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TASK # 1
Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
Enrollment No.: GB 1822
Course: M. Tech. Hydraulics Structure
Semester: II
Subject: Hydropower Structures CE-617
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
1. Introduction
Electricity can be generated using the kinetic energy of water, heat energy of the sun and
coal, or from the nuclear energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel. There are various
types of power plants that use one of the many resources available to generate electricity.
Energy is an important requirement for us. From running our air conditioners to fueling our
vehicles, our daily survival depends upon energy. Energy requirements have led countries to
war and continue to be a bone of contention between many nations. Insufficient power
(energy) supply is one of the main causes of crippling economies. Strong power generation
industry indicates strong economic growth and prosperity for any nation. Energy comes in
various forms. The most convenient of all of them is electrical energy. Not only is it easy to
generate, but it can also be generated through a number of different ways with the help of
different types of power plants. Although the word 'generated' is commonly used along with
the term 'energy', it is a fact that energy cannot be generated or destroyed. We can just change
the form of energy. At power plants too, energy that is available in a particular form is
converted into another form.
2. Types of Power Plants
2.1. Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power plants work on the chemical process of fission. Nuclear reactors are used to
generate electricity. Fission is a type of nuclear reaction in which, when the atoms of certain
elements called nuclear fuels absorb free neutrons, they split into two or more small nuclei
and some free neutrons. In the process, large amount of energy is released. The free neutrons
further strike the atoms of other fissile materials, thus setting off a chain reaction. The energy
released from this chain reaction is harnessed to generate electricity. Nuclear power plants
have ways to control or stop these reactions when they seem to go out of control and become
threatening. The nuclear fuel used are Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239. Every country is in
the race of becoming capable of harnessing nuclear energy. It is so because the free energy
released by nuclear material is millions times more than that contained in an equal amount of
any other traditional fuel. However, what raises the concern about these reactions is that a lot
of radioactive material is created in the process. These substances remain radioactive for
long. This raises the problem of managing nuclear waste. Records show that there are about
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
435 working nuclear power plants in the world. Managing the 'used fuel' at the plants and
reducing the chances of threats involve high designing skills, extensive research and use of
advanced technology. Moreover, nuclear power stations should be able to sustain a terrorist
attack (large fires or explosions), as power stations are preferred targets of terrorist attacks.
Thus, the operating cost or cost of setting up a new nuclear plant is likely to shoot up rapidly
not only due to increasing costs of fuels but also due to the advanced technology required. As
of 16 January 2013, there were 390 nuclear power plants in operation. A typical Nuclear
Power plant is shown in fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Nuclear Power Plant
2.2. Thermal Power Plants
These power plants generate electrical energy from thermal energy (heat). Since heat is
generated by burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, or natural gas, these are also
collectively referred to as the fossil fueled power plants. Coal power plants were the earliest
of the fossil power plants to have been built. Even today, coal is the most common fuel that is
used by thermal power stations. The heat generated by burning the fossil fuels is used to turn
a rotating machinery, most commonly a steam turbine or a gas turbine that changes the Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
thermal energy into mechanical energy. The rotating turbine is attached to an alternator that
coverts the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine into electrical energy. Handling and
disposal of ash plays an important role in maintaining the environmental balance. These days,
thermal power stations that use biomass or biofuel to generate electricity are being
constructed. A typical diagram of a Thermal Power Plants showing its various components is
given in fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Typical diagram of a coal fired thermal Power stationName: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
2.3. Hydro Power Plants
These plants use the kinetic energy of flowing water to produce electrical energy. Hydro
power plants store water in large reservoirs. Water in these reservoirs flow down the dam and
rotate a turbine. As the blades of a turbine turn, so do the magnets inside the generator which
is connected to the turbine. These magnets rotate past copper coils and with each rotation,
electricity is produced. There are more than 2,000 hydro power plants in the US, making it
the largest source of energy in the country. Despite their utility, their major drawback is that
they are highly dependent on the hydrological cycle of the area where they are built. Less
electricity is generated when the supply of water to the plant is insufficient. Some hydro
power stations were shut down due to shortage of water. Direct benefits of dams, reservoirs
and hydro power plants include increased availability of water for drinking and for crops,
improved irrigation, good employment opportunities and a better standard of living for the
villagers in the surrounding area. Construction of dams and hydro power plants results in
economic and social development of the local people. Reservoirs also promote fish farming
and ecotourism in the area. But, at the same time, people have to surrender their lands;
millions are displaced, as few villages, cities and towns are flooded due the dam. According
to the available records, the Three Gorges Dam shown in fig. 3 built on the river 'Yangtze' in
China is the world's largest hydro power project.
