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Cell
NUCLEUS
In this slide, notice how we only have one organelle, the nucleus, within the cell. Protein synthesis starts in the nucleus of the cell.
Chromosomes
CellChromosomes
DNA Strands
This slide shows the location of the DNA strands. They are located on the chromosomes.
Chromosomes
RNA Polymerase
In this slide, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and creates the mRNA copy. The mRNA copy is made until the RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence.
DNA Double Helix
mRNA Strand
Promoter Region Start CodonTermination SequenceCoding Region
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
C C T A G C G T T T A C T G C T G T A A T T C G C T A A T T
This slide shows the DNA strand unwound while the RNA polymerase has completed the mRNA copy of the DNA strand. When this happens, the RNA polymerase and the mRNA strand fall off of the DNA strand and leave through the nuclear pore. (shown next slide)
The final step of transcription is the mRNA strand goes through a nuclear pore to the cytoplasm. This is the start of the last step in Protein Synthesis, translation.
mRNA Strand
DNA Strand
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
mRNA Strand
Ribosome
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
Ribosome
Codon
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
The Ribosome begins to read the mRNA sequence.
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
Start Codon
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino Acid (Methionine)
U A C
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
U A C
The anticodon bonds with the start codon when the ribosome reads it.
Methionine
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
U A C U G C
The Ribosome reads the next codon and another tRNA with a complementary anticodon binds. Then, the Ribosome promotes a chemical reaction to join the two amino acids together called a peptide bond.
Peptide bond
ThreonineMethionine
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
U G C
As the Ribosome continues down the mRNA strand, the first tRNA falls off, leaving the amino acid.
Methionine
Threonine
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
U G C U G U
New tRNA continues to come in and bind to the Ribosome and the amino acids bond.
MethionineThreonine Threonine
A A U
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
This continues until the Ribosome reads the Stop Codon.
Stop Codon
Leucine
Threonine
Threonine
Methionine
U C G
G G A U C G C A A A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U U A A
Serine
Leucine
ThreonineThreonineMethionine
A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U G A A G G A U C G U A A
Serine
Leucine
Threonine
ThreonineMethionine
Aspartic Acid
A U U
Glutamic Acid
Glycine Serine
Stop
The ribosome reached the stop codon and has now stopped making amino acids.
A U G A C G A C A U U A A G C G A U G A A G G A U C G U A A
Serine
Leucine
Threonine
ThreonineMethionine
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
Glycine Serine
Stop
The ribosome falls off of the mRNA strand and the tRNA falls off the ribosome.
The amino acid chain groups together closely to create a three-dimensional structure by the order of which the amino acids where made. This is now a protein.
Summary:
In the nucleus of the cell, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix structure and creates the mRNA copy for transcription. The starting codon is where the RNA polymerase knows where to start the mRNA strand. The termination sequence is the codon that signals the RNA polymerase to stop copying the DNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm where translation starts. In the cytoplasm of the cell, where a ribosome reads the mRNA strand and creates the amino acid chain complementary to the strand. The amino acid chain folds up into a three-dimensional structure called a protein.
CREATED BY JONATHON KOPER AND JACOB GOTWALD.
