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EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
Online available at zenithresearch.org.in
64
THE PATTERN OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT AMONG THE SANTANL
AND MUNDA TRIBES IN A VILLAGE OF JHARGRAM BLOCK,
PASCHIM MEDINIPUR: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL OBSERVATION.
SANTANU PANDA; ARUP MAJUMDER
RESEARCH SCHOLAR
DEPT. OF ANTHROPOLOGY
VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY
WEST BENGAL, INDIA
ABSTRACT
In this paper we have made an attempt to study the pattern of disease and their treatment. This
study was conducted in a village inhabited by Santal and Munda tribes. These data was collected
from 32 families by using simple open-ended question and case history method. In my findings
revealed that the occurrence of the disease forms patterns in terms of age and sex. The frequency
of disease is less early ages but the boys and girls become affected by various diseases like fever,
cough, diarrhea, etching etc. as soon as they reach ten years old. The girls come across menstrual
problems during their teens. Serious disease like Tuberculosis, Gastric ulcers, urine blockage and
Hypertension begin to occur after 40 years old among the male.
The treatment of disease also are flows a pattern. In our study area very few families were found
to apply the traditional herbal medicine in case of fever, dysentery and sores. A good number of
families were also found rush to hospital and a primary health centre whoever they were affected
by any aliments. There are also few families who are going to costly private clinics in the Jhargram
town. The whole scenario reveals a varied and varied condition rather than a uniform consistent
pattern.
KEYWORDS: Ethnomedicine, Pattern of disease, Santal, Munda, Tribe, treatment, Jhragram
______________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Pattern is a written document that describes a general solution to design problem that recurs
repeatedly in many projects. Software designs adapt the pattern solution to their specific project.
Patterns use a formal approach to describing a design problem its proposed solution and any other
factors that might affect the problem or the solution. There is various type of disease pattern. The
villagers had been suffering various type of disease. The two communities faced many diseases.
The two community of this village are tribal. So they faced many diseases in each year, so this
studies to pick up their disease pattern and pattern of treatment in each age group of both sex. In
which reason they are attacked many disease. Disease pattern and their treatment system study are
very important in tribal community because they have to use traditional medicine.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
Online available at zenithresearch.org.in
65
The santal and Munda both are tribal (Adibashi). The Munda are tribal people of the chhotonagpur
region in Jharkhand. This is spread over eastern state of India. Their language is ‘Mundari’, which
belongs to the Munda sub-group of the Austro Asiatic Language family. The Mundas are the
fourth largest group in the state with a total population of 2, 30,015. They are concentrated in
Jalpaiguri, 24-Parganas, Paschim Medinipur district. Their primary and traditional occupation is
cultivation followed by hunting and collection of forest produce as subsidiary occupations. They
also work as a wage laborers in Industries. Mundas maintain their own religion, called ‘Sarna’. In
which they warship nature and Natural power. They believe in a supreme being called
‘Singbonga’.
The Santals an ethnic group in Bangladesh, mainly living in the Himalayan sub-mountain region in
deferent district. According to 1991 census the total population of Santals in West Bengal was 16,
66,608. They are mostly concentrated in the district of Medinipur. Their mother tongue ‘Santali’
belongs to the Austro-Asiatic family of languages. They have their own script ‘Olchiki’, In West
Bengal they are conversant with Bengali, many Bangla words are now adopted in ‘Santali. Their
primary occupation is settled cultivation, their secondary occupation is forest resource collection
and some of them are employed in Govt. & non-government services too. Santals have separate
religion it is called ‘Sarna’. The Santali name for marriage is called ‘Bapla’. In santal society
marriage is one of sacred event of life. In Santal marriage there is no restriction of age. The bride
may be younger, older or equal age with bridegroom.
