Silicon Importance on Aliviating Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Sugarcane

GASPAR H. KORNDÖRFER, Prof. Titular UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL UBERLANDIA

Silicon importance on Aliviating Biotic and Abiotic Stress on

Sugarcane

Campinas, 29/10/13 - 14:00-14:40h

FACULTY MEMBERS UFU Master and PhD Studentds

Post Doc Students

Dr. Datnoff (USA)

Dr. E. Epstein (USA)

MAIN SILICON FORMS IN THE SOIL

Liquid phase

Monosilicic Acid

Polisilicic Acid

Complex w/ Organic mateial

Solid phase

Amorphous forms Crystalline forms

Non Biogenic Forms

Biogenic Forms

Minerals (Clay)

Minerals (Sand)

- Fitolites -  Microorganism residues rich in Si

- Amorphus Silica

- Mica - Montmorilonite - Caulonite - Ilite

- Feldspat - Quartz

Source: Korndörfer, et al 2000

Available Si in the soil

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0-15% 16-35% 35-60% >60%

Si,

mg

dm-3

No. Amostras Solo:0 - 15% = 3216 - 35% = 8436 - 60% = 28

> 60% = 24

Clay content

Source: Korndörfer, et al 2002

SILICATES EFFECTS IN

THE SOIL Ø ↑ pH (replace lime);

Ø ↑ Ca, Mg and Si availability;

Ø ↑ P availability (< "P fixation" in the soil);

Ø ↓ reduce Fe, Mn e Al toxicity;

Ø  have residual effect like the use of lime;

Ø ↑ base saturation.

379

192148

2373

51 45

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

kg/ha

Si K N P Ca Mg S

Nutrients Uptake Cane 12 months – Samuels (1969)

Silicon uptake recovered from the fertilizer by two sugarcane cultivars

56%

23%

SOUZA & KORNDÖRFER. Silicon uptake from metallurgy slag applied on sugarcane crop

RICE (Everglades Agriculture Area - USA)

Source: KORNDÖRFER; SNYDER; ULLOA; POWELL and DATNOFF. 2001. Calibration of soil and plant silicon analysis for rice production. Journal of Plant Nutrition.. 24(7):1071-1084.

LOCAL (28)

Si Soil

mg dm-3

Si Leaves

g kg-1

Yield Increase kg ha-1

R.Y.

% C.F.- 715 85.0 39.0 --- 98 Brida 19.0 16.0 1.002 74 New Farm - 12 14.0 17.0 960 81 Baker 9.0 29.0 683 86 Shawano 6.0 27.0 850 84 31ABE 8.0 22.6 1.163 76 18CDE 9.0 23.0 1.137 73 C.F.48-EF-9N 5.3 21.8 679 91 S.F. 2-E-7 Md 24.2 1.062 79 S.F. 2-E-8 4.5 22.0 867 83 48CG32W 7.6 23.3 1.038 76 AVERAGE

INCREASE YIELD

1.007 kg ha-1

Si accumulation in the rice leaf tissue

Source: Mauad, et al 2001

Transversal cut leaf tissue

Epidermis expansion Epidermis expansion

Rice leaf surface

Source: Korndörfer, & Lepsch, 1999

Si accumulation

X-Ray microanalysis

SEM – Scanner Electronic Microscopy

Fig. 1. Cross section of monocot leaf (Bidwell, RGS, 1974); Fig. 2. Development of fungal hyphae in the leaf tissue without accumulation of silica; Fig. 3. Silica layer beneath the cuticle hindering the development of hyphae.

