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A Populous Now: Adapting Pensions to
Changing Demographics
Plenary II The retirement challenge: bridging the generations
Association of Canadian Pension Management September 10-12, 2013, Ottawa
René Beaudry
Partner, Normandin Beaudry Member of the Expert Committee on the Future of
the Québec Retirement System
2
Financial Situation of Plans under the RRQ’s Supervision
Solvency deficits • $22G as at December 31, 2010 • $37G as at December 31, 2011 • $41G as at December 31, 2012
Median solvency ratio
Source: Régie des rentes du Québec
93%
72%
77%
80%
74% 73%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Status quo is not an option
3
What happened?
• Demography • Lower interest rates • Stock market returns • Use of plan surplus
– Contribution holidays – Plan improvements
4
We Live Longer, We Retire Earlier
Life expectancy at age 65:
13 years Retirement
age 65 46 years of working life Age 19 1970
2009 Age 22 38 years of working life Retirement age 60
Life expectancy at age 60:
23 years
Sources: Ministère des Finances et de l’Économie du Québec, Institut de la statistique du Québec, Régie des rentes du Québec and Statistics Canada.
Childhood and schooling Working life Retirement
5
We Retire Earlier
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Age
Evolution of retirement ages (1)
CanadaQuébec
60,1
61,6
(1) 5-year moving averages Source: Statistics Canada
6
We Retire Earlier Retirement ages by province and by sector
• Earlier retirement in Quebec than in the rest of Canada • Earlier retirement in public sector plans
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
En années
Femmes
Hommes
2,9 années
4,7 années
We Live Longer
18.9 years
21.8 years
Source: Canadian Human Mortality Database and Institut de la statistique du Québec.
Life Expectancy by Gender at Age 65
OAS at 70 CPP
OAS at 65
Years
4.7 years
2.9 years
8
We Live Longer
• Louis Adam, Université Laval – Mortality study based on CPP and QPP members – Mortality improvements in Canada will be higher than currently
anticipated • Leveraged impact of mortality improvements
Before Mortality
Improvement
After Mortality
Improvement
Assets $80M $80M
Liabilities $100M $108M
Surplus/(deficit) ($20M) ($28M)
40% increase in deficit payments
8% increase in liabilities
9
A balance for an overall solution
Vision
Objectives
Values
Principles
Recommendations
Viable Retirement
System for Quebec
Financial Security
at Retirement
Sustainable Retirement
System
Inter- generational
Equity Transparency Accountability
In Line with True Costs
Pooling Flexible Legal
Framework
Diversity of income sources
10
Recommendations
Return to Financial Reality
Enhance Governance and
Flexibility
Reduce Deficiencies
through Restructuring
Reinventing the Role of Personal Savings
Longevity Pension: Additional
Financial Security
11
Odds of Surviving from ages 65 to 95
Year Men Women
2009 9% 17%
2036 15% 28%
12
Reinventing the Role of Personal Savings
QPP OAS
Private initiatives
Salary
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Source: Régie des rentes du Québec
$ ,
,
,
,
,
,
13
Reinventing the Role of Personal Savings
With postponement of public pensions
QPP
OAS Private
initiatives Salary
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Source: Régie des rentes du Québec
$ ,
,
,
,
,
,
14
Reinventing the Role of Personal Savings
• Favor diversification of retirement income sources by optimizing their use
• Quick implementation of Voluntary Retirement Savings Plans (VRSP)
• Allow variable withdrawals from defined contribution plans, based on the life income fund (LIF) model
• Allow earlier withdrawals of locked-in retirement savings on and after age 60 and contributions to RRSPs until age 75
15
Recommendations
Return to Financial Reality
Enhance Governance and
Flexibility
Reduce Deficiencies
through Restructuring
Reinventing the Role of
Personal Savings
Longevity Pension:
Additional Financial Security
16
17
Ratio of the number of people aged 15 to 24 to those aged 55 to 64
(Source: Statistics Canada, 2012: 9 Figure 5)
18
Longevity Pension In a Nutshell
• Pension equal to 0.5% of salary up to the Yearly Maximum Pensionable Earnings (YMPE) for each year of contribution
• Payable as of age 75 – Appropriate place for private savings between
ages 60 and 75
19
Longevity Pension In a Nutshell
• Plan cost prudently valued and funded – Funding rate of 3.3% of salaries shared equally between
workers and employers • Total contributions would be roughly $4 billion/year
– Additional contributions estimated at $2 billion because of reallocation for members of group plans
– Forced coordination for public sector plans • Limited impact on Québec’s GDP
– 0,08% to 0,13% per year (phased-in over five years)
20
Longevity Pension Its Advantages