Santals are peace loving, sons of the soil of India. They belong to the Pre-Aryan community and
are the descendants of the great Heroes of India like Baba Tilka Majhi, Sido, Kanhu, Chand,
Bhairab and others who gallantly fought against the mighty British ruler to get themselves rid of
the shekels of exploitation, tyranny, deprivation and oppression. Santal people identify and
introduce themselves as Hor (Human Beings) which amply testifies their broad world view. They
are the largest linguistic tribal community of India.
Objectives of the Study
To study the pattern of illness and disease among the Santals and Mundas of Narda Village
of Jhargram Subdivision.
To study the pattern of disease and their treatment among the Santals and Mundas of Narda
village.
To compare the pattern of disease in terms of age and sex among the both community.
Methodology
.
This study, which is based on the M.Sc. dissertation report of the first author, mainly depended on
direct intensive observation and interviews with the villagers affected by various types of disease
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
Online available at zenithresearch.org.in
66
and their treatment. The demographic and socio-economic surveys were conducted among all the
households of the Narda village with the help of structured and open-ended questionnaire
schedules. Questionnaire included regarding various type of disease and their treatment. The
qualitative information regarding the feeling and attitude of the suffered persons were collected
through repeated conversations with those persons over long period of time. Various type of
disease and their treatment have been collected from individual family members by the case study
method.
The educational and health status of the parents would be collected through schedules. The main
part of the survey and the fieldwork would however follow the typical participatory
anthropological fieldwork. Those data was collected from a tribal village of in Paschim Medinipur
District of West Bengal. At last the data was analysis through the tabulation.
Study Area
The study village situated 4 km away from NH-6, it is situated 15 km fur away from Jhargram
Town. The village name is Narda, J.L. no. - 896. The mouza name is Narda. The Gram Panchayet
name is Patasimul (12 No. Anchal). The Block name is Jhargram. The Post- office name is
Jorananda. The Police Station name is Jhargram. Sub-division- Jhargram, Dist- Paschim
Medinipur, West Bengal.
Climate In summer the weather is to much hot and in winter the weather is too much cold. In the rainy
season the rainfalls heavily. But the summer is belongs to whole year in every year.
Soil
The land type of the selected village is sandy type but the farming land is mixed with sand and
mud. During rainy season it does not muddy so it becomes very fertile for farming.
House type
Most of house is thatched with strand and wall is made with mud. But some houses are thatched
with Tali.
Village boundary
There are so many villages around the studied village. To the east Mohonpur & Kharbandhi
Village. At the west side there are Patasimul, Jorananda & Uttargram village and south side
Gobindpur, Naraharipur & Radhagobindapur village and the north there are Dalma, Basantipur &
Banksole village. At the Banksole there is a bus stand.
Village road
There are two types of road inside the village one is moram road (Laterait soil Road) and another
is mud road. Mud road are not so broad but the moram road are broader. In rainy season the mud
road is bad for use.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
Online available at zenithresearch.org.in
67
Flora
There is abundance of bamboo trees. Besides there other trees like – Simul, coconut tree, Tetul etc.
are available. In the forest Sal, uclipatas, Segun etc. are available.
Hunting Gathering
They go for hunting in Banksole, Kalikunda, Kadabani, Paharaj and Kandabanga forest. They also
go to near forest like Sonspara, Gurbhanga, Pathardanga from 5-7 kms away.
Politics
There are three parties like C.P.I.M, T.M.C, and J.K.P. Most of the people like to J.K.P, but two
years ago all of the people in this village like to C.P.I.M. At present the leader of the C.P.I.M
Party’s behavior is very bad. They are busy to develop their own family. They could not think
other poor families in this village.
Economy
They lead their lives on the basis of agriculture, selling the leaves of forest and working at the land
of others.
Para division
In Narda village there are two paras. One is high schedule tribe para where lives Santal and
another low tribe para where lives Munda community. They work together.
Literacy
About 60% people are illiterate, 10% only can sign, 10% have one the school and 20% are reading
in secondary and higher secondary still now.
