OLED SCREENS

1© Stella Morabito - ECP - MSTM 2008 -March 2008

Summary

• What is an OLED?• How does an OLED create light?• OLEDs types• OLEDs vs LCD• OLEDs vs LCD• The OLEDs global market• OLED TV market• TV prototypes• Other OLEDs uses

What is an OLED?

An OLED or Organic Light Emitting Diode is a light emitting device basedon the principle of electroluminescence of organic crystals.An OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.

Source: http://www.hometheatermag.com/gearworks/0704GWoled/

OLEDs Device operation principles

By courtesy of Homer Antoniadis

How do OLEDs create light?

OLEDs structureThe two-layer structure

Polyaniline

Magnesium-silver (10:1)Lithium-Aluminium

Polyfluorene

Polyaniline

Indium-tin-oxide (90%+10%)

550 nm

The multi-layer structure of OLED consists of several layers of organicmaterials sequentially deposited on glass substrate, each layer having a specificpurpose that serves to enhance device quality and performance.The schematic representation of an ideal/standard OLED device is shownbelow.

OLEDs structureThe multi-layer structure

Source: http://sanjaykram.blogspot.com/2007/10/organic-semiconductors-small-molecules.html

History of OLEDs development

• In 1979 Chin Tang discovered electroluminescence in the researchdepartment of Kodak. During his work with solar cells he observed a blueglow of organic material.

• The technology of current OLEDs was developed by Eastman Kodakstarting in 1987 (Tang and Van Slyke)starting in 1987 (Tang and Van Slyke)

• The first OLEDs were organic light diodes from small molecules (SM-OLED).

• In 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered.• Cambridge Display Technology developed OLEDs on the basis of polymers

(P-OLED or PLED).

Two technological optionsSM-OLEDs and P-OLEDs

Small Molecules = SM-OLEDs• Technology developed by Kodak since

1987• Small molecules have to be deposited

onto the glass by vacuum depositionexpensive

Polymer OLEDS = P-OLEDs• Technology developed in 1990 by

Cambridge University in the UK• Spin off into a private company:

Cambridge Display Technology (CDT)• P-OLEDs allow the solution of organicexpensive

• Heating necessary not all thecompounds can stand heating (glass is notan option)

• Moisture and oxygen sensitivity of thecompounds

• Most suitable for small screens• Used in some cell phones made by

Motorola and in car stereos made byPioneer Electronics.

• P-OLEDs allow the solution of organicmaterial in liquidProduction processcan be spin coating or Ink Jet printinginexpensive and easy to industrialize

• Flexible supports (plastic) possiblemore options than glass only

• Still lag behind SM-OLEDs in picturequality

• The technology has been licensed to avariety of companies including Philips,Seiko, Epson and OSRAM.

Passive Matrix – PM-OLEDS• Strips of of cathode and strips of anode arranged in a perpendicular way• The intersection forms the pixel where light is emitted• External circuitry illuminates any chosen pixel in the array by driving the

appropriate row line and column line• A video image is created by sequentially scanning through all rows and columns,

briefly switching on the pixels needed to display a particular image• The brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of current applied

Source:http://www.scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/index.php?title=OLED_(Fr)

Active Matrix - AM-OLEDs• Each pixel is addressed by at least two TFT (thin-film transistor) transistors, which

provide brightness and on-off control by addressing the pixel in a row/columnformat

• The transistor circuits retain the state (on/off) and level (intensity) informationprogrammed by the display electronics.

• Therefore, the light output of every pixel is controlled continuously, rather thanbeing "pulsed" with high currents just once per refresh cycle.

Which uses forPM-OLEDs & AM-OLEDs?

PM-OLEDs• Suitable for 2-3’’ screens

(cellphones, PDA, MP3)• Consume more, due to the

power needed for external

AM-OLEDs• Suitable for large displays

(computer monitors, TVs)• Consume less, because TFT

array requires less powerpower needed for externalcircuitry

• Easy to produce

array requires less powerthan external circuitry

• Faster refresh ratessuitable for video

• More expensive• Brighter and sharper images

OLEDs Acronyms….

