-- Enzymes ---------

Enzymes

Enzyme Active Site• Amino acid side chains interact, metal ions,• Various types of polar, non-polar, ionic interactions

Enzyme Active Site• Amino acid side chains interact, metal ions,• Various types of polar, non-polar, ionic interactions

Enzymes• Lock and Key Analogy: lock = enzyme, key = substrate.

Enzymes• Lock and Key Analogy: lock = enzyme, key = substrate.

Induced Fit Theory• Enzyme is not rigid, changes shape with substrate.

Induced Fit Theory• Enzyme is not rigid, changes shape with substrate.

Enzymes - Cofactors• Coenzymes (contain a vitamin) or metal ion

Enzymes - Cofactors• Metal ions present in trace amounts

Enzymes - Cofactors• Metal ions present in trace amounts

Enzyme Cofactors• Coenzyme - non protein organic, maybe a vitamin.

Enzyme Cofactors• Coenzyme - non protein organic, maybe a vitamin.

Enzyme Cofactors• Coenzyme - non protein organic, maybe a vitamin.

Enzymes

Enzymes - Activity• Temperature and pH effect enzyme action

Enzymes - Activity• Temperature and pH effect enzyme action

Enzymes - Activity• Enzyme and substrate concentrations

Enzymes - Inhibitors• Nonspecific - denaturation, pH, temperature

Enzyme Inhibitors• Noncompetitive

Enzyme Inhibitors• Competive - mimic substrate, may block active site, but may

dislodge it.

Enzyme Inhibitors• Competive - mimic substrate, may block active site, but

may dislodge it.

Enzyme Inhibitors

Enzyme Inhibitors• Irreversible - covalently binds to active site

Enzyme Inhibitors• Regulator or feedback - used to control a sequence of reactions - reaction product may block initial enzyme.

Enzyme Inhibitors• Regulator or feedback - used to control a sequence of reactions - reaction product may block initial enzyme.

Enzyme Inhibitors

Enzyme Inhibitors

Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors• Drug mimics some natural chemical to block enzyme.

Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors• Drug mimics some natural chemical to block enzyme.