Language
In this village two communities have belongs to types of language. One is Mundari and another is
Santali.
Dress
Married female wear sari, unmarried female wear frock and churidar. Married men wear Dhuti,
Shirt & Pant. Married men wear cloths, lungies. During festivals women wear sari with red border
and men wear dhuti.
Drinking water There are six wells and most of men drink water from well. Now though there is tube well but to
foul smell in water very few people drink the tube well water.
Other water source
There is small damp named Ledhar, but during summer time it becomes dry. It is filled with water
during 6 months, and then about six months it becomes dry. Besides there are two ponds one
named Sabitri and another big pond where water remains whole year people uses this pond water
to bath cow buffalo.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
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Agriculture
Before interaction with ‘Gramin Bikas Trust’ there was only the cultivation named Paddy. After
few years the people trained by G.V.T Members about various types of cultivation. Then the
villagers cultivate Paddy, Wheat, Potato, Karala, Brinjal and Melon etc.
Communication
The communication system is not so good. Two trackers drives without permission from village to
bus stand. Two short routes from village mingled with N.H-6 which is 5 km. away. There is
another short root which has mingled with another bus root Kharbandhi. This is 4 km far away
from village.
Important Place
There was no important place about 5 years ago without Jaherthan. Any type of meeting was held
in the house of someone. But now G.V.T hall (Honda) is an important place to them. Most of the
villagers spend their time in the G.V.T hall and any type of meeting is held there.
Health Centre
There is no primary health & sub-centre but there is one RMP doctor. He treats the patient without
fees in G.V.T hall in a week. He has a private chamber in his own house. There is a Block Primary
Health Centre at Mohonpur which is situated 8 km away from village.
Temple
There is no temple but there are two Jahera (sacred place) inside the two paras (Hamlets). There
are various type ceremonies/ festival was held in the whole year.
Club There is not registered club but during Saraswati puja, there are two groups in two paras and they
considered themselves as a member of one club and worth together.
Sanitation
There are no latrine, bathroom and urinal. They extricate their stool in the open field. Very few
houses are use latrine.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
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69
Findings of the Study
The Age-Sex Composition
Table 1 Age- Sex Composition of total Population of the Study
[] Represents the percentage of total column
() Represents the percentage of total population
The age-sex composition of the sample population reveals higher number of younger persons
including children belonging to 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 age groups. These four age groups
constitute 50.31 per cent of the population. The population pyramid (Fig.1) also shows a broad
base extending up to 15-19 years, after which the breadth of the pyramid begins to shrink although
the number of females shows a sudden increase at the age group 30-34 which seems unusual. The
female population in the higher age groups, particularly beyond the reproductive age, i.e. after 49
years, shows greater number than the males in general. There are 4 males & 4 females above 65
years in the population. This fact is most revealing in all the young age groups from 0-4 up to 25-
29. It only in the age groups, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 that we find a predominance of males
over females .
Age group Male
Female
Total
0-4 (5.55) 15 [9.80] (2.96) 08 [6.83] 23 (8.51)
5-9 (7.40) 20 [13.07] (4.07) 11 [9.40] 31 (11.48)
10-14 (6.29) 17 [11.11] (4.44) 12 [10.25] 29 (10.74)
15-19 (9.25) 25 [16.33] (5.18) 14 [11.96] 39 (14.44)
20-24 (3.70) 10 [6.53] (4.81) 13 [11.11] 23 (8.51)
25-29 (5.55) 15 [9.80] (4.07) 11 [9.40] 26 (9.62)
30-34 (1.85) 05 [3.26] (4.81) 13 [11.11] 18 (6.66)
35-39 (4.07) 11 [7.18] (3.70) 10 [8.54] 21 (7.77)
40-44 (2.96) 08 [5.22] (1.85) 05 [4.27] 13 (4.81)
45-49 (3.70) 10 [6.55] (2.96) 08 [6.83] 18 (6.66)
50-54 (1.48) 04 [2.61] (1.48) 04 [3.41] 08 (2.96)
55-59 (2.96) 08 [5.22] (1.11) 03 [2.56] 11 (4.07)
60-64 (0.37) 01 [0.65] (0.37) 01 [0.85] 02 (0.74)
65+ (1.48) 04 [2.61] (1.48) 04 [2.96] 08 (2.96)
Total (56.66%) 153 (43.33%) 117 270
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
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Table 2 Occupational Status of the Study Population
Age
group Agriculture
M F
Day Labour
M F
Forest resource
collection
M F
Fishing
M F
Govt. Job.
