5
Struggle and Survival

Struggle And Survival

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

 

Citation preview

Page 1: Struggle And Survival

Struggle and Survival

Page 2: Struggle And Survival

Birth of Martin Ocelotl (1496-1537)

1502 - Moctezuma II becomes emperor of Mexica/Aztec empire

1508 – vigilant natives sighted Spanish ships off the eastern coast of Mesico.

1509 Birth of Isabel Moctezuma (1509-1550)

1519 Year One Reed in Nahua calendar21 April. Arrival of Hernan Cortes and Spanish expedition

1520 29 June. Death in captivity of Moctezuma II

October-December. Smallpox epidemic in Tenochtitlan

1521 – Tenochtitland fell and Moctezuma was killed, but not before ordering the release of Ocelotl.

1521 - 13 August. conquest of Aztec Empire by Cortes and native Allies

As a consequence of the conquest and susequent Christianization effort in Mexico, the Native clergy very quickly lost both office and influence.

1535 - First colonial viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza

On Feruary 10, 1537, Martín was subjected to public humiliation by being ridden on a mule through the streets to the marketplaces of Mexico- Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco with a crier proclaiming the charges against him in both Náhuatl and Spanish.

1540-42 - Expedition to north of Francisco Vazquez de Coronado

1542 - Enactment by Emperor Charles V of New Laws

After dona Isabel’s death in 1550, Tacuba would become a center of litigation that occupied courts in Mexico and Spain for years to come.

In 1598, Enrico was ablt to complement his stock of printing equipmet with a press confiscated from a printer convicted of Lutheranism.

Page 3: Struggle And Survival

1580 - birth of Diego Vasicuio (1580-1670s), Salamanca, viceroyalty of Perupermanent settlement of Buenos Aires, under Juan de Garay.

Diego had not taken it personally when his neighbor, Catalina Paicaua, denounced him to their parish priest as the leader of a group of Indians who persisted in the worship of the old god Sorimana.

From the beginning of the colonial period, the Spanish attempt to convert the Indians of Peru into sincere, observant Catholics had been thwarted by the tenacious survival of indigenous religious beliefs and practices that the priests loosely termed “idolatry.”

In theory, only one seventh of all tribute payers – healthy Indian males between the ages of eighteen and fifty – were expected to serve in the mita at any one time.

Mita service was unfair as well as brutal. Indians who worked as yanaconas or “voluntary labor” in the mines and workshops were paid higher wages and often received better treatment.

By the middle of the seventeenth century, more than a hundred years after the Spanish conquest, the Sorimana cult was flourishing once again in Salamanca.

Antonio de Gouveia was an Azorean priest of obscure origins who lived during the incredible years of the sixteenth century, moved about freely in the Atlantic world that the Portuguese had created, and unhinged himself morally and religiously in unhinging times.

In 1739 Francisca, an Indian slave woman of the city of Belem do Para near the mouth of the Amazon River, was persuaded by her young lover, Angelico de Barros Goncalves, to petition the Portuguese colonial authorities for her freedom.

During the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a large, powerful tribe of traders and warriors known as the Manao ranged freely over much of northwestern Amazonia from a base along the middle reaches of the Negro.

By that time the Portuguese had been established for several decades in a series of small settlements around the mouth of the Amazon in Para, and the Dutch in even smaller settlements around the mouth of the Essequibo River on the Caribbean coast just north of the lower Negro basin.

The Dutch were organized as a commercial company, concerned exclusively with profit and anxious to keep oth personnel and defense commitments at a minimum.

Amu then gave the young woman whom we know as Francisca to the same slave trader as “companion” or personal servant to Rosaura.

1810 -16 September. Revolt against viceregal government led by Father Miguel Hidalgo begins

Page 4: Struggle And Survival

The hills of Goias hid gold, however, ad in time the frontiersmen and adventurers from portugal and Sao Paulo penetrated the foriddingterrain with their gangs of African and Indian reainers to try to discover its treasure.

The outsiders retaliated without much success; but whenever the violence grew severe enough to disrupt the flow of gold to Europe, their ruler would order the roads cleared at all costs, and the shipments of gold increased.

During the five years of Menezes’ administration, he did more to pacify the hostile Indians than any of his predecessors and thereby earned a commendation from his sovereign.

Morga and Escobar were young mulatto slaves who lived in central Mexico during the middle years of the seventeenth century.

Amid the hardships imposed on individual human eings by two of the key sectors of the colonial economy-silver mines and sugar plantations-in both of which the labor of African slaves and their American-born black and mulatto descendants, whether slave or “free,” was a crucial factor of production.

In 1646 the young Juan was serving as the slave and trusted assistant of a kindly public accountant in Mexico City, one Antonio Millan, when he “misbehaved” in some way that has not come down to us.

Morga expressed the common adherence by people of color, the castasof colonial Mexican society, to the racial prejudices of the society around them.

When the party got back to Zacatecas, Arratia received Morga with the treatment that y this time was to be expected.

1693 - birth of Cristobal Bequer (1693-1751), Lima, viceroyalty of Peru

1680 - birth of Catarina de Monte Sinay (1680-1758), captaincy of BahiaColônia do Sacramento founded to give Portugal access to Rio de la Plata.

Catarina rejoiced inwardly that the hard-fought battle to become a nun had been won.

Page 5: Struggle And Survival

The possessors of this rich land-the people the English defeated, displaced, and nearly anihilated in creating the first successful colony in British America-were Algonquian Indians, known collectively as the Powhatans.

Their territory, called “Opechancheno” after their leader, abounded in fresh water, deer-filled forests, large villages, and acres of planted corn, tobacco, beans, and squash.

Opechancanough’s plan depended on manipulating two intertwined social pressures: the desire of the Indians to procure the colonists’ muskets and the attempts of the English to convert and “civilize” the Powhatans.

His people had willingly risked death rather than adopt the Christian religion and English manners. Although many Powhatans did die, their traditions were for the time being preserved.

Young Algonquians learned not only how to survive but also how to develop the capacities to withstand the severest physical and psychological trials.

By establishing a tributary system with the surrounding Indian bands, the colony was filling the political vacuum left by the epidemic and creating a dependable network of corn suppliers and buffers against overland attack.

In any event, Squanto was no longer the only link between the colony and the Indians; indeed, as a Pokanoket, Hobbamock had certain advantages over him.

On June 23, 1747, Shulush Homa of Courchitto, or Red Shoes as the English called him, fell ill on the trading path leading to the Choctaw nation.

Red Shoes, as a common warrior, was on the periphery of these gift exchanges, but in time of war he found other ways to obtain trade goods.

It was Peters’ lot to be sold to the captain of a French slave ship, the Henri Quatre.

Some time after 1760 his Louisiana master sold Peters to an Englishman in one of the southern colonies.

By the summer of 1775 dread of a slave uprising in the Cape Fear area was widespread.

In November 1775 Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued his famous proclamation offering lifelong freedom for any American slave or indentured servant “able and willing to ear arms” who escaped his master and made it to the british lines.