Ayurvet knowledge symposium (19.10.2013)

Prof. Anil Kumar SrivastavaDirector

National Dairy Research Institute

Karnal-132001 (India)

Integrated Livestock Production

for Sustainable Development

Ayurvet Knowledge Symposium, New Delhi; October 19, 2013

Prime Strengths in Livestock Sector

In World, India Ranks

First in milk production

Third in egg production

Sixth in Broiler production

First in buffalo population

Second in cattle & goat population

Third in sheep population

Seventh in poultry population

And Offers livelihood and nutritional security

to 350 million (70 million rural households)

Livestock Wealth

SpeciesPopulation (million) Growth rate

(%)2003 2007

Cattle 185.18 199.08 1.83

Buffaloes 98.00 105.34 1.84

Total bovine 283.00 304.42 1.83

Sheep 61.00 71.56 3.87

Goat 124.00 140.54 3.10

Horse & Ponnies 0.75 0.61 -4.98

Camel 0.63 0.52 -4.83

Pigs 13.52 11.13 -4.74

Mule 0.18 0.14 -6.58

Donkey 0.65 0.44 -9.40

Yak 0.06 0.08 8.51

Total Livestock 485.00 529.70 2.23

Poultry 489.01 648.88 7.33

We Produce…

Milk- 127.9 million MT

(Growth rate in last year 5%)

Egg- 66.45 billion No.

Wool- 44.7 million kg

( Growth rate in last year 4%)

Meat- 5.5 million MT

Cereals Pulses Fruits &Vegetables

Milk Meat Eggs

Growth in Value of Output

(% Annual Average) – 2011-12

Major Three Production Systems

• Low input – low output (pastoral system)

• Medium input – medium output (crop-livestock

system)

• Intensive input – high output (intensive or commercial

system)

Pastoral System

• Herds of livestock are

maintained and kept on

migration for more than six

months in a year due to

paucity of feed and fodder in

their native habitat.

• Income mainly from sale of

milk, penning charges

(keeping the herd in

agricultural fields for soil

enrichment) and sale of

animals.

Crop-Livestock System

• Few heads of livestock

along with their followers

are reared. Majority of

indigenous or non-

descript animals are

reared under this system.

• Animals are kept mainly

on grazing in addition to

small amount of stall

feeding with green fodder,

concentrate, crop residue

or kitchen waste. The

dung produced is used as

fuel and manure for crops.

Intensive System

• The commercial or intensive

livestock production system is

gaining momentum.

• High producing animals are

kept on stall feeding and good

facilities are provided to them

for breeding, health and

management.

• Performance recording and

proper marketing channels to

ensure high income.

Five Major Livestock in India

(Million)

Cattle,199.1

Buffalo, 105.3

Sheep, 71.6

Goat, 140.5

Pig, 11.1

Other Livestock, 2.1

Cattle - 37.6% Sheep - 13.5% Pig - 2.1%

Buffalo - 19.9% Goat - 26.5% Other Species - 0.4%

Categorization of Indian Cattle Population

Categorization of Indian Buffalo Population

Scenario is Changing

Traditional Intensive

From Traditional to Intensive

• Traditionally, livestock production in India has been part

of mixed farming systems, which had a high degree of

environmental sustainability.

• In recent years, small, medium and large-scale capital

intensive production systems are emerging; the

environmental sustainability of these modern systems

are uncertain.

Livestock Population is Increasing

• Increased production of livestock products is mainly due

to increasing population than increased productivity.

1951 1961 1972 1982 1992 2003 2007

Cattle Buffalo

Increasing Land Degradation …

• Out of total geographical

area of 328.73 mha,

about 120.40 mha is

affected by various kind

of land degradation

• Annual soil loss of about

5.3 billion tonnes

through erosion.

Deficient in Feeds and Fodders

Fodder

Requirement

(Million MT)

Availability

(Million MT)

Deficiency

Green fodder * 1061.00 395.20 62.76

Dry fodder * 589.00 451.00 23.46

Concentrate # 56 36 35

* Report of the working group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying for the

11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, GOI

# NIANP, Bengaluru

Policy Changes

The current policy emphasis on use of grains for bio-

fuel production

Issues in Livestock Feeding

About 52 and 11% of the maize produced is utilized as

poultry and cattle feed, respectively, however, till date we

are not able to meet the requirement of livestock industry.

The grains like maize, rape seed and soyabean are likely

to be diverted towards production of bio-fuels, which will

reduce their availability for livestock feeding.

The entire feed and fodder transport system is based on

availability of cheap fuel, which is no longer a guarantee.

Issues in Waste Management

• When the manure (animal waste) supply is located close

to crops, it is easily available for cropland and its

nutrients are recycled for use in food production.

• But in specialized crop or livestock production where

livestock production is separated from crops, this

recycling is limited.

• Transport of manure to far away places increases the

production cost besides difficulties in handling and

transporting wet manure.

• Similarly, bringing the fodder and crop residues from far

places to the livestock farm increases the livestock

production cost.

How to Sustain Livestock Production?

In situ Resource Management

• A livestock production system that depends on imported

feed will never be sustainable.

• In situ feed resource management is an essential part of

sustainable livestock production.

• Recycling of agricultural byproducts as animal feed

• Use of manure in place of chemical fertilizers.

• Conservation of soil-born microorganisms (organic

manure encourage growth of useful microorganisms

present in the soil).

Sustainable Livestock Production should have

• Decreased dependence on fossil fuel-based inputs.

• Little negative impact on natural resources.