M F
Pvt. Job.
M F
Business
M F
Others
M F
0-4
5-9
10-14 2 1 1 8 12
15-19 8 3 2 1 1 4 1 1 9 4
20-24 5 5 2 6 1 3
25-29 9 5 2 3 3 2 2
30-34 3 8 3 3 1 1 1 1
35-39 5 4 5 4 4 5
40-44 5 3 1 3 1
45-49 5 5 1 1 2 1 1
50-54 1 0 1 2 1 2
55-59 4 2 1 2
60-64 1 1
65+ 1 1 1 2 2
Total
(%)
47
(17.4)
37
(13.17)
17
(6.29)
11
(4.07)
9
(3.33)
24
(8.88)
1
(0.37)
0 6
(2.22)
1
(0.37)
2
(0.74)
0 2
(0.74)
0 22
(8.14)
27
(9.80)
From this table we have seen various types of occupation like Agriculture, Day Labor, Forest resource collection, Fishing, Govt. Job, Pvt. Job,
Business and others, but most of people depend on agriculture (30.21%). Agriculture is the main occupation of the village. They cultivate their
own land like Paddy. Male and female both are engaged to cultivate their own land. Their secondary occupation is forest resource collection.
Most of the female members (8.88%) of the village was collect Forest resource for earn extra money for their better livelihood. Some people of
the village worked as Agriculture labor and road worker (10.36%). 17.94% members of the village were engaged unscheduled occupation.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
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Online available at zenithresearch.org.in
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Table 3 Age Group Wise Distribution of Disease
Age
group
Male Female
0-4 Cold/Cough, Itching, Hydrosil, Influenza Nil
5-9 Malnutrition, Dehydration, Poliomyelitis Epilepsy, cold/Cough, Pneumonia,
Dehydration
10-14 Cough/Cold, Blood vomiting, Diarrhea, Itching,
Defendom, Toungh sore, Ear sore, Vomiting
Fever & Cough, Angulberi, Toung, sore,
15-19 Malaria, Diabetes, Cholera, Tetanus, Jaundice, Rib pain, Blood
dysentery, Problem of Menstruation.
20-24 Vomiting, Piles, Jaundice Heart disease, blood dysentery, Problem
of Menstruation.
25-29 Leprosy, backache, Piles, dysentery, Epilepsy,
Itching, Gout, Infection of teeth.
White discharge, cholera, boils,
Malnutrition.
30-34 NIL Sore, itching, vomiting, Breast ache, TB,
Indigestion, Gastric, Cough/cold,
35-39 Blood dysentery, rib pain, breathing trouble and
hydrosol.
Sore, itching, vomiting, Breast ache, TB,
Indigestion, Gastric, Cough/cold, White
discharge, Dehydration, RTI,
40-44 Hypertension, Stomach ache, boil, urine block,
Spondilitis, Alcohol Abuse.
Tumor, Mental problem, Low presser,
Menstruation problem, Fever.
45-50 TB, Gout, rib pain, vomiting, dehydration,
cholera, Vitamin ‘A’ deficiency, Piles, Gastric
Typhoid
51-59 TB, Gout, rib pain, vomiting, dehydration,
cholera, Piles, Gastric, Malaria, Diabetes, boil,
dysentery,
Dehydration, Malaria, Gout,
60+ Dehydration, Hypertension, Malaria,
Typhoid, heart disease.
