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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 1
1Creating and Using Organisational Semantic Webs in Large Networked Organisations
Ravish Bhagdev1,2, Ajay Chakravarthy1, Sam Chapman1,2, Fabio Ciravegna1,2 and Vita Lanfranchi1
1 2
University of Sheffield, UK{N.Surname}@shef.ac.uk
Knowledge Now Limited, UK{Name}@k-now.co.uk
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 2
Outline
Traditional Knowledge Management What is problematic?
Large Networked Organisations What are the organisational needs?
Knowledge Acquisition
Forms as Ontologies
Form-based Knowledge Capture
Knowledge Sharing and Reuse
Conclusions
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 3
Traditional KM
Enterprise Knowledge Portal providing unique standardized access to
proprietary knowledge
Single Conceptual Schema for official agreed view
supporting communication between different parts of organisation
Large homogeneous knowledge or document repositories for collection and organisation of corporate
knowledge
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 4
Traditional KM: Issues
Effect: Many portals are deserted by users
replacements: non-official tools such as shared directories, personalized and local databases, email, etc.
Reason: Difficulty in adopting models, schemas and
procedures that are unsuitable to specific communities
of users that are not dynamic
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 5
Large Networked Organisations
Modern KM is based on dynamic communities that acquire and share knowledge
according to dedicated schemas existing across traditional organisational
boundaries ill fit pre-determined standard
schemas require rapidly tailoring knowledge for
their specific ad-hoc uses often outside the company
(outsourcing)
Organisation2
Organisation2
Organisation1
Organisation1
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 6
Modern KM principles
Principle of Autonomy where each unit is granted a high degree of
autonomy to manage their local knowledge;
Principle of coordination where units are enabled to exchange knowledge
with other units through a mechanism of mapping other units’ context onto their local context.
Bonifacio et al, 2002
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 7
Challenge: support communities in capturing knowledge
Do not force communities to share a single company-wide (ontological) view
Help them define a neat, formal, shareable, individual ontological view that can be connected to other views
although connections can be imperfect some is better than nothing
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 8
Challenge: support communities in sharing and reusing knowledge
Distributed interconnected resources can be queried across via interconnected
ontologies Searching metadata rather than text
Retrieving information independently from the store/media
Enables querying resources using my ontological view largely independently from the view used
originally to create it
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 9
Semantic Web for Networked Communities Enables freedom for communities
definition of community-specific views of the world; capture and acquisition of knowledge according to
them; easy networked modification of the knowledge
schema
Enables sharing with other communities integration with the rest of the organisation’s
knowledge; via integration of ontologies
definition and reuse of different views on the same data
great number of small ontological components
consisting largely of pointers to each other
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 10
Our proposal:Integrate knowledge acquisition, capturing and
sharing
K-FormsForm based User centred community specific view
definition of knowledge structures, i.e. the ontologycreation of instances, i.e. triples
K-ExtractionLegacy data capture
K-Searchsearching and sharing of information and knowledge.
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 11
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND CAPTURE
K-Forms
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 12
K-Forms Users define Web based forms visually using a Web
browser
Forms
Tables
Selections
Lists
Conceptual type
Possible values
Validation required
etc.
Same freedom as Word/Excel forms
Flexible creation/modification of knowledge schema
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 13
Sharing among forms When a form is created parts of other forms are suggested
intelligently for reuse to help users:
create forms consistently without forgetting anything reduce time (saves specifying all details) encourage sharing and linkage
People tend to develop new forms starting from an existing form and reuse components from others
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 14
FORMS AS ONTOLOGIES
The technical view
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 15
Forms as ontologies
The form schema is turned automatically into an explicit ontology
Objects are OWL concepts
Properties are OWL properties if filler is base type OWL Relations if filler is a nested object
Forms can be divided into sections and fields.
15
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 16
Sections
Sections can have subsections and fieldsare presented as sub-forms to be filled.
Sections are represented as OWL classes (<ConceptName> Class) which can have subsections (related classes) or individual fields (properties)
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 17
FieldsFields are typed represent meta-properties of the document (e.g. author,
date, etc.) or its content (e.g. an issue to be reported).
