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Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – IBCN

Software ArchitectureProf.Dr.ir. F. Gielen

The Architecture Business Cycle - ABC

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Software Architecture

Software Architecture Software creates Value Software Architecture Business Cycle What is Software Architecture ?

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What is a business model ?

It is a description of how your company intends to Create value Capture value

High Tech Innovation:

New product New Markets

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Why make a business model ?

The business model unlocks the value of the technology

and justifies the capital requirements to implement it ..

Measured in technical domain Measured in value domain

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Functions of the business model

1. Articulate the value proposition, that is, the value created for users by the offering based on the technology;

2. Identify a market segment, that is, the users to whom the technology is useful and for what purpose;

3. Define the structure of the value chain within the firm required to create and distribute the offering;

4. Estimate the cost structure and profit potential of the offering

5. Describe the position of the firm within the value network linking suppliers and customers, including identification of potential complementors and competitors;

6. Formulate the competitive strategy by which the innovating firm will gain and hold advantage over rivals.

Example: The Paperless Office

• What is the value proposition ?• What are the market segments ?• Who is your customer ?

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Value Chain : Customers & Users

A value chain is a “chain” of companies that work together to satisfy a market demand for a particular product.

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Example: On-line Games

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Example: The Paperless Office

• What is the value chain?• Who is your customer ?

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Only 28% of projects finish on time and within budget

23 % of projects are cancelled before delivery The remaining projects (late, over budget) only

delivered a fraction of the planned functionality.Standish Group CHAOS 2000 report

Software is increasing in :• complexity, size and functionality.• customer expectations • business value

Creating value In the real world

… almost 10 years later

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Only 32% of projects finish on time and within budget

24 % of projects are cancelled before deliveryStandish Group CHAOS 2009 report

Failed projects : Motorola Iridium

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• 7 billion USD development cost• 88 satelites• 3.000.- USD for a phone • 2 billion satellite opex per month

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Software Architecture Business Cycle

Software Architecture Software creates Value Software Architecture Business Cycle What is Software Architecture ?

The ABC: Architecture Business Cycle

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1. Stakeholder needs

2. Business management issues

3. Legal/contractual issues

4. Commercial & competitive pressures

5. Technical environment

6. Political issues

7. Life-cycle issues

An architecture is the result of a set of business and technical decisions

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Influence by StakeholdersDevelopment

Manager

Marketing

ManagerEnd user Maintenance

ManagerCustomer

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Skills of a software architect

Handle ( conflicting ) requirements from: business organisation customer finance people

Be a technical guru. Be a diplomat …with great communication skills

Do you still want the job …. ?

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Influence of the architect

Organisation Subsystems = teams & skills Budget & schedule Build up the skill base for the company

Business impact Development & maintenance cost Time to market Meet customer requirements

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Architect a Doghouse

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Architecting a High rise

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Dimensions of complexityHigher technical complexity - Embedded, real-time, distributed, fault-tolerant - Custom, unprecedented, architecture reengineering - High performance

Lower technical complexity - Mostly 4GL, or component-based - Application reengineering - Interactive performance

Highermanagement complexity - Large scale - Contractual - Many stake holders - “Projects”

Lowermanagement complexity - Small scale - Informal - Single stakeholder - “Products”

Defense MIS System

Defense Weapon SystemTelecom

Switch

CASE Tool

National Air TrafficControl System

Enterprise IS(Family of ISApplications)

CommercialCompiler

BusinessSpreadsheet

IS ApplicationDistributed Objects

(Order Entry)

Small ScientificSimulation

Large-ScaleOrganization/Entity

Simulation

An average software project: - 5-10 people - 10-15 month duration - 3-5 external interfaces - Some unknowns & risks

EmbeddedAutomotive

Software

IS ApplicationGUI/RDB

(Order Entry)

Walker Royce, Rational

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Software Architecture

Software Architecture Software creates value Software Architecture Business Cycle What is Software Architecture ?

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Software Architecture Definition

The Software Architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or

structures of the system, which comprises software elements, the external visible properties of those elements and the

relationships among them.

Requirements DesignSoftware

Architecture

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Qualities in Software Architecture

SystemQualities

Functionality

BusinessQualities

ArchitecturalQualities

Software

Architecture

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The Role of Software Architecture (1/2)

Communicate among stakeholders Vocabulary for structure, system and constraints Making architectural choices

Make early design decisions Resource allocation Organisation and work breakdown

Inhibit and enables quality attributes High performance -> time budgets Scalable -> high capacity requirements Re-usable -> coupling

Change Management local and non-local changes architectural changes

Analysis System level analysis , verify structural constraints,

consistency checking.

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Construction Partial blueprint, construction instructions.

Evolution Allowable envelope of change, change impact

analysis. Reuse components, and patterns for the organisation

Management evaluation of milestones, identification of risks

Basis for evolutionary prototyping Skeletal construction - vertical strip.

The Role of Software Architecture (2/2)