The Successful Cross Country Part 1 (2010)

Federal AviationAdministrationThe Successful

Cross-CountryPart 1

The Successful Cross Country2Federal Aviation

Administration

The Successful Cross-Country

Part 1


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Part 1 – Lessons

1. Operating from a part-time towered airport

2. Understanding the airport diagram

3. Review of signs markings and lighting

4. Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) roles and useful publications

5. Understanding the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD)

6. The “Taxi Rule”x


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This document has been prepared for training purposes only and sets

forth general principles and guidance concerning good

operating procedures for avoiding surface incidents and runway

incursions. It is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature.

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What’s the number one causal factor for general aviation accidents?…

Inadequate preflight planning


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Build a margin of safety by planning ahead

Confusion

Un

exp

ecte

d

Wea

therA/C Malfunction

Fatigue

Co

mp

lace

ncy

Unfamiliarity

Don’t get “boxed in”


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Know your limitations

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Time Line

Mar

gin

of

Saf

ety

Takeoff Taxi Cruise

Approach & Landing

Taxi

Pilot/Aircraft Capabilities

Task Requirements

Task Requirements Verses Capabilities

Enroute Stop TaxiTakeoff

Cruise

Approach & Landing

Taxi

Exposure to accident/incident

Pilot/Aircraft Capabilities


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Leave yourself an “out”

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COU AFSS

Kansas City Center

IXD

OTM

Chicago CenterFOD AFSS

Destination: Ottumwa Airport (OTM)


AdministrationNew Century Air Center, Olathe, Kansas (IXD)

The Airports…

Departure


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Ottumwa Industrial Airport, Ottumwa, Iowa (OTM)

Stopover


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Destination

Eppley Airfield, Omaha, Nebraska (OMA)


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Before we get started with our planning, let’s quickly review a few rules and some critical areas and markings.

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Bonus question time!


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“Black squareYou’re there”


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Non-movement area


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Movement area

Ramp

Taxiways


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Runway safety area

Taxiways

Runways


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Speed of operations and exposure to loss of life!

So, what’s the realdifference between these three areas?


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279

27

Ramp – non movement area

A 9 D 27B 9-27 C 9-27

Controlled areas

250’

1,000

250’

1,000

9 E

Veh

icu

lar

entr

y p

oin

t

Taxiways - movement area

Runways – Runway Safety Area

Runway Hold Markings & Hold Position Signs


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Understand the boundaries of the Runway Safety Area.

Maintain situational awareness


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It defines the boundaries of the runway safety area!

The runway hold marking is the most critical marking on any airport ……towered or non-towered!

75% of all pilot deviations result from a

violation of this marking!


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To offer “vertical development” and help pinpoint the location of the runway hold markings….

Runway hold signs will always be co-located with runway hold markings and will usually be located

on the left side of the taxiway

Runway Hold Signs are MANDATORY instruction signs “RED – RUNWAY AHEAD!”


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Reflection of a spinning prop

Focusing on tasks IN the cockpit instead of OUT

Pilot “seating” height

Lack of “vertical development”

Sun glare and other environmental conditions

Runway hold markings are not always readily visible… WHY?

Actual Cockpit View


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So remember, use the runway hold sign to help locate the runway hold marking.


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Exiting the Runway

• No Clearance Is Required to Exit the Runway. • Cross the Hold Marking With Dashed Lines Facing You. • Do Not Exit the Landing Runway Onto an Intersecting Runway Unless

Authorized by ATC.

Remember “dash across the dash lines, stop at the solid lines.”


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The green aircraft is expected to “clear” the landing runway (14R) and runway safety area and hold short of Runway 14L.

Following landing, the green aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L

Runway safety area 14L/32R

Runway safety area 14R/32L

32R

32L

14R


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32L

14R

The orange aircraft is expected to HOLD AT THIS POSITION even if it HAS NOT cleared the landing runway and remains inside the runway safety area for Runway 14R/32L

Following landing, the orange aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L

Runway Safety Area 14R/32L

Runway Safety Area 14L/32R

32L

14R32

R


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Taxiway location sign

Taxiway direction sign


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Question:

You see these markings outside your windscreen and are advised by ATC to “hold short.” Which hold line applies?

