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The increased capabilities (e.g., processing, storage) of portable devices along with the constant need of users to retrieve and send information have introduced a new form of communication. Users can seamlessly exchange data by means of opportunistic contacts among them and this is what characterizes the opportunistic networks (OppNets). OppNets allow users to communicate even when an end-to-end path may not exist between them. A trend observed in the last year of opportunistic routing refers to considering social similarity metrics to improve the exchange of data. Social relationships, shared interests, and popularity are examples of such metrics that have been employed successfully: as users interact based on relationships and interests, this information can be used to decide on the best next forwarders of information. This Thesis work combines the features of today's devices found in the regular urban environment with the current social-awareness trend in the context of opportunistic routing. To achieve this goal, this work was divided into different tasks that map to a set of specific objectives, leading to the following contributions: i) an up-to-date opportunistic routing taxonomy; ii) a universal evaluation framework that aids in devising and testing new routing proposals; iii) three social-aware utility functions that consider the dynamic user behavior and can be easily incorporated to other routing proposals; iv) two opportunistic routing proposals based on the users' daily routines and on the content traversing the network and interest of users in such content; and v) a structure analysis of the social-based network formed based on the approaches devised in this work. This presentation was given as part of my PhD defense to the Universities of Minho, Aveiro, and Porto, on September 29th, 2014 in University of Aveiro. For a copy of the thesis: http://copelabs.ulusofona.pt/scicommons/index.php/publications/show/732
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http://copelabs.ulusofona.pt
Human-centered Computing Lab
Social-aware Opportunistic Routing
Waldir Moreira FCT Grant: SFRH/BD/62761/2009 Advisors: Prof. Dr. Paulo Mendes, COPELABS/ULHT Prof. Dr. Susana Sargento, IT/UA
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Agenda
l Motivation
l Why OppNets? Why social? What are they?
l Main Goal and Objectives
l Questions to answer
l Performance Evaluation
l Conclusions
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Motivation
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l Opportunistic networking
– Takes advantages of opportunistic time-varying contacts
– Highly mobile and static nodes
– End-to-end paths are not required
l Social awareness
– Abstracted from contact and/or inter-contact times among users
– Humans can be perceived from different social angles
• Common affiliation, node importance, betweenness centrality, notion of community, shared interests, levels of social interactions
– Social-aware routing is less volatile than mobility-based approaches
Why OppNets? Why social? What are they?
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l GOAL: Propose social-aware and content-based opportunistic routing approaches
l Specific objectives
– Identify the different types of opportunistic routing approaches
– Understand the existing opportunistic routing taxonomies
– Study the employed opportunistic routing metrics
– Study how nodes can engage in cooperation
– Develop social-aware utility functions
– Analyze the network structure formed from the devised social-aware approaches
Main Goal and Objectives
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l Why is it overlooked?
– Not considered as a category
– A mere subcategory under unrealistic (i.e., deterministic) scenarios
l Solution: a well-balanced and updated taxonomy
– Proper emphasis
– Best reflects opportunistic contacts
Question 1: Why is social awareness overlooked?
Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Routing Metrics for Delay-Tolerant Networks. In: Proceedings of CRC, Braga, Portugal, November, 2010. Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Survey on Opportunistic Routing for Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networks. Technical Report SITI-TR-11-02, SITILabs, University Lusofona, February, 2011. Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Social-aware Opportunistic Routing: The New Trend. In: I. Woungang, S. Dhurandher, A. Anpalagan, A. V. Vasilakos (Eds.), Routing in Opportunistic Networks, Springer Verlag, May, 2013.
Proposed taxonomy
Forwarding
Flooding
Replication
Encounter-based
Frequency encounters
Aging encounters
Resource usage
Aging Message
Resource allocation
Social similarity
Community detection
Shared Interests
Node popularity
User dynamic behavior
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l Why is it unfair?
