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Study of
Graphic Camouflage Patterns of Battle Uniform and
improving the pattern used by Indian Army
Supervisor
Mr. K.K. Balakrishnan
Co-supervisor
Dr. Jayesh Pillai
- Rohit Singh (M.Des.) I.I.I.T. Jabalpur
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aE5mW4R1V1g/UBhnXN8wW8I/AAAAAAAAB2E/A3owgBnZr5c/s1600/akakus_peinture_guerriers.jpg
War• War exists as a continuous
culture since the human civilisation.
• Ethnic Superiority, Self Defence have caused war.
• Operation strategy plays a crucial role for winning the war.
http://cdn.isha.ws/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Battle-of-Kurukshetra-Manuscript-Illustration.jpg
Mahabharata
http://schnellmann.org/pic_counterjihad/mo_hamza_banu.jpgPersian Warriors
http://www.about.com/sites/default/files/mongol_main.jpgMongol Wars
http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/panipat_main.jpgMughal Battle
http://www.amedeoguillet.com/amedeo/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/infantry144.gifAdvent of Guns and Canons
http://cdn.lightgalleries.net/4bd5ebf721640/images/IRAQADDARIO042-1.jpg
War Methods• With the advent of gun powder,
war changed drastically.
• No longer needed to come face to face to the enemy.
• Concealment and surveillance replaced old war skills.
• Better weapon technology push better methods of concealment.
http://cdn.lightgalleries.net/4bd5ebf721640/images/IRAQADDARIO042-1.jpg
Camouflage
• Way to obscure the object from enemy to render undetected.
• Concealment of soldier, war fare, vehicles.
• A disruptive pattern that mimics the background.
• Use of patterns over the body to blend with the environment.
Nature Inspiration
• Idea of camouflage taken from nature.
• Animals, Birds have disruptive pattern over their body.
• Result of natural evolution over a long period of time.
• In some cases, natural camouflage is more dynamic.
http://commons.Wikimedia.org/wiki/FIle:Nature_photographer.jpg
History of Military Camouflage
• Idea of concealment is as old as the war is.
• Wooden horse of battle of troy is such example.
• Deceiving the enemy has always been the major war strategy.
• Graphic patterns over the dresses started after world war I.
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5
History of Military Camouflage
• British army first realized the need of concealing their soldiers.
• Khaki Dress was first such initiative.
• Replaced old red or blue war jackets.
• The muddy land was the inspiration to design this dress.
History of Military Camouflage
• Germans made the first graphic patterns to be used as camouflage.
• Contemporary Artists developed these patterns based on their skills.
• Following Germans, many nations started developing their camo patterns.
• Later, design testing was also started to validate the design.
History of Military Camouflage
• By the end of world war 2, several nations started making their own camouflage dresses.
• More research was supported for better and more accurate camo pattern.
• Canada came up with the more disruptive and better working digital or pixilated pattern CADPAT.
http://camopedia.org_main.jpg
Context of Indian Army
• One of the largest Land force started using camo only in mid 1980s.
• Fought full time wars with neighbours in 1948, 1965, 1971, 1999.
• Have fought one of the toughest wars in War History.
• Safeguard National Borders varying in different climatic conditions.
http://cdn.isha.ws/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/KargilWar.jpg
Context of Indian Army
• One of the largest Land force started using camo only in mid 1980s.
• First started wearing Brush Stroke Pattern from British army.
http://camopedia.org_main.jpg
Context of Indian Army
• One of the largest Land force started using camo only in mid 1980s.
• First started wearing Brush Stroke Pattern from British army.
• Later in 1990s, started using Woodland Pattern from US army which they rejected to wear better tested camo pattern.
http://camopedia.org_main.jpg
Problem Identification
• Volatile political borders with the neighbouring countries.
• Constant surveillance required for which better Camo patterns should be worn.
• Never used their own pattern based on their working environment but adopted from others.
• Difference in the natural vegetation of those regions over which the adopted patterns are based.
http://http://www.jonathansaruk.com/#/images/Indian_ArmyK_20081226_6625
Design Process
• Divided into four parts :
• Imagery Collection.
• New pattern preparation.
• Testing of new pattern.
• Data analysis
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:photographer.jpg
Design ProcessImagery collection
• Forest cover of Jabalpur was selected as the site for image collection.
• Different locations of the area was recorded to have a look of all kinds of shades of colour in the region.
• E.g. Area of direct sunlight, under shadow, wet areas.
Design ProcessNew pattern Preparation
• The images were processed in Adobe Photoshop.
Design ProcessNew pattern Preparation
• The images were processed in Adobe Photoshop.
• Then, pixilated to maximum extent to pick three colours i.e. primary, secondary and background.
Design ProcessNew pattern Preparation
• The images were processed in Adobe Photoshop.
• Then, pixilated to maximum extent to pick three colours i.e. primary, secondary and background.
