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Quimbaya
Cos16
CalimaAba36
Quimbaya
Quimbaya
COS16
Calima
Calima
Quimbaya
Cos16
Cos16
Quimbaya
Calima
680623
671
677
672
678
679
670
669
674
621
732
667
622
668
673676
675
620666
731
665
737
711708712
703
704718
709
705738
714
719
736707
734
716634706
710
715
735
717
713
651
641
643
652
618
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646
619
662
659
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616
642
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657
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660
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689
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702
628
697
626
701
624
733
682681
625
630696687
688
683690
633
692631
691
695
693
629
698
632
700
699
694
730729 721
560
728
727
726
720724725
739
723722
600
1100
1600
2100
2600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Yiel
d (K
g/H
a)
SAB linesA - Red beansB - White beansC - Red mottled beansD - Cream Striped beans E - Various beans
Control GenotypesCalima - Red Mottled beanQuimbaya - Red beanCos16 - Cream Striped bean Aba36 - White bean
BA DC ECalima
Quimbaya
Cos16
Cos16
QuimbayaCalima
Calima
Cos16Quimbaya
Quimbaya
Aba36
Calima
Cos16
Quimbaya
722
723739
725724
720726
727728
560721729
730
694699700632
698 629693
695691631692 633690683688 687696 630625 681682 733624 701626 697628 702685 627686
689684
650 656639 655654 645
640648 660637 661636647
657 638658 649642 616617 663659
662619
646653664
644 618652 643
641
651
713
717735 715710 706634716
734707 736719
714738
705709718704703
712708
711737
665
731
666620 675676673
668 622667 732621
674 669670 679678
672677
671
623
680
400
800
1200
1600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Yiel
d (K
g/Ha
)
SAB linesA - Red beansB - White beansC - Red mottled beansD - Cream Striped beans E - Various beans
Control GenotypesCalima - Red Mottled beanQuimbaya - Red beanCos16 - Cream Striped bean Aba36 - White bean
A B C D E
Aba36
Quimbaya
Cos16
Quimbaya
CalimaCos16
Quimbaya
Calima
Cos16Quimbaya
Calima
SAB560
Cos16
Quimbaya
Calima
719
718
717
716
715714
634
713
712
711
738737
710
709708
707
736
735
706
705
734
704703
702
701
633
700699
698697
632
631
696
630
695
694
629
693
692
691
628
690
689 688
687
733
686
627
685
684 626683 625682
624
681
680
679
678623
677
676
675
622
674
673
672
621
671
670
620
669
668
732
731667 666
665
664
619
663
662
661
618
660
659
658
657
617656
616
655
654653
652
651
650
649648
647
646
645
644
643
642
641
640
639638637
636
730
729
728
727726
725
724723
739
722721
720
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
Yie
ld (
Kg
/Ha
)
SAB linesA - Red beansB - White beansC - Red mottled beansD - Cream Striped beans E - Various beans
Control GenotypesCalima - Red Mottled beanQuimbaya - Red beanCos16 - Cream Striped bean Aba36 - White bean
A B C D E
Quimbaya
Cos16
Calima
Aba36 Quimbaya
Calima
Quimbaya
Cos16
680
623
671677
672678
679670
669674
621
732
667
622
668673
676675
620
666
731
665
737
711
708
712
703704
718
709
705
738
714
719736
707
734
716
634
706
710
715
735
717
713
684
689
686
627
685
702
628
697
626
701
624
733
682
681
625
630
696
687
688
683690
633
692
631
691
695
693
629
698 632
700
699
694
1200
1700
2200
2700
3200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Yiel
d (K
g/H
a)
SAB linesA - Red beansB - White beansC - Cream Striped beans
Control GenotypesCalima - Red Mottled beanQuimbaya - Red beanCos16 - Cream Striped bean Aba36 - White bean
A B C
Breeding for Drought Resistance Improves Yield Potential in both Mesoamerican and Andean beans
Yield of Andean beans: Yields of SAB lines in four environments are summarized in Figure 1. Each lattice is represented as a column of data points with the check genotypes highlighted as diamonds. For most of the trials (columns A through E), some of the advanced lines were significantly superior to the controls (AFR298, CALIMA, COS16 and ABA36) at p=0.05. For example, in Darién SAB 663 with an average yield of 2047 kg/ha was significantly higher yielding than the ‘Calima’ check with 1472 kg/ha (see column B). Results confirm the genetic gain for drought resistance and yield potential in the SAB lines compared to both their drought-resistant and susceptible parents. In addition, certain SAB lines can be selected with greater stability across mid-elevation and lower-elevation sites based on this analysis. The most promising series of lines appear to be those of the large-red and cream-mottled commercial classes. Seed size is commercial and most advanced lines are early maturing.