– No guidelines for evaluating opportunistic routing available
– Proposals compared under conditions different from which they have been designed for
l Solution: Universal Evaluation Framework
– A homogeneous set of parameters and comparable experimental setup
• Network density: network area, number of nodes, mobility model ...
• Traffic: load generation, message size, message TTL ...
Question 2: Why is performance evaluation unfair?
Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Assessment Model for Opportunistic Routing. In: Proceedings of IEEE LATINCOM, Belem, Brazil, October, 2011. Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Assessment Model for Opportunistic Routing. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 10(3), April, 2012.
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Question 3: What is the impact of user willingness?
• Why is it negative for OppNet?
– No willingness to cooperate → useless contact opportunities
– Due to trust issues, lack of resources, and natural egoistic behavior
• Solution: a utility sharing scheme
– ULOOP European project
– In this thesis: storage is shared upon need
Carlos Ballester, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Linas Maknavicius, Alessandro Bogliolo, and Paolo di Francesco. Trust and Cooperation Incentives for Wireless User-Centric Environments. In: Proceedings of IADIS e-Society, Berlin, Germany, March, 2012. Alessandro Bogliolo, Paolo Polidori, Alessandro Aldrini, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Mursel Yildiz, Carlos Ballester, and Jean-Marc Seigneur. Virtual Currency and Reputation-based Cooperation Incentives in User-Centric Networks. In: Proceedings of IWCMC, Limassol, Cyprus,August, 2012. Carlos Ballester, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Paolo di Francesco, Alessandro Bogliolo, Waldir Moreira, Rute Sofia, Nuno Martins, and Valentino Moreno. A User-centric Approach to Trust Management in Wi-Fi Networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy, April, 2013. Paulo Mendes, Waldir Moreira, Tauseef Jamal, Huseyin Haci, Huiling Zhu. Cooperative Networking in User-Centric Wireless Networks. In: A. Bogliolo, A. Aldini (Eds.), User-Centric Networking: Future Perspectives, Springer Lecture Notes in Social Networks, May, 2014.
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Question 4: How to devise social-aware utility functions?
• Which approach?
– Contact vs. inter-contact time
– Different similarity metrics: communities, interests, centrality …
• Solution: contact time, content knowledge, and user daily routine
– Time-evolving property: Better captures social interactions and dynamics of user behavior
– Decentralized: computation considering only nearby information
– Scalable: keep storage at a minimum utilization
– Easily applicable to existing routing solutions
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Manuel de Souza and Waldir Moreira. TECD router. Software SITI-SW-11-03, SITILabs, University Lusofona, April, 2011. Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Social-aware Utility Functions for Opportunistic Routing. Technical Report SITI-TR-12-05, SITILabs, University Lusofona, August, 2012. Waldir Moreira, Manuel de Souza, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Study on the Effect of Network Dynamics on Opportunistic Routing. In: Proceedings of ADHOC-NOW, Belgrade, Serbia, July, 2012.
Question 4: How to devise social-aware utility functions?
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Question 5: What does the proposed routing comprise?
• Opportunistic Routing Based on User Social Daily Routine (dLife)
– TECD + TECDi
Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines. In: Proceedings of IEEE WoWMoM AOC, San Francisco, USA, June, 2012. Waldir Moreira. dLife v1.0: Opportunistic Routing based on Social Daily Routines. Software SITI-SW-12-02, SITILabs, University Lusofona, September, 2012. Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Social-aware Opportunistic Routing Solutions. Technical Report SITI-TR-13-01, SITILabs, University Lusofona, January, 2013. Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Eduardo Cerqueira. dLife: Opportunistic Routing Based on Social Daily Routines. Internet Draft, draft-moreira-dlife-04, work in progress, May, 2014.