• Cloud filter was applied on black and white version to create Nosie in the image.
Design ProcessNew pattern Preparation
• The images were processed in Adobe Photoshop.
• Then, pixilated to maximum extent to pick three colours i.e. primary, secondary and background.
• Cloud filter was applied on black and white version to create Nosie in the image.
• Then, same shade portion was selected in the re-pixilated version and filled with above mentioned three colours.
• The images were processed in Adobe Photoshop.
• Then, pixilated to maximum extent to pick three colours i.e. primary, secondary and background.
• Cloud filter was applied on black and white version to create Nosie in the image.
• Then, same shade portion was selected in the re-pixilated version and filled with above mentioned three colours.
• Different camouflage patterns based on different locations
Design ProcessNew pattern Preparation
• After optimizing the different patterns, finally this pattern was selected as the new pattern.
• Code Named as Indian Camouflage (INCAM)
Design Validation
• The new pattern was tested in comparison with the existing pattern i.e. M81 Woodland.
• Both the pattern images were taken to same environment.
• Both the pattern were photographed at the same distance consecutively at three different location.
• Labelled as test 1, test 2, test 3.
• The range of distance in each test was from 1 m to 40 m.
Design Validation
• All the images collected at various distances were tested with the set of users.
• The help of Eye-Tracking machine was taken to check the visual movement of user.
• Every image was taken at a certain pre-noticed distance.
• Every two consecutive images was 3 m apart.
Design Validation
• The distance was noted at which the user was first able to detect the pattern in the environment.
• All these data was tabulated and analysed.
Design Validation
• It was found that the new pattern was detected at a closer range as compared to old pattern.
• The median of the two results came was:
Distance from
pattern
Visual Angle at the given distance
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
40m 0.30°
37m 0.32°
34m 0.34°
31m 0.38°
28m 0.42°
25m 0.48°
22m 0.54° C G
19m 0.62°
16m 0.74° H, F, D E, C, I, F
13m 0.90° J, I, B, G D, H, A
10m 1.20° A, E J
7m 1.70° J, A
4m 3° G, F, D, C, B B
1m 12° I, E, H
Distance from
pattern
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
40m
37m E, H, I
34m
31m J, G G, A, F
28m I, B, F, H J
25m A, C, D, E B
22m D
19m C
16m I, J, B, A
13m H, E, D, G, F
10m C
7m
4m
1m
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Minimum distance of detection of old pattern.
28 m
13 m
31 m
Minimum distance of detection of new pattern.
13 m
4 m
13 m
Conclusion
• The pattern was found to be effective for the particular region i.e. Forest, as compared to the current pattern used by Indian Army.
• There is scope for future research for more accurate result.
• This process can help to design patterns for other locations also like desert, urban areas etc.
Thank you
1. Europa Militaria. (2011).
2. FM 20-3, U. A. (2010). Camouflage, Concealment, and Decoys, 39(November).
3. Fm 3-0. (2008), (February).
4. FM 5-20, W. W. W. S. (1968). FM 5-20 CAMOUFLAGE, (May).
5. Friškovec, M., & Gabrijelčič, H. (2010). Development of a Procedure for Camouflage Pattern Design, 18(4), 68–76.
6. India - Camopedia. (2014). Camopedia india. Retrieved July 28, 2014, from http://www.camopedia.org/index.php?title=India
7. Lin, C. J., Chang, C.-C., & Lee, Y.-H. (2014). Evaluating camouflage design using eye movement data. Applied Ergonomics, 45(3), 714–23. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.09.012
8. NATO, O. (2006). Guidelines for Camouflage Assessment Using Observers ( Instructions pour les évaluations de camouflage (Vol. 323).
9. Pattern, D., Woodland, T., Equip-, P., & Establish-, Q. E. T. (2007). Uniforms by design meet specs for form and function, 2–4.
10. Puzikova, N. P., Uvarova, E. V., Filyaev, I. M., & Yarovaya, L. a. (2008). Principles of an approach for coloring military camouflage. Fibre Chemistry, 40(2), 155–159.
doi:10.1007/s10692-008-9030-9
11. Ramli, A. G., Asri, M., Ghani, A., & Sathyamoorthy, D. (2012). QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF CAMOUFLAGE PATTERNS ON, 3(1), 87–99.
12. Townes, D. E., Patricio, G. R., Winterhalter, C. A., & Lomba, R. A. (2004). ( 12 ) United States Patent, 1(12).
13. Deception: Theory and Practice Thesis, James D. Monroe, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, 2012.
14. The Spatial Color Mixing Model of Digital Camouflage Pattern, Zhang, Yong Xue, Shi-qiang Jiang, Xiao-jun Mu, Jing-yang Yi, Yang, 2013
15. From Dazzle to the Desert : A Cultural-Historical Geography of Camouflage Isla McLean Forsyth School of Geographical and Earth Sciences College of Science and
Engineering University of Glasgow, 201
References
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