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Storage on the Lunatic Fringe
Thomas M. RuwartUniversity of Minnesota
Digital Technology CenterIntelligent Storage
Orientation
• Who are the lunatics?• What are their requirements?• Why is this interesting to the Storage
Industry?• What is SNIA doing about this?• Conclusions
Who are the Lunatics?
• DoE Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) BIG data, locally and widely distributed, high bandwidth access,
relatively few users, secure, short-term retention• High Energy Physics (HEP) – Fermilab, CERN, DESY
BIG data, locally distributed, widely available, moderate number of users, sparse access, long-term retention
• NASA – Earth Observing System Data Information Systems (EOSDIS) Moderately sized data, locally distributed, widely available, large
number of users, very long-term retention• DoD – NSA
Lots of little data – trillions of files, locally distributed, relatively few users, secure, long-term retention
• DoD – Army High Performance Computing Centers and Naval Research Center BIG data, locally and widely distributed, relatively few users, high
bandwidth access, secure, very long term reliable retention
A bit of History• 1990 – Supercomputer Centers operating with HUGE
disk farms of 50-100 GB! • 1990 – Laptop computers have 50MB internal disk
drives!• 1992 – Fast/wide SCSI runs at break-necking speeds of
20 MB/sec!• 1994 – Built a 1+TB array of disks with a single SGI xFS
file system and wrote a single 1TB file Used 4GB disks in 7+1 RAID 5 disk arrays 36 disk arrays mounted in 5 racks
• 1997 ASCI Mountain Blue - 75TB – distributed• 2002 ASCI Q – 700TB – online, high performance,
pushing limits of traditional [legacy] block-based file systems
The not-too-distant Future
• 2004 ASCI Red Storm – 240TB – online, high bandwidth, massively parallel
• 2005 ASCI Purple – 3000TB – online, high performance, OSD/Lustre
• 2006 NASA RDS – 6000TB – online, global access, CAS,OSD, Data Grids, Lustre?
• 2007 DoE Fermi Lab / CERN – 3 PB/year online / nearline, global sparse access
• 2010 Your laptop will have a 1TB internal disk that will still be barley adequate for MS Office™
DoE ASCI• 1998 – Mountain Blue – Los Alamos
48 128-Processor SGI Origin 2000 systems 75TB disk storage
• 2002 – Q 310 32-processor machines + 64 32-processor I/O nodes 2048 2GB FC connections to 64 I/O nodes 2048 2GB FC connections to disk storage subsystem 692 TB disk storage, 20GB/sec bandwidth
2 file systems of 346GB each 4 file system layers between the application and the disk media
• 2004 – Red Storm 10,000 processors, 10TB Main Memory 240TB Disk, 50 GB/sec bandwidth
DoE ASCI Purple Requirements
• Parallel I/O Bandwidth - Multiple (up to 60,000) clients access one file at hundreds of GB/sec.
• Support for very large (multi-petabyte) file systems• Single files of multi-terabyte size must be permitted.• Scalable file creation & Metadata Operations
Tens of Millions of files in one directory Thousands of file creates per second within the same
directory• Archive Driven Performance - The file system should support
high bandwidth data movement to tertiary storage.• Adaptive Pre-fetching - Sophisticated pre-fetch and write-behind
schemes are encouraged, but a method to disable them must accompany them.
