Glycolysis and ATP synthesis

(e) state that glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm;

(f) outline the process of glycolysis beginning with the phosphorylation of glucose to hexose bisphosphate, splitting of hexose bisphosphate into two triose

phosphate molecules and further oxidation to pyruvate,

producing a small yield of ATP and reduced NAD;

(g) state that, during aerobic respiration in animals, pyruvate is actively transported into mitochondria;

Chemiosmosis animation

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)…

Glucose (6C hexose)

6C hexose bisphosphate

2 x 3C triose phosphate

2 x 3C pyruvatePyruvate actively pumped into mitochondrial

matrix

2x ATP used

4x ATP produced

2x NADH produced from NAD

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

• Formation of ATP from ADP and Pi during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html

Summary test…• Glycolysis takes place in the (1) of the cells and

begins with the activation of the main respiratory substrate; the hexose sugar called (2). This activation involves the addition of 2 (3) molecules provided by 2 molecules of (4). The resultant molecule is known as (5) and in the next stage of glycolysis it is split into 2 molecules called (6). The third stage entails the oxidation of these molecules by the removal of (7), which are transferred to a carrier called (8). The final stage of glycolysis is the production of the 3 carbon molecule (9), which also results in the formation of 2 molecules of (10).

Stretch and Challenge Q P85

Notes pgs 84-87…

• The 4 stages in glycolysis– Structure and names of molecules– ATP/ADP/Pi involved– NAD+/NADH + H+ involved– The products of glycolysis– Uses of products

• How ATP is formed– Roles of ETC and ATP synthase– The importance of a proton gradient across the

inner membrane of the mitochondria

Link Reaction…

• Multi-enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase

• Pyruvate acetyl coenzyme A

• Pyruvate + NAD+ + Coenzyme A Acetyl coA + reduced NAD + carbon

dioxide

Krebs Cycle…

• Acetyl coA + oxaloacetate (4C)

• Citrate (6C)

• α-ketoglutarate (5C)

• Oxaloacetate (4C)

Respiration summary…

Learning objectives…•Review stages of aerobic

respiration and practice exam technique

Products of respiration…

• Products of glycolysis??

• Products of link reaction??

• Products of Krebs Cycle??

• Products of oxidative phosphorylation??

Summary test…• Pyruvate molecules produced during (1) are

moved into the (2) of the mitochondria by the process of (3). Before pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle, it first has a carbon dioxide molecule removed – a process known as (4), and also a pair of hydrogen atoms removed – a process known as (5). The resultant molecule that can enter Krebs cycle is called (6). This 2-carbon molecule enters the Krebs cycle and combines with a 4-carbon molecule called (7) to produce a 6-carbon molecule called (8). The progressive loss of 2 carbon dioxide molecules and 8 hydrogen atoms produces the original 4-carbon molecule. Most of the hydrogen atoms are transferred to a hydrogen carrier called (9) or (10) and enter a process called (11) that is used to produce (12).