Social Weights = {(x,10)}
My_importance = {30}
BufferedMsg = {}
Otherwise, If I(B) > I(A)
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(4)
A B
A If Mx Buffer(B) and w(B,x) > w(A,x) (1)
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x
A B
x
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• Social-aware Content-based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (SCORP)
– TECI
Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Social-aware Opportunistic Routing Solutions. Technical Report SITI-TR-13-01, SITILabs, University Lusofona, January, 2013. Waldir Moreira. Social-aware Content-based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (SCORP). Software SITI-SW-13-01, SITILabs, University Lusofona, July, 2013. Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Social-aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol based on User's Interactions and Interests. In: Proceedings of AdHocNets, Barcelona, Spain, October, 2013.
If Mi Buffer(B) and B.isInterestedOn (i)
Otherwise, if Mi Buffer(B) and w(B,i) > w(A,i)
Social Weights = {(i,10)}
My_interests = {i}
BufferedMsg = {}
(3)
(4)
A B
A (1)
(2)
i
A B
i
Question 5: What does the proposed routing comprise?
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Question 6: What is the structure of social-based nets?
• Goal: observe whether the characteristics vary in different time periods
• Contact- vs. Social-based connectivity graphs – Contact: edges are added upon a contact – Social: prunes edges below the lower bound of a 95% conf. interval
• What was learned?
• Small-world features: path length < diameter, high clustering coefficient
• With social awareness – Lower number of edges – Not as clustered as contact-based connectivity graphs – More hops to reach nodes
Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. Structural Analysis of Social-aware Opportunistic Networks. Technical Report SITI-TR-13-05, SITILabs, University Lusofona, August, 2013.
• Gephi v0.8.2 • Cytoscape v2.8.3 Tools
• Cambridge • MIT
CRAWDAD human traces
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Performance Evaluation
• How to validate?
– Simulations, testbed
– Scenarios: synthetic mobility, human traces
• Approach:
– 1st phase: simulations on Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE)
• Well-recognized simulator in the opportunistic routing community
• UEF-based scenarios and CRAWDAD human traces
– 2nd phase: validation real-world deployment
• Android devices, Bluetooth convergence layer and devised routing
• DTN-Amazon projet: COPELABS and UFPA/Brazil
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UEF-based scenario
- dLife and dLifeComm ���→ Capture user dynamics ���→ Community formation affects dLifeComm ��� - Bubble Rap: decisions based on global centrality → Few nodes (~17%) with high centrality���→ Buffer exhaustion
CRAWDAD Cambridge traces
- dLife and dLifeComm → Similar behavior: dLifeComm's community formation overhead reduced (6.7 communities) - Bubble Rap (High centrality) → Not well socially connected
Performance Evaluation dLife (average delivery probability)
Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines. In: Proceedings of IEEE WoWMoM AOC, San Francisco, USA, June, 2012.
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1 day 2 days 4 days 1week 3weeks
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Bubble RapdLife Comm
dLife0.2
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UEF-based scenario
- SCORP: Longer TTL = slight buffer exhaustion - Spray and Wait: Random replicas to high mobile nodes - dLife: convergence time = unwanted replicas - Bubble Rap: few high centrality nodes = buffer exhaust
CRAWDAD Cambridge traces
- SCORP → more interests = better forwarder - Spray & Wait and Bubble Rap → Reduced TTL (1 day) and sporadic contacts - dLife → Rate of contacts, buffer exhaustion
Performance Evaluation SCORP (average delivery probability)
Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. Social-aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol based on User's Interactions and Interests. In: Proceedings of AdHocNets, Barcelona, Spain, October, 2013.
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Spray andWaitBubble Rap
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l Prototype over testbed
– SocialDTN (BCL, dLife)
– dLife (draft-moreira-dlife-04)
• Social weights computation
– Bluetooth specifics
• Transfer vs. Presence
Performance Evaluation Testbed
Waldir Moreira, Ronedo Ferreira, Douglas Cirqueira, Paulo Mendes and Eduardo Cerqueira. SocialDTN: A DTN implementation for Digital and Social Inclusion. In: Proceedings of ACM MobiCom LCDNet, Miami, USA, September, 2013. Ronedo Ferreira, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Mario Gerla, Eduardo Cerqueira. Improving the Delivery Rate of Digital Inclusion Applications for Amazon Riverside Communities by Using an Integrated Bluetooth DTN Architecture. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 14(1), January, 2014.