Breathing problem, Itching,
Common cold,
The above table shows the age group 0-4 is for female and 30-34 is for male, we did not found
any disease in last three years. The female members are more affected by the disease in the age
groups 15-19, 20-24, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44. The male members are more affected by the disease in
the age groups 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 25-29, 40-44, 45-50, 51-59 & 60+. The major diseases are
itching, T.B, gout, Sore & menstruation problem. They have been suffering itching because
living environment is very bad. They live with cattle; pig & hen so various type of germ come
from the body of cattle. They have been suffering T.B because the male member of the village
drinks ‘Mohua’ liker & smoke ‘Biri’, ‘Chanta’ and the female member of the village suffer
malnutrition so they are affected by T.B & menstruation problem.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
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Table 4 Distribution of disease according to age among the Santal
Age
group
Male Female
0-4 Cold, cough, Itching ------------------------
5-9 Poliomyelitis, Malnutrition Earsore, Dehydration, Cold, Pneumonia
10-14 Cough, Cold, Blood vomiting, Diarrhea,
Headache, Leprosy, Itching, Stomachache,
Defandum,
---------------------------
15-19 -------------------------- Menstrual problem, Rib pain, Itching
20-24 Stomachache, Vomiting, Piles, Jaundice, Blood dysentery, menstruation disorder,
25-29 Leprosy, Backache, Piles, Dysentery,
Epilepsy.
Boil, malnutrition, Cholera, Menstruation
irregularity.
30-34 ----------------------- Sore, Itching, skin rash, Cough/Cold,
Indigestion, Vomiting, Gastric, T.B,
35-39 Blood dysentery , Rib pain, Sore, Itching, Vomiting, Dehydration, T.B,
Cold.
40-44 Stomachache, mental abnormality,
Hypertension, Boil, Urine block, Spondilitis,
Alcohol abuse,
Tumor, Metal problem, Hair loss, Low
pressure, menstrual problem
45-49 T.B, Gout, Rib pain, Vomiting, Dehydration, ------------------------
50-54 T.B, Gout, Rib pain, Spondilities, Carbuncle,
Blood vomiting.
Dehydration, Malaria,Gout.
55-59 Typhoid, Tumor, Diabetes, Encephalitis. Itching
60+ Dehydration, Hypertension. Itching, common cold, respiratory infection.
There is no disease in the age group 15-19 & 30-34 of male and 0-4, 10-14, 45-49 of female.
Santal are more affected by itching both male and female. Santal are more affected by various
type of disease than the Munda’s. In Santal community male are more affected than the female.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
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73
Table 5 Distribution of disease according to age among the Munda
Age
group
Male Female
0-4 Hydrosil, Influenza, --------------------
5-9 Dehydration, Defendum Cold/Cough, Pneumonia, Epilepsy
10-14 Cough, Cold, Blood vomiting, Toung sore,
Indigestion Itching, Earsore, Dehydration, piles,
Chatagali(sore)
Fever and cough, Angulberi, Sore,
Itching.
15-19 Malaria, diabetes, Cholera. Menstrual problem, Hair loss,
Tetanus. Jaundice.
20-24 -------------- Hair loss, heart disease, Pox,
Menstrual problem.
25-29 Dysentery, Itching, Gout, Sore. White discharge, Cholera.
30-34 ------------------ Tumor
35-39 Hydrosil, Breathing trouble. Itching, Dehydration, White
discharge, Back ache
40-44 Ulcer, rib pain. Fever
45-49 T.B, Dehydration, Cold, Piles, Gastric. Fever. Typhoid, Mental disorder.
50-54 T.B, Gout, Gastric, Dysentery Dehydration, Gout.
