Providers (Gerrard et al., 2009).
ICT penetration is high in Cross River State’s urban areas, but the situation in rural areas
is a big concern (Akinsola et al., 2005). Among the rural populace, internet access is
practically non-existent; most people do not know what it is (NDG, 2008). ‘Early ICTs’
like radio and television broadcasting, as well as the print media are the effective means
3
to reach the rural people and pass across useful information. Poverty, illiteracy and other
socio-economic constraint limit the wide spread of ICTs in rural communities. Awareness
of ICT use in natural resource monitoring and management is also generally low (ITU,
2008).
E-readiness assessment has become a useful tool to evaluate the breadth and depth of ICT
penetration in an area, especially in terms of availability and accessibility of ICT
infrastructure for natural resource monitoring and management among other related
issues of concern (Dutta et al., 2003).
This report is therefore designed with the main objective of assessing the state of ICT
infrastructure in Boje Local District in terms of the readiness of the rural populace,
forestry officials, conservation groups and relevant stakeholders within the district to use
GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS (Google EarthTM or ESRI’s ArcView)
technologies to monitor and manage resources of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
(AMWS) and plan for future development of the Sanctuary. These ICT types have been
identified by the Fauna and Flora International (FFI) and Helveta Limited as the best
tools for monitoring and protecting the AMWS, and they have been introduced to the Afi
Conservation Partners (FFI, 2007). This report, in other words, sought to find out how
prepared the Boje District is to use these two technologies through an e-readiness
assessment study.
1.2 Background on the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Conservation Project
The AMWS is located at the northern part of Cross River State, Nigeria, within the
rainforest block in Boje District, in the border region of southeast Nigeria and southwest
Cameroon (within Lat. 60 N and Long. 80 E) (FAO, 2009). This region is an international
biodiversity ‘hotspot’ and was identified as one of West Africa’s three ‘deforestation
hotspots’ (Darwin Initiative, 2004). The Sanctuary is home to the Cross River Gorillas
(Gorrilla gorilla diehli) recognised as the rarest and most endangered sub-species of
gorillas with a total population of about 250 and covering an area of over 8,500 hectares
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(Imong et al., 2008). It is also inhabited by the most endangered sub-species of
Chimpanzees in West Africa and the drills.
Figure 1: Map of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (North) location in Boje DistrictSource: http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/crossr.html
The Afi mountain was gazetted as a wildlife sanctuary in 2000 specifically for the
conservation of gorillas and it is managed by the Cross River State Forest Commission
(CRSFC), with support from a ‘partnership’ of conservation NGOs made up of the Fauna
and Flora International (FFI), Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), the Wildlife
Conservation Society (WCS) and the Pandrillus Foundation (Dunn, 2005). The local
economy around the Sanctuary is based upon agriculture and locally available natural
resources. Farming and hunting are major occupations of the fairly large local population.
5
The AMWS conservation project was born out of the need to stop the multi-faceted,
human-induced threats (poaching, agricultural encroachment and bush fire) that beset the
survival of the gorillas and other species, as well as the desire to protect the biodiversity
integrity of the natural resources on which indigenous communities depend (FFI, 2007).
The project, known as the ‘Multi-stakeholder Forest Monitoring Scheme’, has been on
since 2007. It is expected to aid previous conservation works at Afi and help initiate the
use of ICTs to create accurate natural resource data about the area which will be used for
sustainable management of the Wildlife Sanctuary (Pandrillus Foundation, 2008).
Figure 2: Afi Mountain Canopy Walkways built for touristsSource: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=890206 (copied from the original source which is pandrillus.org).
1.3 Use of GPS Mobile Hand-held Computers and GIS technologies in AMWS
With the recognition of the benefits of ICTs in natural resource monitoring and
management, the Afi Conservation Partners are creating an information management
system that incorporates the use of hand-held computers enabled with GPS receivers,
along side GIS tools (for data output) to gather accurate natural resource data for the area
6
and create a GPS-mapped forest resource inventory (depicting legal and illegal natural
resource use, tree and animal distribution and species details among others) (T4CD,
2006). The approach is expected to support the sustainable management of the Wildlife
Sanctuary by transforming the capacity of local stakeholders and communities to monitor
and protect the natural resources in the area. This innovation is situated within the
Helveta’s CI EarthTM Technology Suite (FFI, 2007).
