Webinar: Benchmark report comparing six Latin American public transport systems

Benchmark Report Comparing Six Latin American Public Transport Systems

Juan Carlos Muñoz, Marco Batarce, Ignacia Torres Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

June 2013

Goals of the study • Compare operational indicators of the transit systems (bus and

Metro) of Ciudad de México, Guadalajara, Bogotá, Lima, Porto Alegre and Santiago.

• Urbanized metropolitan areas were considered.

• Characterize the trips made during the morning rush

• Compare the real level of service offered to users for different trip characteristics (distance, transport modes, infrastructure, etc.)

• Assumptions

– Users take the fastest route

– Measure real level of service, not user perceptions

– Only formal and massive transport modes were analyzed

Description of the Study

• We collected 100 indicators from each city – Socio demographic

– Public Transport Operations

– Fares and payment mechanisms

– Contracts and payments to operators

– Infrastructure for public transport

– Vehicle characteristics

– Information for users

– User perception

Description

• Performance indicators were obtained from observation – They are hard to find in the literature

– A common methodology is needed for comparison

• Travel times

• Walking times

• Waiting times

• In-vehicle times

• Operational Speeds

• Frequencies

• Reliability

• Number of transfers

Methodology Generate a representative sample of 400 trips based on the public transport

OD Matrix

Determine the fastest itineraries for each of the 400 trips

Obtain the distance of each trip leg of each of the 400 trips

Measure operational speeds, frequencies and reliability of a subset of services in each city

Estimate in-vehicle, walking and waiting time for each of the 400 trips

Derive across-trips variability and within-trip variability

General Information

Cities

City Surface

(km2)

Population

(millions)

Density

(inhab/km2)

Income

(USD)

Trips

(millions)

Public Transport

Share

Santiago 955 5.9 6,153 450 9.5 60%

Mexico 2,884 12.1 4,204 501 21.5 69%

Guadalajara 351 3.7 10,616 453 5.7 48%

Porto Alegre 497 1.4 2,844 402 2.1 50%

Bogota 478 7.4 15,412 613 10.1 68%

Lima 2,817 9.3 3,301 307 12.1 78%

Bus Systems

City Bus firms BRT firms Other type of bus firms Bus fleet Segregated

corridors (km) Santiago 12 6,200 90

Mexico 1,100 8 1 57,900 328

Guadalajara 8 1 2 5,200 32

Porto 4 1 1,700 104

Bogota 67 6 15,700 106

Lima 312 4 4 25,100 27

Metro Systems

Santiago Guadalajara (Light train)

Mexico City

Peak-peridod Fare ($ USD) 1.3 0.5 0.2

Network Extension (km) 103 24 201

Headway (min) 2.4 5.0 2.7

Express services YES NO NO

Main Results

Main Results

• Santiago and Bogota offer comparatively high average speeds

– Door to door

– In-vehicle

– For a given distance category

• Longer trips take longer but enjoy faster average speeds

Travel Distance and Speed

0

5

10

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

Santiago Mexico Guadalajara Porto Alegre

Bogota Lima

Spee

d

Dist

ance

Travel distance (km) Average travel speed (km/h)

In-Vehicle Distance and Speed

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

5

10

15

20

Santiago Mexico Guadalajara Porto Alegre Bogota Lima

Spee

d

Di

stan

ce

In-vehicle distance (km) In-vehicle speed (km/h)

Distance and Speed for Trips between 5 and 10 km

0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

6.4

6.8

7.2

7.6

8.0

Santiago Mexico Guadalajara Porto Alegre

Bogota Lima

Spee

d

Dist

ance

Travel distance (km) Average travel speed (km/h)

In-Vehicle Speed by Mode

City Bus

(km/h) Metro (km/h)

BRT (km/h)

All (km/h)

Santiago 17.1 33.4 23.9 Mexico 8.8 21.1 13.9 17.4 Guadalajara 15.4 26.0 16.1 Porto Alegre 17.0 17.0 Bogota 16.3 27.2 19.0 Lima 16.0 16.0

Main Results

• In Santiago travel time variability among different trips of similar length is the lowest, the highest is in Mexico City. This is indicative of equity.