• Flow Control & Quality of I/O Service
HEP – Fermilab and CMS• The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)
$750M Experiment being built at CERN in Switzerland Will be active in 2007 Data rate from the detectors is ~1 PB/sec Data rate after filtering is ~hundreds of MB/sec
• The Data Problem Dataset for a single experiment is ~1PB Several experiments per year are run Must be made available to 5000 scientists all over the planet
(Earth primarily) Dense dataset, sparse data access by any one user Access patterns are not deterministic
• HEP experiments cost $US 1B, last 20 years, involve thousands of collaborators at hundreds of institutions world-wide, and collect and analyze several petabytes of data per year
Tier 1
Tier2 Center
Online System
eventreconstruction
French Regional Center
German Regional Center
InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute ~0.25TIPS
Workstations
~100 MBytes/sec
~0.6-2.5 Gbps
100 - 1000 Mbits/sec
Physics data cache
~PByte/sec
~2.5 Gbits/sec
Tier2 CenterTier2 CenterTier2 Center
~0.6-2.5 Gbps
Tier 0 +1
Tier 3
Tier 4
Tier2 Center
LHC Data Grid HierarchyCMS as example, Atlas is similar
Tier 2
CERN/CMS data goes to 6-8 Tier 1 regional centers, and from each of these to 6-10 Tier 2 centers.Physicists work on analysis “channels” at 135 institutes. Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channels.2000 physicists in 31 countries are involved in this 20-year experiment in which DOE is a major player.
CMS detector: 15m X 15m X 22m
12,500 tons, $700M.
human=2m
analysis
event simulation
Italian Center FermiLab, USA Regional Center
Courtesy Harvey
Newman, CalTech and
CERN
NASA EOSDIS
• Remote Data Store Project: Build a 6PB Data archive with a life expectancy of at
least 20 years, probably more Make data and data products available to 2 million
users• What to use?
Online versus Nearline SCSI vs ATA Tape vs Optical How much of each and when?
• Data Grids? • Dealing with Technology Life Cycles – continual migration
DoD NSA
• How to deal with a trillion files? At 256 bytes of metadata per file -> 256TB
just for the file system metadata for one trillion files
File System resiliency Backups? Forget it.
• File Creation Rate is a challenge – 32,000 file per second for 1 year will generate 1 trillion files
• How to search for any given file• How to search for any given piece of information inside all the files
DoD MSRC• 500TB per year data growth• Longevity of data retention is critical
100% reliable access of any piece of data for 20+ years
• Security is critical• Reasonably quick access to any piece
of data from anywhere at any time• Heterogeneous computing and
storage environment
History has shown…
• The problems that the Lunatic Fringe is working on today are the problems that the main-stream storage industry will face in 5-10 years
• Legacy Block-based File Systems break at these scales
• Legacy Network File System protocols cannot scale to meet these extreme requirements
Looking Forward
What happens when….
• NEC Announces a 10Tbit Memory Chip• Disk drives reach 1TByte and beyond• MEMS devices become commercially viable• Holographic Storage Devices become
commercially viable• Interface speeds reach 1Tbit/sec• Intel develops the sub-space channel• Vendors need better ways to exploit the Vendors need better ways to exploit the
capabilities of these technologies rather than capabilities of these technologies rather than react to themreact to them
Common thread
• Their data storage capacity, access, and retention requirements are continually increasing
• Some of the technologies and concepts the Lunatic Fringe are looking at include: Object-based Storage Device Intelligent Storage Data Grid Borg Assimilation Technologies, …
etc.
How does SNIA make a difference?
• Act as a point to achieve critical mass behind emerging technologies such as OSD, SMI, and Intelligent Storage
• Make sure that these emerging technologies come to market from the beginning as standards (not proprietary implementations that migrate to standards)
• Help to get beyond the potential barrier for emerging technologies OSD and Intelligent Storage
• Help to generate vendor and user awareness and education regarding future trends and emerging technologies
Conclusions
• Lunatic Fringe users will continue to push the limits of existing hardware and software technologies
• Lunatic Fringe is a moving target – there will always be a Lunatic Fringe well beyond where you are
• The Storage Industry at large should pay more attention to What they are doing Why they are doing it What they learn
References
• University of Minnesota Digital Technology Center – www.dtc.umn.edu ASCI – www.llnl.gov/ASCI/platforms
• Fermilab – www.fnal.gov• NASA EOSDIS – www.nasa.gov• NSA – www.dod.mil