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• Taxonomy and UEF were needed for suitable classification and evaluation
• Cooperation mechanism helps overcoming the egoistic behavior
• Utility functions: time-evolving property positively affects forwarding
– TECD performs better than TECDi
• Social weight much more reliable than node importance
• Messages stuck with top-ranked nodes
• Opportunistic routing based on social similarity metrics is a natural fit
– Potential application in remote and urban scenarios
– Centrality presents higher impact than community formation
• Does not capture reality
Conclusions
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• dLife: dynamism of users’ social daily behavior
– Wiser forwarding decisions
– Host-based solution
• SCORP: social awareness and content knowledge are beneficial
– Close to optimum delivery with low associated cost, resource utilization, and latency
– Data-based solution
• Structural analysis of social-based networks
– Small-world features (short path lengths and high clustering coeff.)
– Proposals should not be agnostic to user dynamic behavior
Conclusions
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l Classification and Evaluation of Opp Routing (new taxonomy and UEF)
– Proper focus to social-based family and provide fair assessment
l Encouraging User Cooperation (working user willingness)
– Complements opportunistic routing and power of devices
l Social-aware Utility Functions (TECD, TECDi, and TECI)
– Reflect user dynamic behavior and may be easily employed
l Social-aware and Content-based Opp Routing Protocols (dLife and SCORP)
– Benefits from user dynamic behavior and is further improved by content knowledge
l Structure Analysis of Social-based Networks (understanding the structure)
– Dynamic nature of social structures must not be overlooked
Summary of contributions
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Book Chapters
• Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. “Social-aware Opportunistic Routing: The New Trend”. In: I. Woungang, S. Dhurandher, A. Anpalagan, A. V. Vasilakos (Eds.), Routing in Opportunistic Networks, Springer Verlag, May, 2013.
• Rute Sofia, Paulo Mendes, Waldir Moreira. “User-centric Networking Living-Examples and Challenges Ahead”. In: A. Bogliolo, A. Aldini (Eds.), User-Centric Networking: Future Perspectives, Springer Lecture Notes in Social Networks, May, 2014.
• Namusale Chama, Antonio Junior, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Rute Sofia. “User-centric Networking, Routing Aspects”. In: A. Bogliolo, A. Aldini (Eds.), User-Centric Networking: Future Perspectives, Springer Lecture Notes in Social Networks, May, 2014.
• Carlos Ballester Lafuente, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Rute Sofia, Christian Silva, Waldir Moreira. “Trust Management in ULOOP”. In: A. Bogliolo, A. Aldini (Eds.), User-Centric Networking: Future Perspectives, Springer Lecture Notes in Social Networks, May, 2014.
• Paulo Mendes, Waldir Moreira, Tauseef Jamal, Huseyin Haci, Huiling Zhu. “Cooperative Networking in User-Centric Wireless Networks”. In: A. Bogliolo, A. Aldini (Eds.), User-Centric Networking: Future Perspectives, Springer Lecture Notes in Social Networks, May, 2014.
Journal Papers
• Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. “Assessment Model for Opportunistic Routing”. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 10(3), April, 2012.
• Ronedo Ferreira, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Mario Gerla, Eduardo Cerqueira. “Improving the Delivery Rate of Digital Inclusion Applications for Amazon Riverside Communities by Using an Integrated Bluetooth DTN Architecture”. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 14(1), January, 2014.
