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Darima Tsibudeeva,
Valerii Molotov
Agency for lake Baikal water resources,
Federal Agency of water resources
Ulan-Ude
Republic of Buryatia,
Russian Federation
Seminar 16-18 November 2011 Ljubljana “Forging Targets and Solutions
for Rivers and Water Ecosystem Restoration”
WATER ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF THE LAKE BAIKAL
AND TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER SELENGE BASINS
The lake Baikal – one of the largest, deepest lake, the greatest freshwater lake in the world – is located in
Russia, in the Republic of Buryatia
The square – 31 500 sguare km
The length – 636 km,
The width – 40 – 80 km
The depth – 1 637 m
The coastline – 2 100 km
The age – 25 million years old
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The Selenge River – the main tributary of the lake Baikal,
transboundary river, which flows from Khanghai Mountains in Mongolia
into the lake Baikal
The length – roughly 1 024 km, while in Russia – 409 km, in Mongolia – 615 km
The water catchment – 447,1 square km, while in Russia 148,1, in Mongolia – 299,0 square km
Ratio of catchment of area of the lake Baikal – 82,8%, while in Russia 27,4%, in Mongolia – 55,4%
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Russian-Mongolian cooperation are regulated Intergovernmental Agreement between
Russian Federation and Mongolia
Rational use and protection from the pollution and disappearance of water objects
Investigation and assessment of water quality
Evaluating the status of transboundary water objects
Elaboration of the Scheme of complex use and protection of water resources of Selenge river basin (Russian part)
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Mongolia Russia (Buryatia)
Main tributaries Ider, Delger, Khanui, Eg, Orkhon
Dzhida, Chikoi, Khilok, Uda
Population, thousand people 2000 2010
1 328,6 1 713,0
758,8 724,5
Density, people/square km,2010 5,7 1,8 in Mongolia
5,1 2,7 inBuryatia
Major cities Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet
Ulan-Ude, Gusinoozersk, Zakamensk, Kyahta
GDP, million $ USA, (official course), 2000 2009
638,9 3 705,1
770,3 4 120,7 (in Buryatia)
Main sectors of economy Mining, light industry, agriculture, tourism
Industry, mining, agriculture, tourism
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Main economic activities
Mongolia Russia (Buryatia)
1. Mining – export of copper, molybdenum concentrate, fluorite concentrate, gold, coal
1.Industry (22% of GRP in 2005) – power engineering, machine-building, instrument-making, pulp and paper production, building materials production, food industry
2. Light industry –wool, leather and cashmere manufacturing
2. Mining
3. Agriculture (live-stock) – sheep, goat, cattle, horse
3.Agriculture (9,6% of GRP in 2005) – cattle-breeding and vegetable-growing
4. Tourism 4. Tourism
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Main ecological problems
Mongolia Russia (Buryatia)
The nature impact
Low precipitation, climate conditions – “White and Black Dzuds”, drought
The floods and mud-flows, climate change impacts, seasonal variations
The anthropogenic factors
Industrial wastes pollution, growing water demands for industrial and power use
Industrial wastes pollution, outdated water supply system and its inefficient operation
Mining –pollution, morphological changes, increased water use
Mining –pollution, morphological changes
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Main ecological problems
Mongolia Russia (Buryatia)
Urbanization processes, growing population, scarce wastewater treatment systems
Outdated water supply system and its inefficient operation, municipal wastes pollution
The soil erosion of plough land, decomposition processes, loss of nutrient balance, insufficient use of organic fertilizer, non-point sources
The soil degradation, reduction of biodiversity, decrease of plant-growing production, non-point sources
Deforestation, forest fires Environmentally harmful clear cutting method of forest extraction, forest fires
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The Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum preparation plant was closed in 1996. Now it is necessary 1 560 133,86
thousands rubles for elimination of consequences of this plant activities.
This measure is included in Federal Target Program “The preservation of the Lake Baikal and socio-economic development of Baikal Nature Territory” - today 500 million rubles is given from federal budget on this purpose.
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The small river Modonkul
The small river Kyahtinka
The quality of water is characterized as “extremely dirty”.
The main source of pollution are the municipal waste-water discharges.
The building for the purification of sewage in 2012-2013 is planned at the framework of the Federal Target Program “The Preservation of the Lake Baikal and socio-economic development of Baikal Nature Territory”. The cost of building 520,655 million rubles.
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Tourism is expected one of the main sectors of economy
in Mongolia and Buryatia
Since 1995 (nineteen ninety five) the Republic of Buryatia has seen tourism growth increase. Foreign tourism for the period 2003-2005 (twenty three-twenty five) rose by 36% (thirty six) per cent. The largest resources are located in regions bordering Lake Baikal.
Today the large-scale project of Special Economic Zone is building on the shore of Lake Baikal.
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The main uses for water resources in the Selenge River Basin
Water supply for the population, industry and agriculture
Drainage water discharge
Production of mineral resources, fishing, navigation and recreation
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Delta of the Selenge river – natural filter and indicator of the real ecological status
of the lake Baikal
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Russian Federation Water Laws and Regulation
• Federal Law “On the protection of Lake Baikal” (No 94, May 1st, 1999);
• Federal Law “On the protection of environment”(No 7, January,10th,2002);
• Federal Law “Water Code of Russian Federation” (No 74, June 3rd, 2006);
“Concept of Long-Term Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation to the year 2020”, produced by Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation, adopted by Government of Russian Federation 17.11.2008 No. 1662-p;
“Water Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020”, adopted by Government of Russian Federation 27.08.2009 No. 1235-p;
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The Regional Target Programs:
“The ecological safety of Republic of Buryatia 2009-2011 and till 2017”;
“The program of socio-economic development of Selenginski region of republic of Buryatia 2008–2012 and till 2017”;
The Republic Target program “The Clear Water of Republic of Buryatia 2009-2017”;
Measures for reconstruction of irrigated lands; The Program “Tourism and recreation in Republic of
Buryatia”; “The Scheme of complex use and protection of water
resources of Selenge river basin (Russian part)”
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