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Photosynthesis & Respiration By: James Grant & Aimee Irvin

Photosynthesis to Respiration

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Slideshow on the workings of photosynthesis and its energy transfer to respiration

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Page 1: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Photosynthesis & Respiration

By: James Grant &

Aimee Irvin

Page 2: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Photosynthesis: The Beginning Photosynthesis cannot happen

without the one key component to all life. The sun. The light sent from the sun is absorbed into the chloroplast’s Thylakoids and is converted into chemical energy, or ATP, Adrenaline Triphosphate. This is made by the electron transport chains pumping H2 out through ATP Synthase to produce ATP in the light dependent reaction. The ATP made in the chloroplast then is sent to the Calvin Cycle. But there is also NADPH to be made. But before that….

Page 3: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Inside The Chloroplast Inside the chloroplast there are

thylakoids that are filled with electron transport chains and hydrogen ions.

NADH+ that is back from carrying electrons comes to some of the electron carrier complexes in the thylakoid.

The hydrogen is then given to the complex and is pumped out. This happens three more times and is then pumped back through a turbine complex powered by the sunlight absorbed and turned by the incoming hydrogen.

This complex is the ATP Synthase. And when the electrons and sunlight work together the synthase pumps out ATP!!

Page 4: Photosynthesis to Respiration

The Making of NADP Now NADP comes into the equation.

There are two systems of Photosynthesis. First to come into play is Photosystem II. (this is all still taking place in the thylakoid fyi)

Water is absorbed into the thylakoid and into the complex Photosystem II.

The water is split and Oxygen is produced and released from the plant. (Making the oxygen we breath YAY!!) Only .5 of an oxygen mind you. And 2 H+ which is pumped through the ATP synthase.

The remaining products (excited electrons) go through the primary receptor to the Cytochrome complex, powered by 2 more H+.

Page 5: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Photosystem IThe product of the cytochrome is then

carried on to the primary receptor once again then to Photosystem I. Which is also powered by the sunlight that’s absorbed into the thylakoid (note P.S. II takes 680 nm of light while P.S. I takes 700 nm of light, both red) then takes the excited electrons to the NADP+ reductase complex. This produces NADPH+ because of the 2 H+’s added. MONEY IN THE BANK. The ATP produced earlier then goes with the NADPH+ on to the Calvin Cycle.

Page 6: Photosynthesis to Respiration

The Calvin Cycle The main ingredients being

NADPH+ and ATP, the Calvin Cycle uses these two things two produce glucose and food for the plant. There are three parts to the cycle but a lot of math.

First is Carbon Fixation. The second is called

Reduction. And last is Regeneration of

RuBP, or Ribulose Biphosphate.

We begin with carbon fixation where the 6C carbon (18 carbons) is formed into 3P (reformed 18 carbons) and then 6 ATP adds one of their phosphate groups. Leaving 6 ADP. Leaving 3C. Next is reduction.

Page 7: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Calvin ContinuedReduction starts when the 6 NADPH comes

in and adds their hydrogen's to the equation leaving 6 NADP. These NADP go off into the cell to restart the process in the transport chains. But the hydrogen's form with the carbons and phosphates to make G3P with 3C remaining. The last step is the regeneration of RuBP. When 6 more ATP are added to each donate a phosphate becoming ADP. It takes 3 turns of the Cycle to make 1 G3P. And 6 total to make C6H12O6 (sugar/starches/etc.) for the plant.

Page 8: Photosynthesis to Respiration

What Next?Well now that the plant

has energy, it is susceptible to being eaten in the environment for its energy as shown in the food pyramid. One such animal that comes to mind is the turkey. Once the turkey eats it, then the pyramid goes up to the next carnivore. Humans. Who then gobble up the turkey for energy and that leads to our form of getting energy from our food. It is called respiration.

Page 9: Photosynthesis to Respiration

RESPIRATION!!!!C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat

and ATP) Cellular Respiration is the process of

oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell.

In other words…Cellular Respiration is what gives our cells the energy to do everything they need to do to keep us going.

Page 10: Photosynthesis to Respiration

To Begin…You first have to know the two laws of

thermodynamics which are; energy cannot be created or destroyed and, some usable energy is lost during transformation.

You also need to know that there are three different energy carriers that are used throughout the process of respiration; ATP, NADH, FaDH2.

Page 11: Photosynthesis to Respiration

ATP- Adenosine triphosphateATP consists of an

adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

ATP is used by cells to fuel their cellular process.

ATP is constantly made and used and is constantly recycled

Page 12: Photosynthesis to Respiration

NADH & FADH2NADH is another energy

carrier that produces 3 ATP

NADH is found in the mitochondria.

FADH2 is also found in the mitochondria.

FADH2 produces 2 ATP

Page 13: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Three Steps in Aerobic RespirationGlycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Page 14: Photosynthesis to Respiration

GlycolysisOccurs in the cytoplasm. 2 ATP are added to the

glucose (6C) in order to energize it.

The glucose then splits to 2 PGAL (3C)

An H+ and e- is taken from each PGAL to make 2 NADH

Page 15: Photosynthesis to Respiration

GlycolysisEach PGAL is

rearranged to make pyruvate (3C)

Which makes 4 ATP

Although it produces 4 ATP the net production of ATP is only 2 due to the ATP that were used to start glycolysis.

Page 16: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Krebs cycle - A.K.A Citric Acid Cycle Indirectly requires O2.Acetyl enters the Krebs

Cycle and joins with Oxoloacetic Acid to make citric acid.

The citric acid is oxidized

Releases CO2, H+, and e- forming ketoglutaric acid.

Ketoglutaric acid oxidizes releasing more CO2, H+, and e-

Page 17: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Krebs CycleThis cycle continues

producing more CO2, NADH2, FADH2, and ATP.

NADH2, and FADH2 that were produced lead to the Electron Transport Cycle.

Page 18: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Electron Transport CycleOccurs in the cristae4 protein based

complexes that move H+ from the matrix across the inner membrane (proton pumps).

A concentration gradient between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane occurs.

Page 19: Photosynthesis to Respiration

Electron Transport CycleCauses synthesis of ATP

by chemiosmosis.

Energized e- and H+ from the 10 NADH2 and 2 FADH2 (produced during glycolysis & Krebs cycle) are moved to O2 to produce H2O.

O2  +  4e-  +  4H+  2H2O

Page 20: Photosynthesis to Respiration

In Conclusion…All of this happening in the mitochondria,

most cells produce a total of 36 to 38 molecules of ATP per glucose. All of these are used to give cells the energy each and every one of us needs to perform the basic needs for our bodies.

Page 21: Photosynthesis to Respiration