HPLC da SF5 obtained in fraction 2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 40 45 50 55 0 40 45 50 55

0 40 45 50 55 0 40 45 50 55

Minutos Minutos

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

AU

(212

nm

) A

U (2

12 n

m)

Momilactona A

Momilactona B

Si- Si-

Si+ Si+

46 min

47 min

plantas não inoculadas

plantas não inoculadas

plantas inoculadas

plantas inoculadas

Source: RODRIGUES et al. (2004). Ph.D., University of Florida, USA

THE ROLE OF SILICON ON PLANT PROTECTION

ü HYPOTHESIS I – Mechanical Barrier - Accumulation of polymerized Si cell wall (Japan)

ü HYPOTHESIS II – Chemical Barrier - Si induces the formation of PHENOL (phytoalexins)

ü JOINT ACTION – Mechanical & Chemical Barrier

Effect of Si fertilizer on brown rust disease incidence (Puccinia melanocephala) on

sugarcane (cult. IAC86-2480)

Silicate rates, kg/ha

Rus

t in

cide

nce

leve

l

Source: L.A.ZANÃO JÚNIOR. 2007. RESISTÊNCIA DO ARROZ À MANCHA-PARDA MEDIADA POR SILÍCIO E MANGANÊS. Tese Mestrado. UFV

Si leaf check Si soil

2,6 0,6 0,9 Si Foliar Content (%)

EFFECT OF SILICON 0N Bipolaris oryzae DISEASE (RICE)

Reduction 40%

AACPD

Source: Rezende & Rodrigues, 2008. UFV

Silicon x Water stress (upland rice)

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600

Doses Si (kg.ha-1)

Pro

d. g

rão

s

(g v

aso

-1)

T. 60% C.C. T. 70% C.C. T. 80% C.C.

y=76,1514+0,0336X -‐0,0000499X 2

r2=0,84*

y=48,1725+0,0177X +0,0000462X 2

r2=0,92* y=25,7156+0,03069X r2=0,99**

Source: A. NOLLA; R. J. FARIA; G. H. KORNDORFER; R. B. SILVA. 2012. Effect of silion on drought tolerance of upland rice. Journal of Food. Agriculture & Environment. Vol. 10 (1): 269 – 272

Si rates, kg/ha

Gra

in Y

ield

, g/

pot

Source: 2005 - Hattori et al. Phys.Plantarum

Effect of Si application on sorghum growth under water stress conditions. Plants with 47 days of age (22 days of the start of

drought stress)

0

15

30

45

60

75

+água +Si +água -Si -água +Si -água -Si

Tratamentos

g p

l-1 b

aa

c

Source: Hattori et al., 2005

Si fertilizer effect and sorghum dry matter yield grown under water stress

+ water +Si → 0,08 g of water/g of soil + 2 mM Si

+ water -Si → 0,08 g of water/g of soil

- water +Si → 0,03 g of water/g of soil + 2 mM Si - water -Si → 0,03 g of water/g of soil

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Effect of silicon fertilizer (average of 2 Si sources - Holcim and Agrosilício) on the number of plant cane

stalk borer damage – Guaíra Sugar-mill – Var. SP80-3280

Source: Leonardo (2007) – M.Sc. Dissertation/UFU


% o

f S

talk

bor

er d

amag

e

TREATMENTS Site 1 Site 2

Cane Yield -------------t ha-1--------------

Check Plot 88,93 b 102,86 a Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 - 1 application) 111,94 b 100,66 a Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 - 2 applications) 182,67 a 103,84 a Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 – 3 applications) 193,55 a 100,00 a Calcium and Magnesium silicate (1.000 kg ha-1) 199,65 a 105,74 a Thiamethoxam 250 WG (0,8 kg ha-1) 191,07 a 107,73 a M. anisopliae Pó (2,0 kg ha-1 - 2 application) 193,46 a 110,27 a M. anisopliae Arroz (2,0 kg ha-1 – 2 application) 195,23 a 100,08 a D.M.S. 67,33 NS

C.V. (%) 19 8

Tukey a 5 % de probability

Source: Wangen & Korndörfer (2007) – Master Degree Dissertation/UFU

Treatments for Spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata)

control and Sugarcane Yield

Treatments Si

Leaf Nymph

Mortality Nymph

Duration phase

% % Dias

Si + 2,6 a 59,5 a 49,6 a

Si - 1,0 b 41,0 b 48,5 a

Si fertilizer application and Si content in the sugarcane leaf tissue and Spittlebug nymph

mortality

Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.

Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09

Tratamentos Si Leaf

Nymph Mortality

Nymph Duration Phase

% % Dias

SP81-3250 1,56 a 35 a 48 a

SP80-1816 1,60 b 49 b 49 a

SP79-1011 2,31 c 66 c 51 a

Sugarcane cultivars and Si content in the leaf tissue and

Spittlebug nymph mortality and phase duration



Treat ments

Si Leaf

LONGEVITY Oviposition

Male Female

% Days nº eggs

Si + 2,6 a 12 a 13 a 362 a

Si - 1,0 b 14 b 15 b 380 a

SILICON TREATMENT AND SPITTLEBUG LONGEVITY AND OVIPOSITION (ADULTS PHASE)



Treat ments

Si Leaf

Longevity Ovo Posição Male Female

% Days nº of eggs

SP81-3250 1,56 a 15 a 18 a 495 a

SP80-1816 1,60 b 13 a 15 a 369 b

SP79-1011 2,31 c 11 b 11 b 242 c

Si in the leaf of different sugarcane cultivars and the effect on the

longevity and oviposition of spittlebug (ADULT PHASE)





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30

Korndörfer, A.P. 2010. Tese Doutorado, Esalq/USP

Observations - Si + Si no de adults/plant

1h 1,41 a 1,38 a 2h 1,76 a 1,64 a 3h 1,76 a 1,64 a 4h 1,91 a 1,71 a 5h 2,00 a 1,84 a 6h 2,01 a 1,84 a 7h 2,09 b 1,82 a 8h 2,07 a 1,84 a 9h 2,11 b 1,78 a

10h 2,30 b 1,78 a 11h 2,36 b 1,68 a 24h 2,41 b 1,59 a

Number of adults (spittlebug) inside the cage and on the leaves (sugarcane) with and

without Si fertilizer treatment

683 kg/ha of sugar or 11,4 bags/ha (60 kg bag)

Silicon Juice Sucrose

Juice Brix % Juice Purity

% Fiber

------------------------- % -------------------------

- Si 18,70 b 21,27 a 87,90 a 10,83 a

+ Si 19,21 a 21,78 b 88,16 a 11,56 b

Korndörfer (2010) - Tese Doutorado, Esalq/USP

Silicon effect on sugarcane sucrose content and fiber (average of 17

different cultivars) – Guaíra Sugar-mill

Plant Cane Yield (average of 4 experiment – Sugar-mill: São Luiz, São Martinho,

Catanduva e Santa Adélia)

y = -0,3125x2 + 1,725x + 151,95R2 = 0,99**

y = -0,25x2 + 2,6x + 151,7R² = 0,94**

147149151153155157159161

0 2 4 6

Can

e Yi

eld,

t/h

a

Silicate Rates, t/haKorndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU

160

164

168

172

176

180

0 2 3 4 6

Stal

k Yi

eld,

t/ha

Application rate, t/ha

Carbonato de Ca

Silicato de CaCaSiO3

CaCO3

Effect of Ca Silicate and Lime Application - Plant Cane Stalk Yield

Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU

100

104

108

112

116

120

0 2 3 4 6Ca

ne

Yie

ld,

t/h

a

Silicate rates, t/ha

Carbonato CaSilicato de Ca

Residual Effect of Ca Silicate and Lime Application - 1st Ratoon Cane Stalk Yield

CaSiO3

CaCO3

Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU

Silicon effect on plant cane stalk yield (average from 2 silicates sources, Holcim and Agrosilício) – Cult.

SP80-3250, Red Latosol – 25% clay

Source: ARAÚJO (2010). Master Degree Dissertation, ICIAG/UFU

Diference = 13,4 t/ha


Can

e Y

ield

, kg/

ha


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Y = 0.103X + 3.397 R2 = 0.56*Y = 0.256X - 0.83 R2 = 0.77*

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 55 110 165

Si-a

cetic

aci

d (m

g kg

-1)

Si (kg ha-1)

IAC 87-3396SP 89-1115

RQ

A

Plant Cane

Y = -0.001X2+0.206X+5.325 R²=0.77*

Y = 0.047X + 4.68 R2 = 0.68*

05

10152025303540

0 55 110 165

Si -

acet

ic a

cid

(mg

kg-1

)