– Due to an integrated system in Santiago in which each user can access the system through the fastest possible route for the same fare

• In most systems the variability of waiting times for bus services was quite high. In Metro was almost zero. This is indicative of reliability. The lowest were in Lima, Porto Alegre and Santiago.

Travel Time

0

20

40

60

80

100


Travel time (min) City variability (min) Individual variability (min)

Travel Time for Trips between 5 and 10 km

0

20

40

60

80


Travel time (min) City variability (min) Individual variability (min)

In-Vehicle Time

0

20

40

60

80


In-vehicle time (min) City variability (min) Individual variability (min)

In-Vehicle Time for Trips between 5 and 10 km

0

15

30

45


In-vehicle time (min) City variability (min) Individual variability (min)

Main results

• In Santiago, Guadalajara and Porto Alegre waiting time is higher than that in other cities.

• In Bogotá, Lima and Ciudad de México waiting time is smaller since a large fraction of services (90%) are unregulated.

• These systems operate larger fleets and high frequencies (55,000 in Ciudad de México, 25,000 in Lima and 13,000 in Bogotá; in Santiago only 6.000)

Travel Time Composition

0

25

50

75

100


Tim

e (m

in)

In-vehicle Waiting Walking

Waiting Time

0

5

10

15


Waiting time (min) City variability (min) Individual variability (min)

Travel Time Composition for Trips between 5 and 10 km

0

15

30

45

60

75


Tim

e (m

in)

In-vehicle Waiting Walking

Waiting Time for Trips between 5 and 10 km

0

4

8

12

16


Waiting time (min) City variability (min) Individual variability (min)

• Waiting time increases because users cannot bord the first arriving bus – In the case of trunk services, average waiting time

increases 55% – In the case of feeder services, 29%

Waiting Time in Santiago

Percentage of users that can take the…

1st bus 2nd bus 3th bus 4th bus 5th bus

Feeder 77.0% 16.6% 6.4% 0.0% 0.0%

Trunk 67.4% 16.1% 12.0% 3.2% 1.2%

Bus Systems

Santiago Bogota Guadalajara Mexico City Porto Alegre Lima

Bus firms 12 67 8 1,100 4 312

BRT firms 6 1 8 4

Other type of bus firms 2 1 1 4

Bus fleet 6,200 15,700 5,200 57,900 1,700 25,100

Bus segregated corridors(km) 90 106 32 328 104 27

Main results

• The walking times in Santiago and Mexico City are also quite high.

• In Santiago the average distance to access the first vehicle is 383 m, versus 340 m in Lima and 209 m in Bogotá.

• This is partly explained by buses in Santiago stopping only at designated stops.

• Bogotá has low walking times

Walking Time

0

5

10

15


Walking time (min) City variability (min)

Walking Time for Trips between 5 and 10 km

0

4

8

12

16


Walking time (min) City variability (min)

Santiago vs Bogotá

• Santiago and Bogotá have similar populations and average trip length

• Operational speed for each trip length category is also similar

• Average door to door speed in Bogotá is 13.4 km/h while Santiago´s is 14.5 km/h

• However… both cities have followed a very different paths

– Santiago: 100 kms of Metro, declining transit modal share

– Bogotá: 100 kms of BRT, stable? transit modal share • High capacity buses, segregated corridors, extra-vehicular payment

Travel Time in Santiago and Bogota

0

20

40

60

80

100

2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25

Trav

el ti

me

(min

)

Travel distance (km)

Bogota Santiago

Main Results

• In Santiago, speed in segregated corridors is significatively higher than that in mixed-traffic roads

• For instance, speed is 25 km/h in segregated corridors, and 15 km/h in mixed traffic roads

Operation Speed according to Infrastructure

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

Mixed Traffic Only-Bus lane

Segregated corridor

BRT (Bogota)

Metro Express in Highway

Spee

d (k

m/h

)

Main Results

• An additional conclusion, which is obtained from the comparison process, is that the information availability is very heterogeneous

Additional Observations

Number of Trip Legs

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Santiago México Guadalajara Porto Alegre Bogotá Lima

