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© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-1
Chapter 3Understanding the Role of Culture
PowerPoint by
Kristopher Blanchard
North Central University
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-2
Overview
Culture and its effects on organizations
Cultural variables
Cultural value dimensions
The Internet and culture
Developing cultural profiles
Culture and management styles around the world
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-3
Key Terms
Culture Savvy
Cultural Sensitivity or Cultural Empathy
Culture of a society
Self reference criterion
Parochialism
Ethnocentrism
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-5
Culture and Its Effects on Organizations
Once upon a time there was a great flood, and involved in this flood were two creatures, a monkey and a fish. The monkey, being agile and experienced, was lucky enough to scramble up a tree and escape the raging waters. As he looked down from his safe perch, he saw the poor fish struggling against the swift current. With the best of intentions, he reached down and lifted the fish from the water. The result was inevitable.
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-6
Cultural Variables
Never assume that a manager can transplant American, or Japanese, or any other country’s styles, practices, expectations, and processes
Managers need to develop a cultural profile that identifies the specific differences found in each country
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-7
Subcultures
Residents of the country only conform to the national character to a certain degree
Could be from ethnic, geographic, or other variables
Good managers treat people as individuals and they avoid any form of stereotyping
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-8
Influences on National Culture
Kinship – guides family relationshipsEducation – formal or informal education of workers affects workplace expectationsEconomy – means of production and distribution in a society influences all aspects of the resource allocationPolitics – system of government imposes varying constraints on an organization
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-9
Influences on National Culture
Religion – spiritual beliefs of a society are so powerful that they overpower all other cultural aspectsAssociations – the formal and informal groups that make up a societyHealth – system of health care affects employee productivityRecreation – the use, attitude, and choice of how to use leisure time
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-10
Cultural Value Dimensions
Values are a society’s ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-11
Project GLOBE Cultural Dimensions
AssertivenessFuture orientationPerformance orientationHuman orientationGender differentiationUncertainty avoidancePower distanceInstitutional collectivism vs individualismIn-group collectivism
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-12
Cultural Clusters
Ex. 3-3 & Ex 3-4. Globe ProjectAssertiveness & Non Assertiveness: Most Spain, USA, Greece. Least Sweden, NZPerf Orientation. Most USA, Taiwan. Least Russia, ArgentinaFuture Orientation. Most Denmark, Ca. Least Russia, ArgentinaHumane Orientation. Most Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia. Least Germany (Former West), Spain
3.4 Geographic Culture Clusters. Southern Asia, Confucian Asia, Anglo, Latin America, to some extent, these specify the cultural clusters
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-13
Hofstede’s Value DimensionsPower distance. To what extent, unequal dist. of power accepted by the societyUncertainty Avoidance. To what extent people feel threaten by ambiguityIndividualism. Tendency to look for themselves & their familyMasculinity. The degree typical values such as assertiveness, materialism & lack of concern for others. Femininity emphasizes concerns for others, relationships with others, & quality of life.
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-14
Trompenaar’ Value DimensionsUniversalistic vs particularistic. Applying rules objectively or subjectively
Neutral vs Affective. Specific or diffuse in relationship.. Specific oriented separate work personal vs diffuse mix work &personal.
Achievement vs ascription Source of power in achievement is individual-how well one performs the job & what level of experience & education one offers
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-15
Critical Operational Value Differences
Time: temporal vs non linear
Change: some forms of control over the future vs destiny or will of Allah
Material factors
Individualism
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-16
The Internet and Culture
Affecting many social variables: associations, education, & the economy. For example, in S Korea, the desire for technology in syn: economy & daily habits.
Affecting how internet is used. Attitude toward information privacy-the right to control information about oneself. See Exh. 3.8
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-17
Developing Cultural Profiles
Mgsr to gather info considerable info on cultural variables from current research, personal observation, & discussions with people. Develop cultural profiles of various countries- composite pics of working environ, people attitudes etc.
Exh 3.7- a basic comparison with other cultures on 10 dimensions
http://www.bspage.com/1netiq.html
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-18
Comparative management in FocusJapan-principle of wa (peace & harmony) embedded in amae (indulgent love)Japan’s cultural roots produced a very homogeneous managerial value system, with strong middle management, strong working relationship, a strong seniority system. Wa emphasises participative mgmt, consensus problem solving, & decision making within a patient & long term prospective.Evidence of some convergence bet western business culture & Japan. Group, lifetime employment focus has given way to more competitive bus environment with no guaranteed job security & emphasis on perf based pay.
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-19
Comparative management in Focus2. Germany. Ranks high on ind. (less individualistic than the uS), high on uncertainty avoidance & masculinity, relatively small need for power distance. Thus, Manifest preferences to be around familiar people & situations, & for detailed evaluation of business before committing themselves. Christianity domination- perpetuates their need for rule & order in their lives. Assertive but not aggressive. Have a strict sense & use of time & follow hierarchical org structures with power at the top. Want detailed info. http://www.germany-info.or/3. South Korea. Ranks high on collectivism & pragmatism, fairly low on masculinity, moderate on power distance & quite high on uncertainty avoidance. Priority on family, respect for authority, formality, class & rank. Aggressive, hardworking, friendly & hospitable.
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-20
Culture and Management Styles
Korea. Bus based on honor & trust, most contracts are oral.
http://www.1.kcci.or.kr/eng/dbdefault.htm
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-21
Looking Ahead
Chapter 4 - Communicating Across Cultures– The Communication Process– The Culture – Communication Link– Information Technology
© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-22
Culture Savvy
A working knowledge of the cultural variables affecting management decisions
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© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-23
Cultural Sensitivity or Cultural Empathy
An awareness and an honest caring about another individual’s culture.
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© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-24
Culture of a society
Comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations.
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© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-25
Self reference criterion
The unconscious reference point of one’s own cultural values
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© 2006 Prentice Hall 3-26
Parochialism
Occurs when a Frenchman, for example, expects those from or in another country to automatically fall into patterns of behavior common in France.
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