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Presentation on human factors and sign design given to the UK Sign Design Society in May 2012 by John Wood from CCD Design & Ergonomics
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Practical Human Factors & Sign Design
John Wood. Executive Chairman CCD Design & Ergonomics Ltd
Jon Burden, Industry Liaison Manager, Network Rail
King's Cross Station Redevelopment Programme
Introduction
• Kings Cross – Signage and Wayfinding
• ‘Cable-cars’ project signage programme
• Modelling ‘wayfinding’
• International standards on colour coding
The Kings Cross Project
The Organizational Chart
Original Grip Stage 3 Design
Retail Redesign Grip Stage 5
Work Diagram For Consultation
Checking Human Factors
Checking Human Factors
Comparing Human Factors
Departure Board
Impact Of Revised Retail Layout
‘Monolith’ Location & Signing
Where The ‘Monolith’ Should Have Been
Location Of Information Desk
The ‘Link Bridge’ Challenge
‘Vinyls’
‘Departures’ Is Now ‘Arrivals’
Temporary Station Signage
Fire Escape + Impromptu Signing
Temporary Signing By Train Operators
Redundant Signing By Train Operating Company
Lessons Learnt
• Make easily, replaceable signs
• Don’t change the design half way through!
• Decide on the signing standards to use early on
• Create some form of mock-up
• Visit another site ‘intelligently’
Emirates Air Line (Cable Car for London)
Typical Plan Layout of Signs For ‘Cable Cars’
‘Cable Cars’ - Lessons Learnt
• Paper based ergonomic evaluation difficult to do.
• Attempting a 3D assessment in a 2D representation
• Need for simple quick and low cost modelling.
Development of Wayfinding Tools: Objectives & Concepts
Study Objectives
• Improve measurement of wayfinding performance
• Robust and reliable
• Easy to use
• Applicable to new works and modifications
• Difficulty of ‘putting oneself in visitors shoes’
• Develop metrics
Survey Results On Wayfinding
Negative Features
Frustration
Confusion due to information overload
Confusion due to retail and directional infor
Lack of awareness of time and distance information
Poor terminology
Lack of recovery clues
Inadequate lighting/auditory environments
Example Of Wayfinding Metrics
Example Of Wayfinding Metrics
Analysis Of Photographic Image
Class of sign Number in visual field
Area in photo (mm squared)
% of total
Primary 2 470 2%
Secondary 2 1270 6%
Other 4 630 3%
Measure Of Visibility At Decision Points
Scoring Visibility & Relevance of Signs
Scoring Visibility & Relevance of Signs
Connection: Entrance to - Visibility Weighting Score
1 toilets 1 0.8 0.8
2 shops 1 0.5 0.5
3 check-in 0 1 0
4 security 1 1 1
5 café 1 0.3 0.3
AVERAGE 0.52
Standard for Colour Coded Alerts
• Express the degree of safety or danger
• Be suitable for an international audience
• Cover all hazards, all locations, all sectors
• Transmission by variety of media
Generic Meaning of Colours in Colour Codes
Colour Meaning Suggestion
Red Danger Take appropriate safety action immediately
Yellow Caution Prepare for taking appropriate safety action
Green Safety No need to take safety actions
Results of International Survey
Results of International Survey
Fire Danger
Results of International Survey
Results of International Survey
Triage Tags
Results of International Survey
Metrological Map
Results of International Survey
The International Nuclear and
Radiological Event Scale
Results of International Survey
Initial Proposals
Current Proposals
NOTE: avoid using red and green without supplementary elements
Some Useful Guidance
ISO Guide 71 to products and services to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities
In Summary
• Illustrated how human factors contributed to the signage and wayfinding elements of two UK programmes
• Shown how metrics might be developed for measuring wayfinding performance
• Presented the work of an international standards team developing a set of universally acceptable colour codes for public warnings about disasters
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