A

B


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You are located on Taxiway A at the approach end of Runway 35. Describe the TYPE and COLOR of the sign(s)

that will be located on the left side of this taxiway.


“RED…..RUNWAY AHEAD!”


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On the day of departure you receive a “standard weather brief” from COU AFSS which included airmets, sigmets, adverse weather

conditions, synopsis of highs and lows, current conditions along the route, terminal forecasts, area forecasts, winds aloft and

NOTAMS. In summary, for this flight you can expect clear skies below 12,000 and southerly winds less than 10 knots.

Let’s get started on our planning!


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Weather briefing complete. NOTAMS include….

Avoid the airspace in the vicinity of power plants. No circling or

loitering authorized.

All air operations are prohibited at or below 3000 feet within 3 nautical

mile radius of a stadium with a seating capacity of 30,000 or more

from 1 hour before until 1 hour after the scheduled event.


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Get on record as receiving a briefing! And….

AFSS is the only “official” source for TFRs.

Why get a briefing from AFSS?


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Far 91.103 preflight action.

Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning

that flight.

What does this mean?


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Resource gathering and utilization

“…..become familiar with all available information concerning that flight.”


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Kansas City, Chicago and Omaha sectionals are needed for this flight


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What’s available at the FBO?

Local procedures, noise abatement, mowing ops in progress, airport sign guides, phone number(s) for ASOS/AWOS


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• Runway Information

• Airport Remarks

• Fuel

• NAVAIDs

• Frequencies

• Updates to Visual Charts

• Airport Diagrams

• Runway Safety Information

• Services Available

• Important Phone Numbers

• Procedures Unique to that Airport

Is it current?

The AFD is published every 56 days. It contains data on

airports that cannot be readily depicted on aeronautical

charts such as:


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Airport diagrams are also available at the FAA’s airport diagram website: www.faa.gov/go/runwaysafety

Airport Diagram

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Airport diagrams are also available at the FAA’s airport diagram website: www.faa.gov/go/runwaysafety

For additional information about central region airports

(MO, IA, KS, NE)click “Regions” here

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LAHSO PAGE 310?

Let’s first look at the airport remarks for IXD,

our departure point.


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LAHSO PAGE 310?

The first thing we notice is that IXD is attended at certain hours.

What does “attended” mean?


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Another item we notice is that Taxiway F is obscured

from the tower’s view.

Where is “TWY F” on this airport sketch?


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Look at the airport diagram for greater detail

Why would the tower’s view of Taxiway F be obscured?

Hangars!


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LAHSO PAGE 310?

MALSR & VASI are activated by “mike clicks” when tower is closed.

What do the black circles mean?.


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LAHSO PAGE 310?

Traffic pattern altitudes and direction of turns


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The airport remarks also has a note about land and hold short

operations section.

Where Is This Section

Located?


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Scan of page 310 listing IXD hold short of 17/35 when landing 22

Go to the back of the AFD, operations section


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2,700 FEET

3,300 FEET

3,650 FEET

Landing RWY Hold short point Measured distance

35

35

17


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The LAHSO surface hold marking extends the entire width of the runway.

Runway 4-22, 35-17 intersection

Runway hold sign


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LAHSO PAGE 310?

We also notice that IXD is a part time tower.

Depending on my departure time, the tower may or may

not be open?

If the tower is not open when you depart, will that effect your taxi and radio procedures?

What frequency will you be broadcasting on?


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Determine the boundaries of the movement/non-movement and

runway safety areas


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Study the airport diagram to determine

taxiway/runway crossing points. What is

status of this

runway?


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Runway boundary sign:

Taxi past this sign to ensure you are clear of the runway safety

area when EXITING!


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Once you’ve planned the flight… it’s time to fly the plan


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BONUS QUESTION

What is POFZ?

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Precision Obstacle Free Zone

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The POFZ is defined as a volume of airspace above an area beginning at the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation, and centered on the extended runway centerline, 200 feet long by 800 feet wide. Maintaining the POFZ clear during low ceiling/low visibility conditions protects both the landing aircraft and

holding aircraft or vehicle.

