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Home Assignment TASK # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad. Name: Mohd Danish Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22 Enrollment No.: GB 1822 Course: M. Tech. Hydraulics Structure Semester: II

various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

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Page 1: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Home Assignment

TASK # 1

Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

Enrollment No.: GB 1822

Course: M. Tech. Hydraulics Structure

Semester: II

Subject: Hydropower Structures CE-617

Page 2: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

1. Introduction

Electricity can be generated using the kinetic energy of water, heat energy of the sun and

coal, or from the nuclear energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel. There are various

types of power plants that use one of the many resources available to generate electricity.

Energy is an important requirement for us. From running our air conditioners to fueling our

vehicles, our daily survival depends upon energy. Energy requirements have led countries to

war and continue to be a bone of contention between many nations. Insufficient power

(energy) supply is one of the main causes of crippling economies. Strong power generation

industry indicates strong economic growth and prosperity for any nation. Energy comes in

various forms. The most convenient of all of them is electrical energy. Not only is it easy to

generate, but it can also be generated through a number of different ways with the help of

different types of power plants. Although the word 'generated' is commonly used along with

the term 'energy', it is a fact that energy cannot be generated or destroyed. We can just change

the form of energy. At power plants too, energy that is available in a particular form is

converted into another form.

2. Types of Power Plants

2.1. Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear power plants work on the chemical process of fission. Nuclear reactors are used to

generate electricity. Fission is a type of nuclear reaction in which, when the atoms of certain

elements called nuclear fuels absorb free neutrons, they split into two or more small nuclei

and some free neutrons. In the process, large amount of energy is released. The free neutrons

further strike the atoms of other fissile materials, thus setting off a chain reaction. The energy

released from this chain reaction is harnessed to generate electricity. Nuclear power plants

have ways to control or stop these reactions when they seem to go out of control and become

threatening. The nuclear fuel used are Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239. Every country is in

the race of becoming capable of harnessing nuclear energy. It is so because the free energy

released by nuclear material is millions times more than that contained in an equal amount of

any other traditional fuel. However, what raises the concern about these reactions is that a lot

of radioactive material is created in the process. These substances remain radioactive for

long. This raises the problem of managing nuclear waste. Records show that there are about

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 3: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

435 working nuclear power plants in the world. Managing the 'used fuel' at the plants and

reducing the chances of threats involve high designing skills, extensive research and use of

advanced technology. Moreover, nuclear power stations should be able to sustain a terrorist

attack (large fires or explosions), as power stations are preferred targets of terrorist attacks.

Thus, the operating cost or cost of setting up a new nuclear plant is likely to shoot up rapidly

not only due to increasing costs of fuels but also due to the advanced technology required. As

of 16 January 2013, there were 390 nuclear power plants in operation. A typical Nuclear

Power plant is shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Nuclear Power Plant

2.2. Thermal Power Plants

These power plants generate electrical energy from thermal energy (heat). Since heat is

generated by burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, or natural gas, these are also

collectively referred to as the fossil fueled power plants. Coal power plants were the earliest

of the fossil power plants to have been built. Even today, coal is the most common fuel that is

used by thermal power stations. The heat generated by burning the fossil fuels is used to turn

a rotating machinery, most commonly a steam turbine or a gas turbine that changes the Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 4: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

thermal energy into mechanical energy. The rotating turbine is attached to an alternator that

coverts the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine into electrical energy. Handling and

disposal of ash plays an important role in maintaining the environmental balance. These days,

thermal power stations that use biomass or biofuel to generate electricity are being

constructed. A typical diagram of a Thermal Power Plants showing its various components is

given in fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Typical diagram of a coal fired thermal Power stationName: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 5: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

2.3. Hydro Power Plants

These plants use the kinetic energy of flowing water to produce electrical energy. Hydro

power plants store water in large reservoirs. Water in these reservoirs flow down the dam and

rotate a turbine. As the blades of a turbine turn, so do the magnets inside the generator which

is connected to the turbine. These magnets rotate past copper coils and with each rotation,

electricity is produced. There are more than 2,000 hydro power plants in the US, making it

the largest source of energy in the country. Despite their utility, their major drawback is that

they are highly dependent on the hydrological cycle of the area where they are built. Less

electricity is generated when the supply of water to the plant is insufficient. Some hydro

power stations were shut down due to shortage of water. Direct benefits of dams, reservoirs

and hydro power plants include increased availability of water for drinking and for crops,

improved irrigation, good employment opportunities and a better standard of living for the

villagers in the surrounding area. Construction of dams and hydro power plants results in

economic and social development of the local people. Reservoirs also promote fish farming

and ecotourism in the area. But, at the same time, people have to surrender their lands;

millions are displaced, as few villages, cities and towns are flooded due the dam. According

to the available records, the Three Gorges Dam shown in fig. 3 built on the river 'Yangtze' in

China is the world's largest hydro power project.