• Efficient management of savings – Low administration costs and investment management
fees – Professional management
• Pooling of longevity risk • Reduces pressure on defined benefit plans • Reduces the gap between workers who benefit from a
defined benefit plan and those who do not • Intergenerational equity
21
Longevity Pension The Better Option
Six reasons why the Longevity Pension is the better option • New reality
– LP: Designed for today’s demographic reality • Benefit
– QPP2: Several types of benefits – LP: Retirement pension only
22
Longevity Pension The Better Option
• Cost – QPP2: Payable as of age 65 – LP: Payable as of age 75
• Cross-subsidization – QPP2: QPP is under-financed; additional benefits would
inevitably increase intergenerational transfers – LP: Fully-funded and independent from QPP; new
contributions would exclusively be used for the new benefits
23
Longevity Pension The Better Option
• Relevance of employer plans – QPP2: significant increase in public pension could make
employer plans less relevant – LP: leaves room for personal savings, employer plans and
personal choices • Early retirement
– QPP2: 2/3 of Quebecers begin their pension by age 62 – LP: neutral with respect to retirement age
24
Sources of Income at Retirement Current System
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
$
Salary Private initiatives
OAS
QPP
Source: Régie des rentes du Québec
,
,
,
,
,
,
25
Sources of Income at Retirement System with Longevity Pension
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
$
Salary Private initiatives
OAS
QPP
Longevity Pension
Source: Régie des rentes du Québec
,
,
,
,
,
,
26
Recommendations
Return to Financial Reality
Enhance Governance and
Flexibility
Reduce Deficiencies
through Restructuring
Reinventing the Role of
Personal Savings
Longevity Pension: Additional
Financial Security
27
Return to Financial Reality D
isco
unt r
ate
Member’s age Retirement age
Based on corporate bond
yields
Active period rate Retired period rate (current)
Retired period rate (proposed)
Based on expected
return
« Enhanced Funding » Discount Rate
28
Recommendations
Return to Financial Reality
Enhance Governance
and Flexibility
Reduce Deficiencies
through Restructuring
Reinventing the Role of
Personal Savings
Longevity Pension: Additional
Financial Security
29
Enhance Governance and Flexibility
• Separate accounts for active members and retirees – The two groups of members clearly have very different
characteristics – Investment policy tailored to each separate account – Possible to make changes to one group’s provisions
without impacting the other group’s financial position • Annuity purchases
– Permit transfer of liability to the insurance company
30
Recommendations
Return to Financial Reality
Enhance Governance and
Flexibility
Reduce Deficiencies
through Restructuring
Reinventing the Role of
Personal Savings
Longevity Pension: Additional
Financial Security
31
Reduce Deficiencies through Restructuring
• 5-year period that would allow parties to – Adapt their defined benefit plan to the new economic and
demographic realities – Attain a balance between security and affordability
• While respecting – Negociation/discussion processes – Intergenerational equity – Protection of basic pension and pensions in payment
• Typically, the basic pension represents only 50% to 70% of the total plan cost
32
Reduce Deficiencies through Restructuring
Typical current service cost breakdown (Plan indexed according to inflation minus 1%)
50%
10%
11% 7% 4%
18% Indexation
Survivor pension Bridge benefit Early retirement subsidy before age 65
3-year final average salary
Basic career average pension formula payable as of age 65
Source: Régie des rentes du Québec
33
To Remember
• Status quo is not an option • We live longer, we retire earlier • We can reinvent the role of personal savings for retirement • The Longevity Pension will pool the longevity risk • We need to return to financial reality • We need to enhance the flexibility in managing pension assets
and liabilities • We need to allow willing employees and employers to
restructure their pension plans
Appendix
35
Public Plans
Gross replacement ratio at age 65 from public plans
Salary as a % of average salary 50% 100% 150%
Quebec 82% 47% 32%
Canada 77% 44% 30%
G7 Average 56% 44% 38%
OECD Average 57% 42% 37% Sources: OECD 2008 study and Régie des rentes du Québec
Insufficient coverage for those earning average or above average salaries
36
Insufficient Retirement Savings Coverage breakdown of Quebec workers
One out of two workers are not covered by any type of group savings plan
4 million Quebec workers
of workers are not covered by any group
savings plan
of workers are covered by a group
savings plan
35% defined benefit 4% defined contribution 14% other
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