Figure 3: Example of Forest Community Monitoring in Cameroun (similar innovation is being introduced in the AMWS) Source: Helveta (2009).
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2. E-READINESS ASSESSMENT
2.1 Concept and Approach
This assessment is based on desk research from on-line published reports on ICT related
issues especially with regards to ICT status, extent of use and application in developing
countries. From the perspective of this report, e-readiness is conceptualised as the degree
of preparation of Boje district to participate in and benefit from the use of specialised
GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools for monitoring and managing the
resources of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS). The approach employed is
based on a synthesis of the methodologies proposed by the Harvard University’s Center
for International Development (CID), the Computer Systems Policy Project’s (CSPP)
Readiness Guide for Living in the Networked-World and the Networked Readiness Index
(NRI) in the Global Information Technology Report (CSPP, 2001; Dutta et al., 2003;
Brigdes.org, 2005; CID, 2006). The assessment indicators that are considered to best
capture the e-readiness status of the area are in the broad categories of: 1) the
environment for ICTs offered by Boje District, 2) the readiness of the Stakeholders to use
ICTs and 3) the actual use and benefit of ICTs among the Stakeholders in monitoring and
managing the resources of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary.
2.2 The Environment for ICTs Use offered by Boje District and the Afi Partners
To assess the conduciveness of the environment the district provides for the use of GPS
mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools would require an evaluation of the area based
on the below parameters:
-availability of ICT infrastructure,
-network connectivity (speed, quality)
-access to technologies/networks (pricing, affordability)
-legal and regulatory framework
-constancy of power supply
-availability of trained ICT workforce or local expertise
-level of public awareness and general literacy level
8
Based on the above parameters, Boje District currently enjoys mobile telecommunication
infrastructure provided by MTN Nigeria, Zain Mobile and Globacom Mobile. Each of
these private companies has base stations, masts and alternative power sources (to make
up for epileptic power supply) installed across the district. About half of the populace
have access to cellular phones. Local call centers are wide spread and local calls are
reasonably affordable. But internet networks and services are non-existent. Public cyber
cafes that are usually found everywhere in urban centers are absent in the district. Internet
infrastructure can only be found within the district headquarter. Policies encourage ICT
use, but implementation is weak. The rural telephony scheme introduced by the Nigerian
government to facilitate public enlightenment messages and awareness campaign is yet to
reach the district. Majority of the local people live average lives and are mostly illiterate
with little awareness of the benefits of computers, e-mails or the internet. Local ICT
expertise is lacking.
With the initiation of the use of ICTs in Afi Forest monitoring and management, the Afi
Conservation Partners as well as the local authority are beginning to confront these set-
backs. The AMWS monitoring center located within the forestry office of the Boje
District Headquarter is equipped with desk computers which are connected to a central
server in the Cross River State Headquarter in Calabar (FFI, 2007). Natural resource
based data collected by trained local rangers and local communities from the Sanctuary
are uploaded on the desk computers (with GIS tools installed) and analysed by locally
trained conservation ICT experts. Maps are created, boundaries delineated and key flora
and fauna species are identified based on their activities and distributions. Information on
the maps is shared online by all authorised users involved in the forest and wildlife
management process (Helveta, 2010). Access is open only at the district forestry office to
traditional rulers and local communities who are interested in knowing what is happening
in the Sanctuary. The ICTs in use here allow for two-way mobile phone communication
between users with hand-held units. GPS locations/tracking of species are sent as SMS
messages. Data management and information sharing are also facilitated (FFI, 2007).
