Ret leccture 3 available energy resources

Available Energy Resources in Rural India

Rural Energy Technology

Dr. Basudev Pradhan


Unit-III: Available Energy resources: Traditional ResourcesBiomass: Wood, Dung, Human waste, crop residues, harvested biomass ( Jatropha, koranj oil, palm fruit), Grasses, Refined biomass: Oils, Alcohols), Basic solar, Basic wind, Food (ATP to ADP reactions resulting in muscle power), food to fuel. Humans: Basic Labor, Labor saving devices. Animals, water.

Unit-IV: Available Energy resources: Modern ResourcesInternal combustion Engines: Generators, Shaft power, Modern solar, modern wind turbines, water treatment facilities,

Available Energy resourcesTraditional ResourcesModern Resources

A list of projects that have been undertaken in this class over the last few years follows: Thermoelectric lighting Gel fuel production system (Biomass treatment, fermentation, distilling, gelling.) Three generations of gel fuel stoves Solar cell phone charger Pyrolizer for production of Bio-Char

A GlobalResolve “Do-Tank” Educational curricula: o Framework and methodology for education of villagers in maintenance and upkeep of technologies "dropped" off in villages o Grade School science curriculum using indigenous materials



Solar powered battery charging "kiosk" with battery exchange. (Netflix for batteries.) Personal water filter designed for small children (charcoal based) Micro-scale biogas digester Mosquito repelling system Solar Ovens “Breeder stove” that generates charcoal while cooking. Pacifier imbedded inside of particle filter mask Solar hot water system (for heating and personal use) Replacement of batteries by super-capacitors charged by thermoelectric devices Lantern based on ultra-clean combustion of animal fat Soap manufacturing Wind turbines: Automatic solar actuated drip irrigation system with measurement of soil moisture content.

Design of photo voltaic systems for water pumping, lighting, solar cell phone charger, battery charging “kiosk”,,Solar power irrigation systemSolar hot water system (for heating and personal use) solar cookers, solar drying and distillation, Solar power irrigation system,

Micro-scale biogas digester, Bio gassifer, food preservation, wind turbine power treadle pump

Rural Energy Technology Development

6

Solar Energy at Earth's surface

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

We have a fusion reactor that has been burning over 4 billion years. ... The SUNOnly 0.023% solar energy is captured by photosynthetic organisms , this makes life on Earth possible

7

Solar Energy at Earth's surface

www.altenergy.org

The Sun provides enough energy in one minute to supply the world's energy needs for one yearThe amount of solar radiation striking the earth over a three-day period is equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil energy sourcesThe amount of solar radiation striking to earth in a day, that can be use by the whole 7 billion human in 27 years

Solar Energy per year:Wsun =1.56 * 1018 kWh

Yearly energy demand worldwide:Wdemand =1.11 *1014 kWh

The worldwide Energy demand is only 0.01 % of the energy introduced by the sun

Some facts:

•A pyrheliometer measures the direct component of solar irradiance, which is important when installing concentrating collectors.

Pyrheliometer

Pyranometer

•Diffuse solar irradiance can be measured by adding a shadowing device to a pyranometer, which blocks the direct component of total irradiance.

Sunshine Recorder

Handheld pyranometers•Handheld pyranometersuse less precise sensors than precision pyranometers but are more suitable for field measurements.

PV Reference cells•Reference cells output a certain electrical current for each unit of solar irradiance received.

World Solar Energy map

Solar Radiation

Winter solstice

The average seasonal declinations define the optimal tilt angles for those periods.

Solar Radiation

• Solar Window is the area of sky containing all possible locations of the sun throughout the year for a particular location.

Summer solstice: june 20-22Equinox; 20th march/22 SeptWinter solstice: dec 21-22Uttarayan 14th -15th jan

Winter solstice

Solar RadiationIncidence Angle is the angle between the direction of

direct radiation and a line exactly perpendicular to the array angle

Solar Radiation

1. Tilt angle is the vertical angle between the horizontal and the array surface

• Array orientation is defined by two angles:

Solar Radiation

Solar Radiation

• Maximum energy gain will be achieved by orienting the array surface at a tilt angle close to the value of the local latitude –In high latitudes arrays should be very steep and vice versa

• For optimal performance the tilt angle should be adjusted from the latitude angle by an amount equal to the average declination during that time

• During the summer the average declination is +15º, so we should have a tilt of latitude minus 15º to make the array perpendicular to the average solar path –during the summer

• Array Azimuth angle will be optimal when that array is due south

• Sun trackers allow the PV array to change the tilt angle, the azimuth angle, or both –generally is not considered cannot be made cost effective

Solar radiation received in year

The equator (gray line) Northern (blue lines) Southern (green) latitudes

The peak energy received at different latitudes changes throughout the year.

(NASA illustration by Robert Simmon.)

Peak Sun hoursPeak sun hours is an equivalent measure of total solar irradiation in a day.

Daily Global and Diffuse radiation

30

What is Solar cell?

Solar cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the solar energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.3 basic steps: 1. Light absorption

2. Free charge carriers generation3. Charge transport

31

Classification of Solar Cells

Silicon-based solar cell

Inorganic solar cells a. Silicon

Crystalline ( single crystalline, poly-crystaline)

Thin film (Amorphous )

b. Compound semiconductor( GaAs, CIGS)

Organic solar cellsa. Thin film

b. Dye-sensitized solar cells

Hybrid solar cellsOrganic-inorganic

Organic solar cell

In terms of materials

Image: Konarka

Solar: Easy Energy In Rural India Solar energy is

practically inexhaustible

Widely distributed

Environment friendly

Cost free in raw form

No need to transport raw materials to villages

No towers, heavy cabling, etc.

Governmental Rural Initiative: Solar Cooking Project

Current sources available for cooking are firewood, crop residues and animal dung in rural areas

Promoted by the Government of India

Parabolic Dish Solar Cookers

Solar Box Cooker

Community Solar Cooker

Solar Steam Cooking System

Private Initiative: Solar Loans from Selco India Customers: poor daily-wage

laborers to institutions

All buy solar panels at the same rate: about $450 for a 40-watt system that can light several 7-watt bulbs for four hours between charges.

Persuaded rural banks to lend hundreds of dollars to rural people