PhOLED

SMSM--OLEDOLED

SOLEDSOLED

RCOLED

FOLEDPM-OLED

AMAM --OLEDOLEDWOLEDWOLED

OLEDs for dummies…

AM OLED Active Matrix OLED deviceFOLED Flexible OLEDOLED Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/DisplayPhOLED Phosphorescent OLEDPLED Polymer Light Emitting DiodePM OLED Passive Matrix OLED devicePM OLED Passive Matrix OLED deviceP-OLED Polymer OLED (Cambridge Display Technology)RCOLED Resonant Cavity OLED (provides a purer color in the

forward direction along the viewing axis of the OLED)SM-OLED Small Molecule OLED (Kodak)SOLED Stacked OLEDTOLED Transparent OLEDWOLED White OLED

OLEDs vs. LCD• Self-emitting light, in contrast to the required backlight for LCD• High brightness and contrast (1.000.000 : 1, against max. 10.000 : 1)• Lightweight and thin (less than 2 mm)• The support can be plastic (instead of glass)• Capable of wide viewing angles（~170°)• Low operating voltage and power consumption• Quick response (~ μsecond level, instead of 8 msec.)No “trailer” effect• Quick response (~ μsecond level, instead of 8 msec.)No “trailer” effect• Wide range of operating temperatures (-40 to 85 )• A simplified manufacturing process compared to LCD

OLEDs vs. LCDsA simplified manufacturing process

OLEDsOLEDs

LCDs17© Stella Morabito - ECP - MSTM 2008 -

March 2008

OLED vs. LCDThinner, lighter, faster, brighter

OLEDs are already on the market!

Philips- Norelco Sensotec Kodak's EasyShare LS633

This razor has a Polymer-based OLED displayshowing battery life andshave-sensitivity settings.When switched off, it actsas a mirror!

Philips- Norelco Sensotec Kodak's EasyShare LS633zoom digital camera sportsan AM550L 2.2" OLEDactive-matrix display.Kodak boasts that thedisplay is so good that youdon't need a PC to ownone! Photo: Kodak

Cell phones with AMOLEDs

OLEDs market shows strong growth

OLED Market 2004-2005

Revenues 2005USD 600 mio

• 2004: 37 mio units Korea = 16 million units Taiwan = 11 million units Japan = 7 million units Others = 3 million units

• 2005: 61 mio units global mkt. growth of 65% Korea = 22 million units Taiwan = 27 million units Japan = 8 million units Others = 4 million units

• Leading makers from Korea, Taiwan and Japan control over 90% of the market• China has reached in 2005 half the production of Japan

Source: DisplayBank

OLED TV Market 2006 - 2013

• Sales of the first 11’’ OLED display by Sony began in December2007 in Japan.• The set is sold in the US since January 2008 for USD 2500

Problems OLEDs have to overcome

• Lifetime shorter than other technologies• Moisture and Oxygen cause major damages• Manufacturing processes still expensive

This requires innovations in materials :chemistry will decide about the future and the success

of the OLED technology.

LG at CES 2007

The 2.2-inch A220A screens boast QVGAresolution (240 x 320) and 262,000 colors

AM-OLED A220A screens

Samsung at CES 2007 & 2008

Samsung's prototype 40-inch OLED TVat CES 2007

• Resolution : 1280 x 800• Brightness : 600 cd/m²• Contrast ratio : 5000 : 1

Samsung's 14-inch prototype at CES 2008

Samsung at CES 2008

TV sets that are a mere 3cm thick, or less

31’’ OLED

• Resolution: 1080p• Contrast : 1.000.000 : 1• Life expectancy : 35.000 hrs.• Planned for 2009/2010

TV sets that are a mere 3cm thick, or less

Sony at CES 2008XEL-1 - 11’’ OLED 27’’ OLED

Sony at CES 2008

11’’ XEL-1• Resolution : 960 x 540• Contrast : 1.000.000 : 1• Thickness : 3 mm.• Expected life-time: 30.000 hrs.• Selling price: USD 2500

27’’• Resolution 1920 x 1080• Contrast: 1.000.000 : 1• Thickness : 10 mm.• Brightness: (peaks) 600 cd/m²• On the market by 2009

OLEDs make light!