Bus Metro BRT

Average Fare

City Average fare (USD) Average fare per distance

(USD/km) Santiago 1.37 0.12 Mexico 0.68 – 1.34 0.04 – 0.07 Guadalajara 0.68 0.08 Porto Alegre 1.64 0.19 Bogota 1.66 0.14 Lima 0.24 – 1.62 0.05 -0.08

Benchmark Report Comparing Six Latin American Public Transport Systems

Juan Carlos Muñoz, Marco Batarce, Ignacia Torres Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

June 2013

Detailed Analysis of Santiago (in Spanish)

Distribución de Viajes por Distancia

0%

2%

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6%

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10%

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14%

2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 Más

Frec

uenc

ia

Longitud de viaje (km)

Etapas de Viaje

0.0

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Etap

as

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Bus Metro

Etapas Totales = 2.29 Etapas Bus = 1.33 Etapas Metro = 0.96

Distancia de Viaje en Vehículo

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Dist

anci

a en

Veh

ícul

o

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Bus Metro

Distancia Total= 11.4 km Distancia Bus = 4.8 km Distancia Metro = 6.5 km

Composición del Tiempo de Viaje

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po (m

in)

Longitud de viaje (km) Trips Caminata Espera En vehículo

Caminata= 13.8 min Espera = 8.6 min En vehículo = 28.5 min

Tiempo de Viaje Total y Variabilidad Individual

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e vi

aje

(min

)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Tpo. de Viaje

Media = 50.7 min Des. Est. = 5.0 min

Tiempo de Viaje en Vehículo y Variabilidad Individual

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po e

n ve

hícu

lo (m

in)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Tpo. en Vehículo


Tiempo de Espera y Variabilidad Individual

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e es

pera

(min

)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Tpo. de Espera


Tiempo de Viaje Total

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e vi

aje

(min

)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Tiempo de Viaje


Tiempo en Vehículo

0

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90

0%

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14%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po e

n ve

hícu

lo (m

in)



Tiempo de Espera

0

5

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25

0%

2%

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14%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e es

pera

(min

)



Tiempo de Caminata

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e ca

min

ata

(min

)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Tpo. Caminando


Detailed Analysis of Bogota (in Spanish)

Distribución de Viajes por Distancia en Bogotá

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2%

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16%

18%

2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 Más

Frec

uenc

ia

Longitud de viaje (km)

Etapas de Viaje en Bogotá

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18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Etap

as

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Bus BRT

Etapas Totales = 1.85 Etapas Bus = 1.41 Etapas BRT = 0.43

Distancia de Viaje en Vehículo en Bogotá

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Dist

anci

a en

veh

ícul

o (k

m)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Bus BRT

Distancia Total= 11.5 km Distancia Bus = 7.3 km Distancia BRT = 4.1 km

Composición del Tiempo de Viaje en Bogotá

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po (m

in)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Caminata Espera Vehículo

Caminata= 8.6 min Espera = 4.8 min En vehículo =36.2 min

Tiempo de Viaje Total y Variabilidad Individual en Bogotá

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2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e vi

aje

(min

)



Tiempo de Viaje en Vehículo y Variabilidad Individual en Bogotá

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18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po e

n ve

hícu

lo (m

in)



Tiempo de Espera y Variabilidad Individual en Bogotá

0

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6%

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16%

18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e es

pera

(min

)



Tiempo de Viaje Total en Bogotá

0

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200

0%

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6%

8%

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18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e vi

aje

(min

)



Tiempo en Vehículo en Bogotá

0

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180

0%

2%

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6%

8%

10%

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18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po e

n ve

hícu

lo (m

in)



Tiempo de Espera en Bogotá

0

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12

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

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16%

18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e es

pera

(min

)


Media =4.8 min Des. Est. = 2.3 min

Tiempo de Caminata en Bogotá

0

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0%

2%

4%

6%

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16%

18%

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Más

Tiem

po d

e ca

min

ata

(min

)

Longitud de viaje (km) Viajes Tpo. Caminando

Media =8,56min Des. Est. =2,16min

Technology

Webinar: Benchmark report comparing six Latin American public transport systems