Energy-efficient ship case studies

Peaceboat Charrette Case studies, energy-efficiency opportunities, key cost

indicators and water and electricity end-use

Hamburg, 22 April 2014

Ships (case studies)

owner Carnival Corporationyard Financtieracapacity 1848 passengers

engine 3x 16 cylinder + 2 x 12 cylinder Sulzer ZAV40S diesel engines (Wärtsilä) + GELM2500 gas turinbe

propulsion 2x 17.62MW ABB Azipodestimated cost ~$400M

HAL MS Oosterdam

owner Celebrity Cruisesyard MeyerWerftcapacity 2852 passengersengine 4x Wärtsilä 16V46 diesel enginepropulsion 2x 20.5MW ABB Azipodestimated cost ~$750M (Wikipedia)

Celebrity Eclipse

owner Scandlinesdesign FutureShip (GL company)capacity 1500 people, 96 trucksengine 8300kW fuel cells

2400kWh battery, to keep fuel cells at constant power outputfuel storage 140mestimated cost n/a

Scandlines zero-emissions ferry (to be constructed)

Viking Line’s Viking Grace

owner Viking Lineyard STX Finlandcapacity 2800 passengers, 1275m trucks, 500m passenger cars, 880 cabinsengine dual fuel engines (HFO, diesel or LNG) (Wärtsilä)fuel storage 2 x 200mcontrol system ABB EMMAestimated cost €240M

Ethereal

owner n/ayard Royal Huisman Shipyardscapacity 12 passengers + 10 crewengine 2x ~650kW diesel enginesfuel storage 46m3 for dieselgenerators 90kW, PF=0.8 + 155kW, PF=0.8estimated cost n/a

Lessons learned during study of USS Princeton

Retrofit opportunities aboard USS Princeton (1/2)

• Improve motor, pump, and fan efficiency via whole-system design.

• Use VSDs on variable loads.

• Improve duct and pipe pressure drops and entering/leaving conditions.

• Improve power factor and understanding of its importance.

• Improve electrical power generation efficiency.

• Improve propulsion power efficiency.

• Improve pumping efficiency.

• Improve fan efficiency.

• Improve space cooling systems equipment and operations.

• Thermal integration, reusing “waste” heat for space heating, refrigeration, flash evaporation for potable water, laundry, cooking.

• Improve energy efficiency of potable water production.

• Improve lighting efficiency and quality.

• Improve air compressor efficiency.

• Upgrade systems sensors, monitoring and controls.

Retrofit opportunities aboard USS Princeton (2/2)

Technologies Limited number—other speakers will elaborate

Propulsion: skysails

Skysails deploys kites up to 320m2 to reduce fuel consumption of cargo ships.

Propulsion: flettner rotor

E-Ship1, owned by wind turbine manufacturer Enercon, uses Flettner rotors. The cylinders are rotated by a motor (not the wind!) and create a force perpendicular to the direction of the wind (called the Magnus effect).

Hull: robotic shape

Protei is an oil-cleaning sailboat with a shape-shifting hull, leading to a lower loss when the ship’s nose turns through the wind.

Key cost indicators

type value unit

Fuel Natural Gas 700 $/ton

Energy content 55 MJ/kg

Efficiencies four-stroke 0.35

two-stroke 0.5

generator 0.9

Capital engine 828 $/kW

generator 414 $/kW

amortization period 30 years

hours of operation/year 2000 hours

Calculation 4.81 kWhe/kg fuel

fuel cost 0.15 $/kWh

capital 0.02 $/kWh

1kWh of delivered electricity 0.17 $/kWh

Delivered electricity costs

Potable water coststype value unit

On-shore water Europe 4.1 $/m3

South America 25 $/m3

Flash evaporation 13.8 $/m3

Reversed osmosis 6.9 $/m3

Space-cooling coststype value unit explanation

COP 3.00System efficiency 0.33 kWhe/kWh thermal

Power requirement thermal 3.52 kW assumption: 1 ton-hour per hour

electric 1.17 kW

Energy requirement electric 1.17 kWh

Electricity costs 0.19 $/kWh

Capital costs all equipment 2760.00 $/kW €5M / 2500kWother 0.00 $/kWamortization period 15.00 yearshours of operation/year 7000.00 hours

Calculation capital costs 0.03 $/ton-hourelectricity costs 0.23 $/ton-hour

1 ton-hour of delivered cooling 0.26 $/ton-hour of cooling

End-use of electricity and water

Electricity end-use

miscellaneous motors15%

water-heating6%

space-heating12%

cooking15% electronics

10%

space-cooling34%

lighting10%

Water end-use (liter / person*day )

deck-washing65

dish-washing15

clothes-washing25

bathing125

cooking15

drinking5