Makoto Tojiki’s “Archimedes Dream”

March 2008

OLEDs make light!

Uses & advantages of lighting OLEDsUSES• Replace conventional light bulbs

OLEDs do not get hot They are flexible so they enable original designsOLEDs can change colours and brightness at the press of a button

• Light emitting wall papers• Lighting windows• Lighting windows• Lighting ceilings

ADVANTAGES• Energy consumption reduction by 50%• OLEDs do not contain mercury• OLEDs can be disposed of like glass

Customize your keyboard!GAMES• Since each key has an OLED display it is not game dependant.

Below is an image of the Optimus keyboard setup to runQuake.

LANGUAGES AND ALPHABETS

Roman QWERTY Russian

Optimus OLED keyboard will changekeyboards forever…

Customize your shortcuts• Keyboard icons can look anything you want• Keyboard is OS independent (open-source keyboard)• Optimus keyboard is still expensive (379 €in the 1 active button

configuration; 1259€with 113 active buttons)

You said OLED keyboard?OLED keyboard: easier for control towers than for gamers???

The future

Paper-thin lighting that can beapplied to whole wall surfaces.

Fully flexible displays Eye catching packaging withchanging information content

Customizable touchpads forKorean mobile market

Concept watch

The future

Bibliography• ANTONIADIS, Homer, Overview of OLED Display Technology, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors,

http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/cpmt/presentations/cpmt0401a.pdf• BYLUND, Anders, Steve Abramson is OLEDing the way, in The Motley Fool, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/09/26/steve-

abramson-is-oleding-the-way.aspx, September 26, 2006• FELTON, Michael J., Thinner, lighter, better, brighter, in Today’s Chemist at work,

http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/tcaw/10/i11/html/11felton.html, November 2001• FREUDENRICH, Craig, How OLEDs Work, in Howstuffworks, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm• HECKER, Dr. Klaus, Brochure on Organic Electronics, OE-A, Organic Electronics Association, VDMA Verlag, 2006• ISRAELSON, Joshua, Powering OLEDs: the care and feeding of organic displays,

http://www.edn.com/article/CA480492.html?text=OLEDs, November 2004• SMITH, Peter, OLED Displays: Better Than Plasma Or LCD , http://www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_30650/printArticle.html• SMITH, Peter, OLED Displays: Better Than Plasma Or LCD , http://www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_30650/printArticle.html• TOON, John, Biasing Spin Statistics: Research Explains How to Boost the Efficiency of Polymer Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs),

Georgia Institute of Technology, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/oleds.htm, April 2, 2004• Kodak’s OLEDs Tutorial, http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=1473&pq-locale=en_US&_requestid=4214• Site Cambridge Display Technology: http://www.cdtltd.co.uk/• Site OLED-Display : http://www.oled-display.net/• Site OLEDomains : http://oledomains.blogspot.com/• Site OLED-Info : http://www.oled-info.com/• Site EDN Asia, Ruling the Roost : http://www.ednasia.com/article-17749-rulingtheroost-Asia.html, 2005• Site IDTechEx : OLED Lighting Has a Bright Future, http://www.idtechex.com/products/en/articles/00000551.asp• Site Practical Home Theater Guide: The Contrast Ratio Game, http://www.practical-home-theater-guide.com/contrast-ratio.html• Site The Science of Spectroscopy : OLED, http://scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/index.php?title=OLED• Site Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/• European project OLLA, High Brightness OLEDs, site: http://www.hitech-projects.com/euprojects/olla/

Little reminder of screen resolutions

VGA = Video Graphics Array (originalIBM VGA display technology, which

IBM VGA display technology, whichbecame a de facto industry standard inthe late 1980sQVGA = Quarter Video Graphics Array

OLED SCREENS

Business

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