9
2.3 Readiness of the District’s Key Stakeholders to Use the ICTs
The readiness of the district measures the capability of the principal agents in the
monitoring task to leverage the potential of the ICTs. Does the local populace possess the
relevant skills for ICT use? Do the members of the ‘Afi Conservation Partnership’
possess the financial capability and the technical know-how to practically ensure
sustainability in the use of the ICTs to monitor and manage the AMWS? What is the state
of the local government usage of ICT for its own services and processes? These are
bogging questions at the root of the use of ICTs for AMWS conservation project.
2.3.1 Local People’s Readiness
Among the local populace, lack of ICT specialised training, low level education and
inadequate public awareness of the possibilities of ICTs and internet are observable
barriers to network development in the area. There are no specialised institutions on
forestry management to train large number of the local people on the use of the ICTs.
Schools are few and not well equipped. ICT training is generally non-existent in schools.
What is only available is the practical and empirical aspects of specialised ICT training
for ‘selected few individuals’. These are mainly forest rangers and few local youths who
are recruited by the forestry management and trained on how to use the GPS mobile
hand-held computers, and also on how to read and analyse maps displayed on a GIS
ArcView or Google EarthTH plateforms (FFI, 2007).
Figure 4: A trained young man using the GPS hand-held device
10
2.3.2 Afi Partners Readiness to Implement and Use the Technologies
The Afi Conservation Partners are made up of the Cross River State Forest Commission
(CRSFC), the Fauna and Flora International (FFI), the Nigerian Conservation Foundation
(NCF), the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Pandrillus Foundation. These
partners are the ‘brain’ and ‘mind’ behind the use of ICTs in the conservation of the
AMWS. They aim to provide affordable and useable ICTs, reliable alternative electricity
supply, reliable and up-to-date infrastructure and connectivity which address the overall
reliability of infrastructure for the conservation project (FFI, 2007). Internet access
available for use is through VSAT and dial-up access. Broadband, high speed access is
not well developed in Nigeria.
Figure 5: Training Local Forest Rangers to use the technology. (Source: Helveta (2009))
According to Helveta (2008), the Afi Partners in collaboration with the district authority
are e-ready to use the monitoring technologies. The partners have developed capacity to:
a) collate and report data gathered in the field from multiple sources, b) improve accuracy
of information through GPS data gathering at a reduced data turn around time, c) provide
better visibility and knowledge of forest resources to the public and d) improve the
operational capacity of the protection and monitoring team in managing the biodiversity
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assets within the sanctuary. The challenges that need to be tackled include limited
knowledge of the enormous biodiversity assets of the Sanctuary, lack of effective
strategies to train and engage as much local resource users as possible and the constraint
of inadequate human and financial resources (Helveta, 2008).
2.3.3 State and Local Government Readiness
The Cross River State Government (CRSG) and the Boje Local Authorities (BLA) are
big stakeholders in the Afi Conservation Project. By providing incentives (such as
funding) and reforming forest management laws and regulations, these groups have
created a favourable environment for ICT projects that are progress related. Government
portals that accommodate the activities within the AMWS are being developed. Under its
‘Computer for all Riverians Initiative’, the CRSG has distributed over 500 brand new
computers to encourage ICT literacy among its workers (Inyang, 2010). E-government is
becoming a possibility and transparency in forest monitoring is being encouraged.
Internet connectivity across the entire state is in the offing, concentration is only within
the urban centers at the moment. There is no installation of network infrastructure in all
administrative building yet. Implementation of intranet and development of ICT-
knowlegeable staff are still at their infancy.
Figure 6: e-monitoring platform provided within the district’s forestry office at Boje.
Source: Helveta (2008).
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2.4 Actual Use and Benefits of the ICTs among the Stakeholders
A measure of the level of impacts or expected impacts that the introduced ICTs will have
on the AMWS monitoring and management project are numerous. Drawing references
from similar projects in Cameroun and Congo Brazzaville, the accessibility of these
technologies is expected to address the serious human and environmental threats facing
the Afi Sanctuary (Helveta, 2009). The hunting, logging and farming behaviours of the
local people would change as they become more aware of ICT use in monitoring their
resources. This would also facilitate the eco-tourism potentials of the sanctuary and
generate financial resources for the district for socio-economic development of the
communities and sustainable protection of the Sanctuary.
