Fats and related compounds

THEOBROMA OILTHEOBROMA OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacao

Family:Family:Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae

Part used:Part used:Seeds Seeds

Constituents:Constituents:2% Theobromine2% Theobromine40-60% solid fat40-60% solid fatMucilageMucilage

Uses:Uses:Ingredient in cosmetic ointmentIngredient in cosmetic ointmentIn pharmacy for coating pillsIn pharmacy for coating pillsPreparation of suppositoriesPreparation of suppositoriesDiureticDiuretic

LENOLINLENOLIN

Lanolin is also called wool wax or wool Lanolin is also called wool wax or wool grease. It is a yellow waxy substance grease. It is a yellow waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool bearing animals. Most lanolin used by bearing animals. Most lanolin used by humans comes from domestic sheep.humans comes from domestic sheep.

Constituents:Constituents:

A typical high purity grade of lanolin isA typical high purity grade of lanolin iscomposed predominantly of;composed predominantly of;

Long chain waxy estersLong chain waxy esterslanolin alcoholslanolin alcoholslanolin acidslanolin acidslanolin hydrocarbonslanolin hydrocarbons

It has been estimated that there may beIt has been estimated that there may bebetween 8,000 and 20,000 different typesbetween 8,000 and 20,000 different typesof lanolin ester present in lanolin of lanolin ester present in lanolin

Production:Production:

Lanolin is extracted by washing the wool Lanolin is extracted by washing the wool in hot water with a special wool scouring in hot water with a special wool scouring detergent to remove dirt, wool grease detergent to remove dirt, wool grease (crude lanolin), suint (sweat salts), and (crude lanolin), suint (sweat salts), and anything else stuck to the wool. The wool anything else stuck to the wool. The wool grease is continuously removed during grease is continuously removed during this washing process this washing process by centrifugal separators, which by centrifugal separators, which concentrate the wool grease into a wax-concentrate the wool grease into a wax-like substance melting at approximately like substance melting at approximately 38 °C (100 °F). 38 °C (100 °F).

Applications:Applications:

Lanolin and its many derivatives are used Lanolin and its many derivatives are used extensively in high value cosmetics, facial extensively in high value cosmetics, facial cosmetics, lip products etccosmetics, lip products etcLanolin is used commercially in many industrial Lanolin is used commercially in many industrial products ranging from rust-proof coatings to products ranging from rust-proof coatings to lubricants. lubricants. Lanolin is often used as a raw material for Lanolin is often used as a raw material for producing cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).producing cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).Anhydrous lanolin is also used as a lubricant Anhydrous lanolin is also used as a lubricant for brass instrument tuning slides.for brass instrument tuning slides.Lanolin can also be restored to woolen garments to Lanolin can also be restored to woolen garments to make them water and dirt repellent.make them water and dirt repellent.

BEES WAXBEES WAX

Zoological Zoological origin:origin:

Apis melliferaApis melliferaApis dosartaApis dosartaApis ceranaApis ceranaApis indicaApis indicaApis floreaApis florea

Family:Family:ApidaeApidae

Source:Source:Bee hivesBee hives

Production:Production:

Worker bees have eight wax-producing mirror glands.The size of these wax glands depends on the age of theworker and after daily flights begin these glandsgradually atrophy. The new wax scales are initiallyglass-clear and colorless becoming opaque afterwards.

The wax of honeycomb is nearly white, but becomesprogressively more yellow or brown by incorporationof pollen oils and propolis.

Honey bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells

In which their young are raised and honey and pollenAre stored.

For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, theambient temperature in the hive has to be 33 to 36°C(91 to 97 °F).

To produce their wax, bees must consumeabout eight times as much honey by mass.

When beekeeper extract the honey, they cut off thewax caps from each honeycomb cell with anuncapping knife or machine.

The wax may further be clarified by heating in water.

Constituents:Constituents:Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture ofBeeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture ofseveral compounds.several compounds.Its main components are;Its main components are;

PalmitatePalmitatePalmitoleatePalmitoleateHydroxypalmitateHydroxypalmitateoleate esters of long-chain (30-32 carbons)oleate esters of long-chain (30-32 carbons)Aliphatic alcoholsAliphatic alcoholswith the ratio of triacontanyl Palmitate to cerotic with the ratio of triacontanyl Palmitate to cerotic acid, the two principal components, being 6:1.acid, the two principal components, being 6:1.

Applications:Applications:

Making of honeycomb foundationMaking of honeycomb foundationBeeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone waxBeeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone waxPurified and bleached beeswax is used as:Purified and bleached beeswax is used as:• Coating for cheeseCoating for cheese• Protectant of the food as it agesProtectant of the food as it ages• Food additiveFood additive• As a component of shoe polish, furniture polishAs a component of shoe polish, furniture polish• As a component of modelling waxesAs a component of modelling waxes

JOJOBA OILJOJOBA OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Simmondsia chinensisSimmondsia chinensis

Family:Family:Simmondsiaceae Simmondsiaceae

Part used:Part used:seedsseeds

Constituents:Constituents:This oil is rare in that it is an extremely longThis oil is rare in that it is an extremely long

(C36-C46) straight-chain wax ester(C36-C46) straight-chain wax ester

Uses:Uses:In cosmetics as a moisturizerIn cosmetics as a moisturizer

As a carrier oil for specialty fragrancesAs a carrier oil for specialty fragrances

Bio-diesel fuel for cars and trucksBio-diesel fuel for cars and trucks

Biodegradable lubricant. Biodegradable lubricant.

SPERMACETISPERMACETI

Source:Spermaceti is a wax present in the head cavities of the whale i.e. Physeter macrocephalus.

Extraction:Spermaceti is extracted from oil bycrystallization at 6 °C. When treated by pressure anda chemical solution of caustic alkali, spermacetiforms brilliant white crystals that are hard but oily tothe touch, and are devoid of taste or smell.

Uses:Ingredient in cosmeticsLeather workingLubricantsMaking of candles Dressing of fabricsPharmaceutical excipient (in ointments)

CARNAUBA WAXCARNAUBA WAX

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Copernicia ceriferaCopernicia cerifera

Copernicia pruniferaCopernicia prunifera

Family:Family:ArecaceaeArecaceae

Part used:Part used:LeavesLeaves

Constituents:Constituents:Carnauba consists mostly of;Carnauba consists mostly of;

Aliphatic estersAliphatic estersDiesters of 4-hydroxycinnamic acidDiesters of 4-hydroxycinnamic acidω-hydroxycarboxylic acidsω-hydroxycarboxylic acidsFatty acid alcoholsFatty acid alcoholsMethoxy cinnamic acidMethoxy cinnamic acid

Uses:Uses:

Automobile waxesAutomobile waxesShoe polishesShoe polishesDental flossDental flossFood products such as sweets,Food products such as sweets,Floor and furniture waxes and polishesFloor and furniture waxes and polishesUse for paper coatings Use for paper coatings EmollientEmollient