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
Fig. 3 Three Gorges Dam
2.4. Solar Power Plants
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic
(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). It uses lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic convert
light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Commercial concentrated solar power
plants were first developed in the 1980s. The installation 354 MW SEGS CSP is the largest
solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP
plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power
station (150 MW), both in Spain. The 200 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United
States, and the 214 MW Charanka Solar Parkin India are the world’s largest photovoltaic
plants. A photovoltaic power panels is shown ion fig. 4.
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
Fig. 4 Photovoltaic Power plant
2.5. Wind Plants
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as
using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps
for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. Large wind farms consist of hundreds
of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network.
Offshore wind farms can harness more frequent and powerful winds than are available to
land-based installations and have less visual impact on the landscape but construction costs
are considerably higher. Small onshore wind facilities are used to provide electricity to
isolated locations and utility companies increasingly buy surplus electricity produced by
small domestic wind turbines. Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during
operation and uses little land. Any effects on the environment are generally less problematic
than those from other power sources. As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
of its electricity from wind. 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a
commercial basis. In 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide
electricity usage, and growing rapidly at more than 25% per annum. The monetary cost per
unit of energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas
installations. Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation, the construction
of wind farms is not universally welcomed due to aesthetics. Wind power is very consistent
from year to year but has significant variation over shorter time scales. The intermittency of
wind seldom creates problems when used to supply up to 20% of total electricity demand, but
as the proportion increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant
conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess
capacity storage, geographically distributed turbines, dispatch able backing sources, storage
such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas
or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems. In
addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network to be readied for the predictable
variations in production that occur. A typical wind power plant and a diagram showing wind
machine are shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6 respectively.
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
Fig. 5 Wind Power Plant
2.6. Gas Plant
Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases (air and combustion
products) to directly operate the turbine. Natural-gas fuelled (and oil fueled) combustion
turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply "peak" energy during periods of high
demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded plants. These may be comparatively small
units, and sometimes completely unmanned, being remotely operated. This type was
pioneered by the UK, Princetown being the world's first, commissioned in 1959.
2.7. Tidal Plants
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal
power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally
suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal
ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. However, many recent
technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal
power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow turbines),
indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously
assumed, and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive
levels. Historically, tide mills have been used, both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of
North America. The incoming water was contained in large storage ponds, and as the tide
went out, it turned waterwheels that used the mechanical power it produced to mill grain. The
earliest occurrences date from the Middle Ages, or even from Roman times. It was only in the
19th century that the process of using falling water and spinning turbines to create electricity
was introduced in the U.S. and Europe. The world's first large-scale tidal power plant
(the Rance Tidal Power Station) became operational in 1966.
2.8. Geothermal Plants
Geothermal energy is used to generate electrucuty.. Technologies in use include dry steam
power plants, flash steam power plants and binary cycle power plants. Geothermal electricity
generation is currently used in 24 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70
countries. Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35
to 2,000 GW. Current worldwide installed capacity is 10,715 megawatts (MW), with the
largest capacity in the United States (3,086 MW), Philippines, and Indonesia. Geothermal
power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared with the
Earth's heat content. The emission intensity of existing geothermal electric plants is on
average 122 kg of CO2 per megawatt-hour (MW·h) of electricity, about one-eighth of a
conventional coal-fired plant.
2.9. Pumped Storage Plants
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) is a type of hydroelectric power generation used by
some power plants for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of potential
energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost off-
peak electric power is used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the
pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system
increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity
prices are highest. Pumped storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy
storage available, and, as of March 2012, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
reports that PSH accounts for more than 99% of bulk storage capacity worldwide,
representing around 127,000MW. PSH reported energy efficiency varies in practice between
70% and 80%, with some claiming up to 87%.
3. Data showing various power plants in India and Globally
Location of various types of power plants on the World map is shown in fig.7.
Fig. 7 Global Power Plant
List of various Power Plants in India is shown in fig. 8
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
Fig. 8 List of Power Plants in India
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822
Task # 1 Write various types of power plants in India & Abroad.
List of Power Plants in India contd…
Name: Mohd Danish
Faculty No.: 12 CEM 22
En. No.: GB 1822