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 6: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

Fig. 3 Three Gorges Dam

2.4. Solar Power Plants

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic

(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). It uses lenses or mirrors and

tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic convert

light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Commercial concentrated solar power

plants were first developed in the 1980s. The installation 354 MW SEGS CSP is the largest

solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP

plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power

station (150 MW), both in Spain. The 200 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United

States, and the 214 MW Charanka Solar Parkin India are the world’s largest photovoltaic

plants. A photovoltaic power panels is shown ion fig. 4.

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 7: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

Fig. 4 Photovoltaic Power plant

2.5. Wind Plants

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as

using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps

for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. Large wind farms consist of hundreds

of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network.

Offshore wind farms can harness more frequent and powerful winds than are available to

land-based installations and have less visual impact on the landscape but construction costs

are considerably higher. Small onshore wind facilities are used to provide electricity to

isolated locations and utility companies increasingly buy surplus electricity produced by

small domestic wind turbines. Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is

plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during

operation and uses little land. Any effects on the environment are generally less problematic

than those from other power sources. As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 8: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

of its electricity from wind. 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a

commercial basis. In 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide

electricity usage, and growing rapidly at more than 25% per annum. The monetary cost per

unit of energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas

installations. Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation, the construction

of wind farms is not universally welcomed due to aesthetics. Wind power is very consistent

from year to year but has significant variation over shorter time scales. The intermittency of

wind seldom creates problems when used to supply up to 20% of total electricity demand, but

as the proportion increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant

conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess

capacity storage, geographically distributed turbines, dispatch able backing sources, storage

such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas

or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems. In

addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network to be readied for the predictable

variations in production that occur. A typical wind power plant and a diagram showing wind

machine are shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6 respectively.

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 9: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

Fig. 5 Wind Power Plant

2.6. Gas Plant

Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases (air and combustion

products) to directly operate the turbine. Natural-gas fuelled (and oil fueled) combustion

turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply "peak" energy during periods of high

demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded plants. These may be comparatively small

units, and sometimes completely unmanned, being remotely operated. This type was

pioneered by the UK, Princetown being the world's first, commissioned in 1959.

2.7. Tidal Plants

Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy

of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal

power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 10: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally

suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal

ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. However, many recent

technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal

power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow turbines),

indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously

assumed, and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive

levels. Historically, tide mills have been used, both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of

North America. The incoming water was contained in large storage ponds, and as the tide

went out, it turned waterwheels that used the mechanical power it produced to mill grain.  The

earliest occurrences date from the Middle Ages, or even from Roman times. It was only in the

19th century that the process of using falling water and spinning turbines to create electricity

was introduced in the U.S. and Europe. The world's first large-scale tidal power plant

(the Rance Tidal Power Station) became operational in 1966.

2.8. Geothermal Plants

Geothermal energy is used to generate electrucuty.. Technologies in use include dry steam

power plants, flash steam power plants and binary cycle power plants. Geothermal electricity

generation is currently used in 24 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70

countries. Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35

to 2,000 GW. Current worldwide installed capacity is 10,715 megawatts (MW), with the

largest capacity in the United States (3,086 MW), Philippines, and Indonesia. Geothermal

power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared with the

Earth's heat content. The emission intensity of existing geothermal electric plants is on

average 122 kg of CO2 per megawatt-hour (MW·h) of electricity, about one-eighth of a

conventional coal-fired plant.

2.9. Pumped Storage Plants

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) is a type of hydroelectric power generation used by

some power plants for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of potential

energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost off-

peak electric power is used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 11: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the

pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system

increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity

prices are highest. Pumped storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy

storage available, and, as of March 2012, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

reports that PSH accounts for more than 99% of bulk storage capacity worldwide,

representing around 127,000MW. PSH reported energy efficiency varies in practice between

70% and 80%, with some claiming up to 87%.

3. Data showing various power plants in India and Globally

Location of various types of power plants on the World map is shown in fig.7.

Fig. 7 Global Power Plant

List of various Power Plants in India is shown in fig. 8

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 12: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

Fig. 8 List of Power Plants in India

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822

Page 13: various hydroelectric power plants in india and abroad

Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.

List of Power Plants in India contd…

Name: Mohd Danish

Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22

En. No.: GB 1822