Conclusions: Selection for drought resistance has resulted in improved yield both under drought stress and in favorable conditions. This was first observed in Mesoamerican beans, and now this result can be extended to Andean types. We are investigating the physiological basis of this yield advantage, but we speculate that it is associated with improved photosynthate remobilization to grain under different environmental conditions. The prospect of improving yield potential of bean is exciting; especially in the Andean types in which yield improvement has been a major challenge.
Populations of Mesoamerican and Andean beans were created from drought resistant parents and were selected in F2 and F5 generations in the drought nurseries in CIAT, Palmira, Colombia (996 masl; 26°C average; Mollisol soil with estimated storage capacity of 130 mm available water). Many Mesoamerican populations included SEA 15, a Durango derivative, in their pedigree. Triple crosses of Andean types were developed between: drought-resistant ‘ICA Quimbaya’; commercial genotypes ABA36, ABA58 and COS16; and drought sources (SAB258 and SAB259) that were derived from multiple crosses including a Durango source. Irrigations were timed to submit the crop to terminal drought initiating at about 25-30 days after planting, but intermittent rainfall at times interrupted the drought stress. Drought evaluation in advanced lines was carried out under a similar moisture regime.
A total of 362 F6.8 and F5.7 Mesoamerican lines were evaluated under drought in 2005 to confirm drought resistance. Lines were organized by color class (red, black and beige) into eleven yield trials in lattice design (5x5 or 7x7) with 3 replications. Commercial checks by color class were the cultivars ‘Tio Canela’ (red seeded), ‘DOR 390’ (black seeded), and ‘Pérola’ (beige).
Andean SAB lines were derived in the red mottled, cream mottled, large-red and large white commercial classes. These were tested in CIAT-Palmira for drought in 2007 and 2008, and in Darién (Valle del Cauca, Colombia; 1500 masl; 19°C average) during the July-August 2008 dry season. Yield trials were organized by color class as 5 lattice design experiments (6x6 or 5x5) with 3 replications each. Checks included: AFR298 (=ICA Quimbaya; large-red), COS16 (cream mottled), ABA36 (large-white), SAB560 (large red) and the local commercial variety Calima (red mottled).
Additionally, we wished to know if drought selected lines would respond to favorable environments. The same Andean trials were planted in Palmira in 2008 under irrigation, with no significant stress. Ninety-four elite Mesoamerican drought lines from the 2005 trials were organized in three trials in 6 x 6 lattice design and planted in Palmira (Mollisol), Popayán (Andisol) and Santander de Quilichao (Oxisol) in the 2005 September-October planting season without stress. Common checks were included in all three trials to facilitate comparison across trials.
Materials and Methods
Results and Conclusions
Acosta-Gallegos, J.A., E. Acosta, S. Padilla, M.A. Goytia, R. Rosales, and E. López. 1999. Mejoramiento de la resistencia a la sequía del frijol común en México. Agron. Mesoam. 10:83-90. Bänziger, M., G. O. Edmeades, and H. R. Lafitte. 1999. Selection for drought tolerance increases maize yields across a range of nitrogen levels. Crop Sci 39: 1035-1040.Beebe, S., P.W. Skroch, J. Tohme, M.C. Duque, F. Pedraza, and J. Nienhuis. 2000. Structure of genetic diversity among common bean landraces of Mesoamerican origin based on Correspondence Analysis of RAPD. Crop Sci. 40:264-273.Blum, A. 2005. Drought resistance, water use efficiency, and yield potential –are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive? Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56:1159-1168. Singh S.P., P. Gepts, and D.G. Debouck, 1991. Races of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae). Econ. Bot. 45:379-396.Specht, J.E., D.J. Hume and S.V. Kumudini. 1999. Soybean yield potential – a genetic and physiological perspective. Crop Sci. 39:1560-1570.Teran, H., and S.P. Singh. 2002. Comparison of sources and lines selected for drought resistance in common bean. Crop Sci. 42: 64-70.Thung, M., and I. M. Rao. 1999. Integrated management of abiotic stresses. In: S.P. Singh, ed. Common bean improvement in the twenty-first century. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pp 331-370.Tollenaar, M., and J. Wu. 1999. Yield improvement in temperate maize is attributable to greater stress tolerance. Crop Sci. 39:1597-1604.Wortmann, C. S., R. A. Kirkby, C. A. Eledu and D. J. Allen. 1998. Atlas of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Africa. pp 133. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
References
S. Beebe, I. Rao, M. W. Blair, M. Grajales, C. Cajiao and F. Monserrate Improved Beans for the Developing World
AcknowledgementsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the partial financial support of Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) of the German Federal Government, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the Tropical Legume I and II projects that made possible the research reported here.