Internet Draft
• Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Eduardo Cerqueira. “dLife: Opportunistic Routing Based on Social Daily Routines”. Internet Draft, draft-moreira-dlife-04, work in progress, May, 2014
Demonstrations
• Carlos Ballester, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Paolo di Francesco, Alessandro Bogliolo, Waldir Moreira, Rute Sofia, Nuno Martins, and Valentino Moreno. “A User-centric Approach to Trust Management in Wi-Fi Networks”. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy, April, 2013.
Publications
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Conference Proceedings
• Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. “Routing Metrics for Delay-Tolerant Networks”. In: Proceedings of CRC, Braga, Portugal, November, 2010.
• Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. “Assessment Model for Opportunistic Routing”. In: Proceedings of IEEE LATINCOM, Belem, Brazil, October, 2011.
• Carlos Ballester, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Linas Maknavicius, Alessandro Bogliolo, and Paolo di Francesco. “Trust and Cooperation Incentives for Wireless User-Centric Environments”. In: Proceedings of IADIS e-Society, Berlin, Germany, March, 2012.
• Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. “Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines”. In: Proceedings of IEEE WoWMoM AOC, San Francisco, USA, June, 2012.
• Waldir Moreira, Manuel de Souza, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. “Study on the Effect of Network Dynamics on Opportunistic Routing”. In: Proceedings of ADHOC-NOW, Belgrade, Serbia, July, 2012.
• Alessandro Bogliolo, Paolo Polidori, Alessandro Aldrini, Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, Mursel Yildiz, Carlos Ballester, and Jean-Marc Seigneur. “Virtual Currency and Reputation-based Cooperation Incentives in User-Centric Networks”. In: Proceedings of IWCMC, Limassol, Cyprus, August, 2012.
• Waldir Moreira, Ronedo Ferreira, Douglas Cirqueira, Paulo Mendes and Eduardo Cerqueira. “SocialDTN: A DTN implementation for Digital and Social Inclusion”. In: Proceedings of ACM MobiCom LCDNet, Miami, USA, September, 2013.
• Waldir Moreira, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento. “Social-aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol based on User's Interactions and Interests”. In: Proceedings of AdHocNets, Barcelona, Spain, October, 2013.
Technical Reports
• Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. “Survey on Opportunistic Routing for Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networks”. Technical Report SITI-TR-11-02, SITILabs, University Lusofona, February, 2011.
• Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. “Social-aware Utility Functions for Opportunistic Routing”. Technical Report SITI-TR-12-05, SITILabs, University Lusofona, August, 2012.
• Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. “Social-aware Opportunistic Routing Solutions”. Technical Report SITI-TR-13-01, SITILabs, University Lusofona, January, 2013.
• Waldir Moreira and Paulo Mendes. “Structural Analysis of Social-aware Opportunistic Networks”. Technical Report SITI-TR-13-05, SITILabs, University Lusofona, August, 2013.
Software Suites
• Manuel de Souza and Waldir Moreira. “TECD router”. Software SITI-SW-11-03, SITILabs, University Lusofona, April, 2011.
• Waldir Moreira. “dLife v0.1: Opportunistic Routing based on Social Daily Routines”. Software SITI-SW-11-06, SITILabs, University Lusofona, June, 2011.
• Waldir Moreira. “dLife v1.0: Opportunistic Routing based on Social Daily Routines”. Software SITI-SW-12-02, SITILabs, University Lusofona, September, 2012.
• Waldir Moreira. “Social-aware Content-based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (SCORP)”. Software SITI-SW-13-01, SITILabs, University Lusofona, July, 2013.
Publications
23
Obrigado !! Thanks !!
хвала пуно !!
Advisors: Prof. Dr. Paulo Mendes, COPELABS/ULHT Prof. Dr. Susana Sargento, IT/UA
http://copelabs.ulusofona.pt
Human-centered Computing Lab
Social-aware Opportunistic Routing
Waldir Moreira FCT Grant: SFRH/BD/62761/2009 Advisors: Prof. Dr. Paulo Mendes, COPELABS/ULHT Prof. Dr. Susana Sargento, IT/UA
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