The POFZ is in effect for vertically guided approaches when the ceiling is below 250 feet and/or visibility less than ¾ statute mile (or RVR below 4000 feet), and an aircraft is on final approach within two miles of the runway threshold.

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When the POFZ is in effect, the wing of an aircraft holding on a taxiway waiting for runway clearance may penetrate the POFZ; however, neither the fuselage nor the tail may infringe on the POFZ. In addition, no ground vehicles may be in the POFZ when it is in effect.

Typical POFZ

400 Feet

200 F

eet

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ILS

Airports with a taxiway located prior to the runway threshold may result in an aircraft being located in the POFZ when it is active. POFZ holding

positions may be needed at these locations.

POFZ Holding Positions

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ILS

A1 30L

Runway holding position

ILS critical area or POFZ boundary

A second sign on the right side is required in

some situations.

ILS critical area or POFZ holding position

If a hold position is used to protect the POFZ, an ILS hold is used.

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Part 1: No person may, at any airport with an “operating” control tower, operate an aircraft ON a runway or taxiway, or

take off, or land, without an ATC clearance.

Far 91.129 (i)

“The takeoff, landing and taxi clearance rule”


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YOU ARE HERE

YOU’RE GOING HERE

X

XExecuting the taxi

instructions

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With the tower operating, what surfaces require an

ATC clearance to taxi, takeoff or land?


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By the Taxiway B location sign.

How can you confirm your location?

“Black square, You’re there!” RED…Runway Ahead!


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A

4-22

17-35Hold Line Parallel to the Holding Runway

As you continue your taxi on Taxiway A you approach the runway hold marking for Runway 22-4. Do you have to stop?

?

You have been issued the following taxi clearance, “N252KT taxi to

Runway 35.”

35-

17


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You do not have to hold at the intersection of Taxiway A and Runway 22-4 because Taxiway A does not cross the

assigned Runway 35 at this location.


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Notice the hold line for Runway 4-22 is aligned parallel to the

runway and may not be perpendicular to the taxiway centerline

Also, notice the “jog” in the Taxiway A?

A


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As you continue your taxi southbound on Taxiway A you

finally reach the approach end of Runway 35. Is ATC authorization

required for departure?

View from the cockpit


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A

“New century tower, N252KT is ready to go Runway 35, VFR northeast.”

“N252KT, New Century Tower, hold short landing traffic.”

“N252KT, hold short Runway 35.”

“N252KT, Runway 35, position and hold.”

“N252KT, Runway 35, position and hold.”

If the tower is open, ATC approval is required.

35A

35


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“N252KT, Runway 35, cleared for takeoff.”

“N252KT, cleared for takeoff.”A

A

35

35 35


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A

If the tower is closed and it’s VFR, what frequency will you announce your position and intention prior to departure?

“New Century traffic, N252KT

departing Runway 35 northeast, New

Century”.A

3535


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A

A35

If tower is closed, monitor CTAF during departure for

arriving and departing aircraft at IXD

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35

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“Kansas City Approach, N252KT”

“N252KT frequency change approved”


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“Kansas City Approach, N252KT

5 north New Century, climbing VFR to 5,500 for

flight following to Ottumwa.”

TFR – Arrowhead Stadium…

Ummm!

“N252ktKansas City Approach,

go ahead”

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What does this magenta line represent?

What about this blue line?

Bonus question

time!

What about the number 36 in dashed box?


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VFR Flyways under Class Bravo Airspace


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FatigueIn

exper

ienceLack of

Communications

Lack of Planning

Compla

cency

Unfamiliarity

END PART 1x


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Part 1 – Lessons

1. Operating from a part-time towered airport


3. Review of signs markings and lighting

4. Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) roles and useful publications

5. Understanding the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD)

6. The “Taxi Rule”x


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1. Operating at a Non-Towered Airport2. Using the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD )3. Utilizing AFSS, ARTCC, ASOS and ATIS4. Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

Part 2 – Lessons

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Part 3 – Lessons

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1. Operating at a busy 24 hour towered commercial airport

2. Using the AFD


4. Utilizing AFSS, ARTCC, ASOS and ATIS

5. Communicating with the tower


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Part 4 – Lessons

1. The Anatomy of a Close Call

2. ConclusionX

Technology

The Successful Cross Country Part 1 (2010)