Figure 7: Captured data exported onto a GIS Google EarthTM platform for monitoring
Source: Helveta (2009).
2.5 Scoring Boje District for E-Readiness (A Desk Research Estimate)
The table below computes and scores Boje District for e-readiness based on identified e-
readiness indictors and specific contributory parameters. Estimate is drawn from personal
knowledge of the area and relevant ICT literature works on Nigeria.
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Table 1: e-readiness score for Boje District
E-ReadinessIndicators
ContributoryParameters
Low
(1)
Medium (2) High (3) Score
a) The ICTs use environment offered by Boje District
ICT infrastructure(internet)
Mobile Phone Network(connectivity) in %
Mobile Phone Network(access) in %
Policies and laws
Power Supply (daily avail.in hours)
Public Awareness (in %)
ICT Literacy Rate(male and female mean, %)
Non
0-40
0-40
Hostile
0-3
0-40
0-40
Dial-up
40-60
40-60
Friendly
3-9
40-60
40-60
Broadband orWireless60-100
60-100
Excellent
9-24
60-100
60-100
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
b) Readiness of the Stakeholders
c) Actual Useand Benefits
Local People’s Readiness(poor, illiterate, no access)
Afi Partners Readiness(literate,ICTexpertise,funding, personnel, equipment)
Local leaders/gov. Readiness(on-line facilities, office, fundpersonnel motivation)
Knowledge of use and benefitamong local people
Knowledge of use and benefitAmong Afi Partners
Knowledge of use and benefitAmong district leaders
Low
Low
Medium
High
High
High
1
3
3
1
3
2
Computation: Maximum total score obtainable: 13x 3 = 39 Maximum e-readiness score obtained = 21 E-readiness assessment (in %) = 21/39 x 100 = 53.84 = 54%
Also from the table:1) Assessment of the environment for ICTs use offered = 38%2) Assessment of e-readiness of the stakeholders = 78%3) Assessment of knowledge of actual use and benefits = 67%
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3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
E-readiness in the context of this study is conceptualised as a measure of the capacity and
readiness of Boje District to use GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools to
monitor and manage the resources of the richly endowed Afi Mountain Wildlife
Sanctuary. These technologies have been identified by the Afi Conservation Partners as
ideal for gathering data, and checking and analysing them on a GIS platform for
sustainable management of natural wildlife and forestry resources.
Three key e-readiness assessment indicators were employed in the study. The result
shows that the general environment offered by the district in terms of available ICT
infrastructure, access, connectivity, literacy level and power supply is below what is
required to jump-start and sustain the use of the identified technologies. E-readiness
assessment score for ICT environment is a meager 38%. Also, the e-readiness assessment
of the key stakeholders in the conservation project reveals that the Afi Partners and the
District leaders are ready to use the technologies. Majority of the local people are
backward. The stakeholders’ e-readiness score is 78%. Furthermore, knowledge of the
actual use and benefits of the technology is highest among the Afi Partners than the other
stakeholders. E-readiness assessment for actual use and benefits overall is 67%. Finally,
the summary computation of the e-readiness status of the district to use the two
technologies is 54%. This shows that the area generally is a little above average in its
readiness status.
To achieve e-readiness objectives, the District leaders and the Afi Partners should strive
to acquire full knowledge of the enormous biodiversity assets of the sanctuary and
organise, on a consistent basis, training classes for as much local resource users as
possible on the potentialities of the use of the ICTs in managing their resources. The state
government should provide incentives to install necessary ICT infrastructure, upgrade
power supply, initiate ICT in local schools and embrace e-government fully. The Afi
Partners should create an effective portal for e-monitoring and e-administration of the
sanctuary and show commitment in carrying other stakeholders along.
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