Starting from the Internet…

Internet appears everywhere in the world

but it is still a connection between people and people

What is the Internet of Things?

Internet connects all people, so it is called “the Internet of People”

IoT connects all things, so it is called “the Internet of Things”

Internet Of Things (IoT)

DEFINITION :

The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects.

The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances.

Internet Of Things

What Devices Are Connected To It ?

At its core, the Internet of things means just an environment that gathers information from multiple devices (computers, vehicles, smart phones, traffic lights, and almost anything with a sensor) and applications (anything from a social media app like Twitter to an e-commerce platform, from a manufacturing system to a traffic control system).

Basically, the Internet may be the backbone of an Internet of things, but it's not the only bone in that body. Then you need something that works with that information to analyze it, act on it, or otherwise process it. That something is typically software, whether automated, semi-automated, or human-controlled.

Household Things Realated To IoT

What IS WiFi ? A wireless network uses radio waves, just

like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what happens:

1. A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

2. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.

How Does WiFi Works ?

http://playit.pk/watch?v=r4A8ZaTYUrg

How Does WiFi Works ?

If you've been in an airport, coffee shop, library or hotel recently, chances are you've been right in the middle of a wireless network. Many people also use wireless networking, also called WiFi or 802.11 networking, to connect their computers at home, and some cities are trying to use the technology to provide free or low-cost Internet access to residents. In the near future, wireless networking may become so widespread that you can access the Internet just about anywhere at any time, without using wires.

What Is Bluetooth ?

Bluetooth is standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices.

Bluetooth Smart technology is a wireless communications system intended to replace the cables connecting many types of devices, from mobile phones and headsets to hear monitors and medical equipment. Learn more about how Bluetooth Smart increases opportunities for developers to make consumers' lives easier.

THINGS IN WHICH BLUETOOTH IS USED :

Bluetooth Cameras , Headsets and Head Phones and Bluetooth Mouse.

How Does It Works ?

Bluetooth requires that a low-costtransceiver chip be included in each device. The tranceiver transmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45 GHz that is available globally (with some variation of bandwidth in different countries). In addition to data, up to three voice channels are available. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802 standard. Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters. Data can be exchanged at a rate of 1 megabit per second (up to 2Mbps in the second generation of the technology). A frequency hop scheme allows devices to communicate even in areas with a great deal of electromagnetic interference. Built-in encryption and verification is provided.

What Is Infrared Technology ?

It is a electromegnetic radiations of higher frequenies. It is a invisible light. Infrared is a line-of-sight wireless technology that uses a beam of invisible light to transmit information. This means that the infrared ports of both devices must be nearby and aimed at each other for a connection to succeed.

Infrared Technology is Used In ?

TOPOLOGIES

1. RING TOPOLOGY

2. BUS TOPOLOGY

3. STAR TOPOLOY

4. MESH TOPOLOY

Bus Topology

1. Single cable connects all network nodes without intervening connectivity devices

2. Devices share responsibility for getting data from one point to another

3. Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire

– Prevent signal bounce

1. Inexpensive, not very scalable

2. Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant

Advantages And Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES

• Works well for small networks

• Relatively inexpensive to implement

• Easy to add to it DISADVANTAGES

• Management costs can be high

• Potential for congestion with network traffic

Ring Topology

1. Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle.

2. One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing

Advantages And Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES • Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable

problem• Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN• Handles high-volume network traffic• Enables reliable communication DISADVANTAGES• Expensive• Requires more cable and network equipment at the start• Not used as widely as bus topology

– Fewer equipment options– Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication

Star Topology

1. Any single cable connects only two devices1. Cabling problems affect two nodes at

most

2. Requires more cabling than ring or bus networks1. More fault-tolerant

3. Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with other networks1. Scalable

4. Supports max of 1024 addressable nodes on logical network

Advantages And Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES • Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable

problem• Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN• Handles high-volume network traffic• Enables reliable communication DISADVANTAGES• Hub is a single point of failure• Requires more cable than the bus http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=http

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Mesh Topology

A communications network having two or more paths to any code.

A type of networking where each each node must not only capture and disseminate its own data, but also serve as a rely for other nodes, that is , it must collaborate to propagate the data in the network.

http://www.slideshare.net/coolsdq/mesh-topology

Advantages And Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES • Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously.

This topology can withstand high traffic.• Even if one of the components fails there is always an

alternative present . So data transfer doesn’t get affected.• Expansion and modification in topology can be done without

disrupting other nodes. DISADVANTAGES• There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network

connections.• Over all cost of this network is way too high as compared to

other networks topology.• Set-up and maintenance of topology is too difficult . Even

administration of the network is tough.

SOLUTIONS TO THE QUESTIONS

Aliza Aman

THANK YOU !

Usman Institute Of Technology