• Fulfill supply‐demand interactions.

• Generate in situ resources for inputs.

• Improve soils through recycling local products like livestock

manure.

• More environment friendly use of wastes.

• More integrated mode of production.

Integrated Livestock Production Models

• In some cases, livestock production system is causing

degradation by over grazing, deforestation, biodiversity

loss, land and water pollution and increases in

unwelcome gaseous emissions.

• The area and fertility levels of common grazing lands

have declined due to over stocking and soil erosion.

• The prices of food-feed crops are likely to increase at

faster rates than the prices of livestock products.

Some Important Facts

Human-Crop-Livestock-Environment Interaction

Source: FAO

Integrated Crop-Livestock-Fish Production

Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre

• Upland paddy

• Maize

Horticulture

• Leechi

• Guaua

• Papaya

Livestock

• Dairy cattle

• Pig

• Chicken

• Duck

• Rabbit

• Rohu

• Catla

• Mrigal

Coconut

Dairy unit

Integrated Dairy-Crop Production

Banana

Green pea

Manure from dairy:

fertilizing the field

Paddy straw:

feeding & bedding

of cattle

Terrace raisers &

bunds: fodder

grass for feeding

Integrated Dairy- Squash Production

at Farmer’s Field

Dairy unit

Squash

Manure and shed washings: channelized to fertilize the squash crop

Squash: for household consumption and sale

Leaves and wines: for feeding cows and pigs

No external fertilizer application Shipir area, Mizoram

Integrated Dairy-Fish System

Manure from dairy: fertilizing

the pond

Pond bunds: fodder grass for

feeding cattle

Pond water: washing of dairy

Fish: household consumption

& sale

Imphal, Manipur

Passion fruit

Papaya +Citrus

Vermicompost

DairyGuava

Integrated Livestock-Horticulture

Manure from dairy:

fertilizing the cropped

area Vermicomposting

Bunds: fodder grass for

feeding cattle

Guava & Passion fruit:

household consumption

& sale

Passion fruit peals:

feeding pigs

Recycling of on Farm Renewable Resources

for Nutrient Supplementation

Dairy-Agri-Horti- Silvi- Pastoral Land Use System

Livestock: Dairy cattle

Agri: Maize, soybean

Horti: Banana

Silvi: Teak

Pastoral: Congo signal,

setaria guinea grass

Integrated Goat-Fish-Crop Production

• Manure from goat: fertilizing the

cropped area

• fertilization of fish pond

• crop residue: feeding goats

• Bunds: grass for goat

• Pond water: washing of goat

• Fish: household consumption &

Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya

Integrated Crop-Fish-Duck Production

• Ducks: fertilizing the fish

• Fish: household

consumption & sale

• Ducks & eggs: household

consumption & sale

• Pond slurry: fertilizing the

cropped area

Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya

Integrated Rice-Pig-Duck-Fish Culture

Low land rice

Duck Fish

Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram

Successful Livestock-Crop-Fish Integration

at Farmer’s Field

Not only at research

stations but also at

farmer’s field the

integrated crop:

livestock-fish models

perform well

Additional advantages:

• Reduced soil loss

• Water harvesting for use

during lean season

• In situ resource

management

• Sustainable

Nongpoh area, Meghalaya

Farming system B:C ratio

Chicken-crop-fish-duck-horticulture 2.24

Crop-fish-poultry-MPTs 2.12

Crop-fish-goat-MPTs 2.40

Crop-fish-pig-MPTs-vermiculture 1.85

Crop-fish-dairy-mushroom-liquid

manure-horticulture-vermiculture2.38

Crop and fishery (without integration) 1.50

Benefit – Cost Ratio

Advantages of Integrated

Crop-livestock System

Reduces the use of chemical fertilizers, harmful

agrochemicals and pesticides to provide pollution free,

healthy produce and environment at large.

In 1970-71, dung manure accounted for about 43% of

the total value of manure and fertilizers used in

agriculture, which declined drastically to 23% in 1980-

81 and to about 13% during the 1990s.

In 1966-67, the consumption of nitrogenous (N),

phosphatic (P), potassic (K) fertilizers was only 1.1

million tonnes, while the corresponding figure in 2010-

11 was 28.1 million tones.

Advantages

• Rejuvenation / amelioration of productivity system and

achieve agro ecological equilibrium.

• Mixed farming helps to maintain soil fertility and makes

judicious utilization of all resources.

• Involves recycling of waste, by-products of one farming

system as input for another system.

• Efficient utilization of available farming space for

maximum production.

Positive Effects of Integration

• Reduction in soil loss

• Sustaining soil microbes and fertility

• Increased income

• Contingency during failure of one system

• Environment friendly

Summary

• The positive links between livestock and environment

under mixed farming systems are well known.

• The high level of integration between crops and

livestock provides incentives for internalizing many

input resources and environmental impacts on

livestock production system.

• Intensified animal production systems can impact

adversely on economic and social fabric of farming

community and environment.

Summary

• Diversified nature of mixed farming systems helps to

conserve a wide variety of plant and animal biodiversity

and serves as a buffer against environmental

degradation.

• Manure is used as organic fertilizers, resulting in a

better balance of soil nutrients and crop residues are

used as feed.

• Integrated crop-livestock system reduces the cost of

production of both crop and livestock.

• Through the integrated livestock production model, the

farm family could earn 2 to 2.25 fold higher net income

return as compared to the single component system.

“Waste is NOT waste…

but misplaced resource…”

Thank You

Ayurvet knowledge symposium (19.10.2013)

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