LTE(Long Term Evolution)The most advanced commercial mobile communication

CONTENTS1.What is 4G?

2.What are the features of 4G and its different types in commercial market

3.What is LTE?

4.What are the different techniques used in LTE?

5.What are the different types of LTE?

6.What are the different calling procedures in LTE?

7.LTE Advanced

8.Disadvantages

9.Conclusion

4G(ideal): • 4G abbreviated for fourth generation of mobile communication

is the latest commercial mobile communication technique.

• This technology allows the user to have access over mobile web, Gaming services, HD mobile TV, Video conferencing, 3D television and many more applications.

• The basic features of the 4G as proposed by ITU(INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION) are described below:

1.Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.

2.Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.

3.Use scale-able channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz

(contd...)

4.Have peak link spectral effeciency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75-bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gb/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).

5.Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.

6.The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.

• Originally ITU described 4G as network that could provide a service of 100 Megabits/second for travelling users and a speed of 1 Gigabits/second while in case of a stationary users.

• This was proposed because unlike it’s older entries 4G uses completely wireless systems and internet protocols hence it and moreover 3G provided a speed of 37 Mbps in travelling mode and 337 Mbps in a stationary mode.

• Hence many companies and organizations came up with the apparatus or the techniques that could achieve the mentioned speed as told or stated by ITU and this led to the introduction of two different methods

1.Wimax(802.16m standardized by IEEE)2.LTE(3GPP)

Data transfer speed of different generation of mobile network

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500

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2G

3G

4G

Theoritival value #REF! Practical value

What is LTE?• LTE is the abbreviated form for Long Term Evolution.

• It was developed by the organization 3GPP in order to meet the standards set by ITU for 4G technology

• Even though it did not meet the requirements of ITU standards it is commercially manufactured as 4G due to the development of WiMAX and market pressure

• LTE is based on the combination of UMTS and GSM and is at a far greater rate then these two in terms of transfer speed.

GOAL:“The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using

new digital signal processing techniques and modulations that were developed around the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum”

CODE RED: Countries with commercial LTE service CODE DARK BLUE: Countries with commercial LTE network deployment on-going or planned CODE LIGHT BLUE: Countries with LTE trial systems (pre-commitment) CODE GREY:None

Among all the countries around the world South Korea is leading in the usage of 4G LTE commercial network

What are the different techniques used in LTE?

• OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency division multiple access)• SCFDMA(Single Carrier frequency division multiple access)

OFDMA:Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal

frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users . This allows simultaneous low data rate transmission from several users.

Difference between OFDMA and SCFDMA:

• So the data transferred through sc-fdma is more reliable since it uses only a single frequency and does not overlap with other frequencies

What are the various types of LTE?

LTE is broadly classified into two types:

• LTE FDD

• LTE TDD

LTE FDD:

1. There are paired frequencies for both upload and download functions.

2. This helps us to perform both the tasks simultaneously without any interference.

3. This method can only be used at lower frequencies.

LTE TDD:

1. In this method a single frequency is used to transfer data i.e. a kind of time division multiplexing is being used in this method.

2. The time measurement can be changed depending upon the requirement of the work i.e. Download speed is more required or upload speed.

3. This method is suitable only for higher frequencies

4. This method is more cheaper and Less traffic consuming.

The major difference between FDD and TDD in LTE:

LTE Direct:

• New technology based on LTE

• Device to device connection is possible

• Enables system detection approximately 500 meteres

• It was recently used in POKEMON GO

• “LTE is the sixth sense that is always aware of the environment around it”

What are the different calling procedures in LTE?

• Volte(Voice Over LTE)

• CSFB(Circuit Switched Feedback)

• SVLTE(Simultaneous Voice and LTE)

1.Of all these techniques Volte is more used in commercial usage because it allows us to quickly change the protocols from LTE to HSPA in case of a poor signal on LTE

2.Moreover HD calling is also enabled on Volte, given that both the handsets contain this facility.

LTE Advanced:

Due to further increase in the technology development a new version of LTE was proposed which when combined with other small elements can reach the parameters stated by ITU FOR 4G.

This led to the introduction of LTE+ in recent smart phones but their cost being high.

Disadvantages:Even though 4G seems to be on the bright side there are a few disadvantages:

1.Since the previous generations were circuit based o there is a necessity in the future to remove all of them and this is a very costly affair

2.Moreover the battery consumption is very high

Conclusi0n:

Thus the LTE technology has surpassed its previous generations and is now ruling over the mobile communication and it is not so far that 5G is going to come into play.

-Kaishik Gundu1140240EC-3