Si kg ha-1

IAC 87 3396

SP 89 1115

C

First ratoon RQ

Available silicon (0.5 mol L-1 acetic acid) in soil samples collected at 0-25 cm after plant cane and first ratoon

harvest (RQ soil)

Linear increase

CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and

stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA




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Y = 0.004X + 3.91 R² 0.90*

3.83.94.04.14.24.34.44.54.64.7

0 55 110 165

Si (g

kg-1

)

Si (kg ha-1)

A

Plant Cane RQ

Y = 0.0073X+ 6.802 R2 = 0.97*

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

0 55 110 165

Si (g

kg-1

)

Si (kg ha-1)

C

First Ratoon RQ

Effect of Si fertilizer on Si content in the sugarcane leaves – Site I, RQ Soil






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Silicon fertilization rates and stalk borer incidence on Site II

Y = - 0 . 026 X + 25 . 23 R ² = 0 . 71 *

15

20

25

30

0 55 110 165

Sta

lk B

orer

Inci

denc

e, %

Si (kg ha-1)

First Ratoon

B

Y = - 0 . 024 X + 6 . 645 R 2 = 0 . 60 * Y = - 0 . 074 X + 30 . 42 R 2 = 0 . 80 *

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 55 110 165

Sta

lk B

orer

Inci

denc

e, %

Si (kg ha-1)

IAC 87 - 3396 SP 89 - 1115

A

Plant Cane






40




40

Y = 0.047X + 97.57 R² = 0.84*

979899

100101102103104105106

0 55 110 165

Yie

ld (t

ha-1

)

Si (kg ha-1)

Plant Cane RQ

A

Y = 0.094X + 86.926 R2 = 0.60*

70

80

90

100

110

0 55 110 165

Yie

ld (t

ha-1

)

Si (kg ha-1)

C

First Ratoon RQ

Effect of Si fertilizer applied in the furrow on Plant Cane and 1º Ratoon Sugarcane Yield

(Site I, RQ Soil)

Plant Cane Increase Yield (7.0 t/ha)

First Ratoon Increase Yield (15.0 t/ha)



Correlation between Si content in the soil and cane yield (Colombo Sugar-mill) considering only the CLAY group of soils texture and different Si extractors: (A) acetic acid, (B) Resin, (C) Water, (D) Buffer pH 7,0, (E) Standart CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G) modified CaCl2 and (H) Chloridric Acid.

Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu


Correlation between Si content in the soil and cane yield (Colombo Sugar-mill) considering only the LIME group of soils texture and different Si extractors: (A) acetic acid, (B) Resin, (C) Water, (D) Buffer pH 7,0, (E) Standart CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G) modified CaCl2 and (H) Chloridric Acid.


Correlation between Si content in the soil and cane yield (Colombo Sugar-mill) considering only the SANDY group of soils texture and different Si extractors: (A) acetic acid, (B) Resin, (C) Water, (D) Buffer pH 7,0, (E) Standart CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G) modified CaCl2 and (H) Chloridric Acid.




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Sugarcane yield increase using Si as fertilizer is not fully understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed. Some of them indicate that responses may be associated with induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as:

- disease and insect resistance; - reducing lodging; - improving leaf and stalk erectness; - freeze resistance; - and improvements in plant water economy.

In conclusion:

A moderate consumption of beer can contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis because Si promotes bone health by promoting the formation of collagen. Si also reduce cardiovascular risk and, furthermore, have antioxidant activity that may improve nutritional values;

- Daily Si rate recommended to enhance bone health = 30mg of Si - Average Si content in 280mL glass of beer = 6mg of Si

Si in the beer may enhance bone health !!!

Source: I Simp. Beer and Health, London-2003. (Hosp.St.Thomas e Univ. King’s College de Londres)

[email protected]

Grupo de Pesquisa “Silício na Agricultura”: www.dpv24.iciag.ufu.br

Technology

Silicon Importance on Aliviating Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Sugarcane