55-59 Gout, Breathing trouble Itching
60+ Hypertension, Malaria, Typhoid, Heart disease --------------------
There is no disease in the age group 20-24 & 30-34 of male and 0-4, 60+ of female. Their major
disease is T.B and Gout. Because they used to alcohol whole day without any food but they
could not take any solid food for survive. They are hard worker. When they went to day labourer
work at that time they used tobacco like Biri, Khaini etc. Maximum male are effected in the age
group of 10-14, because in this age groups boys are always outside the home.
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
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Table 6 Pattern of treatment of disease among the Santals and Mundas in the study area.
Community Application
of
traditional
medicine
by
themselves
Treatment by
village
Medicine
man
Primary
health
centre and
Hospital
Quack
doctor
Private
degree hold
Doctor
Total
Santal 15(18.52%) 10(12.34%) 27(33.33%) 16(19.75%) 13(16.04%) 81(62.79%)
Munda 07(14.58%) 08(16.66%) 20(41.66%) 05(10.42%) 08(16.66%) 48(37.20%)
Total 22(17.05%) 18. (13.95%) 47(36.43%) 21(16.27%) 21(16.27%) 129(1.29%)
The treatment system of the villagers is peculiar. There are five types of treatment system.
Majority of the villagers is used to Primary health centre/ Block Primary health centre (36.43%).
Application of traditional medicine by themselves only 17.05%. 16.27% of the villagers are used
to quack doctor but in our view villagers faith on own traditional medicine. They are ready
herbal medicine by themselves used various type root which is collect from forest or local
garden. The Santals more used their own traditional medicine than the Mundas because the
Santals are beliefs in own herbal medicine.
Conclusion
From the above finding we can said that the villagers were suffered various disease such as i)
Tuberculosis ii) Diarrhea iii) Malaria iv) Dehydration v) Anemia vi) Tumor vii) Piles vii)
Pneumonia viii) Hypertension ix) Encephalitis x) Boil xi) Leprosy xii) Itching xiii)Epilepsy
xiv)Typhoid xv) Gout xvi) Gastric ulcer xvii) Pox xviii) Cholera xix) Menstruation problem
xx) Indigestion xxi) Common cold, cough & fever, xxii) White discharge xxiii) Stomach ache
xxiv) Chest pain xxv) Poliomyelitis in this village. The villagers have been also affected by the
above disease in each age group of both sexes. The female members of the village are more
affected than the male. Most of the peoples were affected by Itching, Dehydration, Common
cough and cold, problem of menstruation.
The treatment of disease also are flows a pattern. In our study area in both cases very few
families were found to apply the traditional herbal medicine in case of fever, dysentery and
EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies ________________ ISSN 2249- 8834
EIJMMS, Vol.3 (11), November (2013)
Online available at zenithresearch.org.in
75
sores. A good number of both families were also found rush to hospital and a primary health
centre whoever they were affected by any aliments. There are also both numbers of families who
are going to costly private clinics in the Jhargram town, but in little number. The whole scenario
reveals a varied and varied condition rather than a uniform consistent pattern.
References
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Dash Sharma, P. (Ed). 2000- Environment, Health And Development. AnAnthropological
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Sociaty of London. Series B, 251.6. Maiti, S. 1999- Cognition of Disease and Ciring Behaviour in Rural Bengal,Studie in Medical Anthropology (Ed),
Dibrugash, N.L. Publiser.7. Rai, H.N, Chowdhury & D.C. Pal, 1976- Poor Man’s Medicine, Man in India,Vol-2, No.3 & 4,
Calcutta, ISRAA
Majumder, A 2013, Cognitive Performance Of Disease AndDimensions Of Ethnomedicine
Among The TribalPeople Of Patamda, East Singhbhum, Jharkhand, International Journal of
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Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the villagers of Narda of Paschim (west)Medinipu and
other adjoining villages for providing us valuable information. Last but not the least; express our
deep sense of gratitude to my teacher Dr. Abhijit Guha Associate Professor, Department of
Anthropology, Vidyasagar University for providing academic and intellectual inputs for
completion the article.
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