Yield of Mesoamerican beans: Table 1 presents absolute yields with and without stress and also as a percent of check yields. Yield under drought improved significantly compared to commercial checks in three color classes of Mesoamerican bean. In favored conditions several lines significantly out-yielded the respective checks in the red and Brazilian grain classes (Table 1). Yield gains were registered in materials with similar or even earlier maturity, resulting in greater yield/day. The fact that yield increased in earlier materials suggests that selection for drought has resulted in greater plant efficiency. Pedigrees of many advanced lines included breeding line SEA 15 which was derived from races Durango and Mesoamerica of the Middle American gene pool. Thus, interracial combinations continue to be productive in breeding small seeded common bean for drought stress tolerance.
Drought stressed Unstressed (ave. 3 sites)
Color LineYield, kg ha-1
(% check)1 Yield / dayYield, kg ha-1
(% check)Yield / day
Days to maturity
Red SER 43 1589** (250) 24.9** 2127** (123) 28.1* 76
SER 48 1607** (253) 26.8** 2220** (128) 31.9** 70**
SER 51 946** (210) 15.1** 2082* (120) 29.8** 72**
SER 94 1196** (230) 19.9** 2893** (119) 41.0** 72**
SER 113 1025** (295) 15.9** 3009** (124) 42.3** 73**
SER 118 1534** (241) 24.6** 2824** (116) 39.8** 74**
Black NCB 226 1240** (244) 18.7** 2265 (105) 30.0 75**
SEN 36 712* (384) 11.1* 2805* (115) 38.7* 76**
SEN 38 1055** (570) 17.2** 2477 (102) 36.5 72**
SEN 43 974** (526) 16.3** 2537 (104) 37.8* 71**
SEN 52 908** (490) 15.5** 2606 (107) 39.6** 70**
SEN 56 1191** (643) 20.3** 2618 (107) 38.9** 71**
Beige SXB 398 1022** (549) 15.0** 2606* (119) 37.2** 73**
SXB 403 1217** (654) 18.5** 2720** (124) 37.3** 74**
SXB 410 937** (503) 14.3** 2738** (125) 36.4** 78
SXB 412 1283** (689) 20.2** 2471 (112) 35.5* 75*
SXB 416 1125** (604) 17.5** 2587* (118) 35.1* 76
SXB 418 1121** (602) 17.3** 2675** (122) 37.0** 75*
Table 1. Yields of drought-selected Mesoamerican lines under drought in 2005, and in three favorable environments in 2006.
1 *, **: Significantly higher yielding, or significantly earlier to mature, than the respective check variety at p=0.05 or p=0.01 level of significance. Checks are ‘Tio Canela’(red), DOR 390 (black), and ‘Pérola’ (cream).
Grain filling differences between drought susceptible (left) and resistant (right) lines
Drought is the single most important factor affecting food security in tropical developing countries. As much as 60% of the bean crop is cultivated under the risk of drought (Thung and Rao, 1999). Drought is endemic in bean producing areas of highland Mexico, Central America, northeast Brazil, and much of eastern and southern Africa. In Africa as much as 300,000 MT of beans are lost to drought annually (Wortmann et al., 1998).
Another question is the relationship of stress resistance to yield potential under favored conditions (Blum, 2005). Bänziger et al (1999) found that selection for tolerance to midseason drought stress increased maize yields in four lowland tropical maize populations. Yields of corn and soybeans in the United States have increased as a result of tolerance to high plant densities (Specht, 1999; Tollenaar and Wu, 1999), which is an expression of stress tolerance. Thus, yield potential in stressed and in non-stressed environments may not be mutually exclusive.
Cultivated common bean has two major gene pools and several races within pools (Beebe et al, 2000; Singh et al, 1991). Mesoamerican race Durango from dryland Mexico has been an important source of useful drought resistance genes (Acosta et al, 1999; Terán and Singh, 2002b). This presentation reports on the results of breeding for drought resistance in both Mesoamerican and Andean beans, under drought and favorable conditions.
Introduction
Fig. 1. Yield of drought-selected Andean beans in 4 trials.
Darién: Moderate drought, 2008
Palmira: Intermittent Drought, 2008Palmira: Intermittent Drought, 2007
Palmira: Irrigated, 2008