Chapter 9 – Carbon Chemistry & Basic Biochemistry

Chapter 9 – Carbon Chemistry & Basic Biochemistry

Science I

Objective 39[ ] Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds.

Notes

[ ] Organic Compounds

[ ] Contain

[ ] Simplest are

[ ] Can contain of atoms

[ ] Primarily

[ ] Inorganic Compounds

[ ] Majority

[ ] Tend to be simpler compounds

Examples & More

• Examples: Gasoline, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

• Examples: Water, Sulfuric acid, Table salt and more

carbon & hydrogen atoms

hydrocarbons

hundreds

covalently bonded molecules

lack carbon atoms

Check for UnderstandingTake 1 minute with your table partner.

• State two facts about organic compounds and two facts about inorganic compounds.

• Give one example of each type of compound.

Objective 40[ ] Explain why carbon is the essential atom of life.

Notes

[ ] Carbon is the element for life.

[ ]

[ ] It has

[ ] It will make

[ ] It covalently bonds most readily with , oxygen, , sulfur, and

.

[ ] It can make branched chains, or (rings).

Examples & More

Carbon makes 4 bonds.

four valence electrons

single, double, and triple bonds.

hydrogen nitrogenphosphorus

straight chains, closed chains

Check for UnderstandingTake 1 minute with your table partner.

• Explain why carbon is the essential element for life using bonding information.

Objective 41[ ] Differentiate between the three types of carbohydrates and provide three examples of each type.

Notes

[ ] Carbohydrates

[ ] Contain three elements:

[ ] Classified by size:

[ ] Monosaccharides:

[ ] Disaccharides:

.

[ ] Polysaccharides:

Examples & More

• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

• Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

• Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

1 sugar

2 sugars covalently bonded together

Many sugars (typically glucose) covalently bonded together.

[ ] Monosaccharides:

[ ] Glucose: The

[ ] Fructose: The

[ ] Galactose: A

[ ] Disaccharides:

[ ] Glucose & Fructose making table sugar

[ ] 2 Glucose molecules making malt sugar – used in malted milk balls, Ovaltine, and other beverages.

[ ] Galactose & Glucose making the milk sugar

Objective 41[ ] Differentiate between the three types of carbohydrates and provide three examples of each type.Notes Examples & More

body’s sugar.

fruit sugar.

dairy sugar.

Maltose:

Lactose:

Sucrose:

Objective 41[ ] Differentiate between the three types of carbohydrates and provide three examples of each type.Notes

[ ] Polysaccharides:

[ ] Many glucose molecules; plant sugar storage

[ ] Many glucose molecules; structural component of plant cell walls;

[ ] Modified glucose molecules; structural in exoskeletons of

[ ] Mammalian glucose storage molecule

Examples & More

Starch:

Cellulose:

humans can’t digest it (fiber)

Chitin:insects and

crustaceans.

Glycogen:

found in the liver

Check for UnderstandingTake 1 minute with your table partner.

• What elements are found in carbohydrates?

• What are the three classes of carbohydrates?

• Name two examples for each class of carbohydrates.

Objective 42[ ] Examine and differentiate between the types of lipids.

Notes

[ ] Lipids

[ ] Contain in large amounts and a of oxygen.

[ ] Typically a of carbon and hydrogen atoms

[ ] Most lipids are

[ ] A few lipids are – have parts that and parts that

Examples & More

• Triglycerides, Steroids, Waxes

• Phospholipids

carbon and hydrogensmall amount

long chain

insoluble in water.

amphipathiclike water hate

water.

Objective 42[ ] Examine and differentiate between the types of lipids.Notes

[ ]

[ ] Three fatty acids bonded together with an alcohol called glycerol.

[ ] Can be

Examples & More

saturated or unsaturated.

Triglycerides:

Saturated: all single bonds, found in

animal fat; at room temperaturesolid

Unsaturated: double bonds are presenttypically come from vegetables;

at room temperature liquid

Objective 42[ ] Examine and differentiate between the types of lipids.Notes

[ ] Steroids:

[ ]

[ ] Waxes:

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] Two fatty acids and a phosphorus containing group.

[ ] Make up

Examples & More

Four ring structured fat

Ear wax, candle wax, bee’s wax

Heat sensitive.

Phospholipids:

cell membranes.

Check for UnderstandingTake 2 minutes with your table partner.

• Explain how the elements found in lipids are different in amounts than those found in carbohydrates.

• What are the four types of lipids?

– How are they different from each other?

• 20 amino acids make up proteins.

– The order of the amino acids makes the proteins different.

Objective 43[ ] Identify characteristics of proteins.Notes

[ ] Proteins

[ ] Made of

[ ] Branched structures with

[ ] – account for over half of a living organism’s mass.

[ ] Vital in

[ ] Take on many roles –

transport of molecules.

Examples & More

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

carbon backbone.

Essential for life

cell function.

hormones, enzymes, antibodies,

Check for UnderstandingTake 2 minutes with your table partner.

• What five elements are found in proteins?

• List three roles that proteins play in life functions.

• 5 Nitrogenous bases – Adenine

– Thymine (DNA only)

– Cytosine

– Guanine

– Uracil (RNA only)

[ ] Nucleic Acids:

[ ]

[ ] Two types:

[ ] Made of hydrogen,

and phosphorus.

Objective 44[ ] Identify characteristics of nucleic acids.

Notes Examples & More

Blueprints of life

DNA and RNA

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen,

Check for UnderstandingTake 2 minutes with your table partner.

• What are nucleic acids?

• What are the five elements found in nucleic acids?

• What are the five nitrogenous bases?