Fields can be added as a property of each section, subsection, or directly in form classesthey are represented as OWL properties.
Restrictions can be set for the possible values of the using xml datatype schema (xsd:types)
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 18
Semantic interconnections
Relations among concepts are represented as OWL relations between classes and properties
Relational tables can be represented as advanced sections.
The domain of some relations may be the overarching <FormName> Class. When concepts are introduced at the top level, a
relation is formally created domain <FormName> Class and range <ConceptName> Class.
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 19
Linking ontologies When part of form is reused,
underlying ontology matching tool imports OWL concepts, relations and properties
This creates a semantic web of ontologies all the SW technologies used for managing
distributed ontologies apply e.g. distributed searching
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 20
FORM-BASED KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE
The technical view
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 21
Knowledge Capturing
When a form is released users receive it to fillcapture locally(no intranet connection)upload to central repository in a later time
Final Word/Excel document automatically generated Can be read and printed and sent by email
as before
Knowledge immediately available for search on the intranet
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 22
Filling forms Semantics are assigned to the field
values All the inputted values are transformed
into RDF statements related to the form ontology
Filling forms creates RDF triples Different types of documents can be
generated from the triples
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 23
How about Legacy Data? Legacy data in unstructured sources
must be recovered Access to knowledge captured with K-
Forms must be seamlessly integrated with that extracted from legacy data (when possible)
Requirement: extracting information from existing forms
Method: Use of automatic semantic annotation
techniques Mainly from Information Extraction from
text
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 24
KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND REUSEK-Search
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 25
K-SearchOntology based search for documents and
knowledgeSeamlessly searching forms and knowledge
extractedFully integrated with K-Forms & K-ExtractionOntology associated to a form is made available to K-
Search
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 26
Hybrid Search Keywords and ontology-based search can be mixed
within the same query Pure ontology-based searching
When metadata covers information precisely
Keyword-in-context of annotation To match strings in text annotated with semantics (textual form
fields)
e.g. “fuel” is matched only on snippets of texts annotated as removed parts
General Keyword querying For searching on the document/form as a whole
Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Ravish Bhagdev, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna, Daniela Petrelli: Extracting and Searching Knowledge for the Aerospace Industry, in Proc. of 1st European Semantic Technology Conference, Vienna, May 2007
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 27
Support for dynamic communitiesK-Search enables searching multiple repositories
at once using one of the available ontologiesQuery a specific resource via the original ontologyQuery a resource using a different ontology interconnected to the
original oneQuery multiple repositories using one specific ontology.
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 28
Support for dynamic communitiesWhen an ontology different from the original is
usedthe original query is mapped to the original ontology via
the formal links. For the parts that are not mapped the restrictions can be
turned into keywords
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 29
Bookmarking in Search
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 30
Bookmarking (ctd)
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 31© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield
User Evaluation: K-Forms6 Users from our universityUsers reused in average 60% of the possible
concepts. Many individual variations, with a peak of 80% and a
minimum of 30% concepts reuse.
All the users happily reused their own conceptsReuse of concepts was appreciated by 90% of
the users as it saves timeUsers found easy or very easy (66.7% ) to design
a form using the system (33.3 % rated it average)
Industrial:Rolls-Royce forms, + (all k-now) + weknowit
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 32© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield
User Evaluation: K-Search32 Users at Rolls-Royce plc
Finalist at Rolls-Royce directors’ creativity award
STANDARDISED
EVALUATION
ISO DIS 9241-11
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 33© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield
Conclusions
K-Forms and K-Search provide support for KM in dynamic communitiesK-Forms enables the intuitive design and deployment of web-based
forms that capture semantic information. K-Search enables accessing multiple repositories using multiple
ontologies
K-Forms and K-Search satisfy modern KM supportingPrinciple of Autonomy Principle of coordination
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 34© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield
Future Work
Further development of the concept of the networked ontologies and their impact on knowledge management.
Explore the impact of changes to the existing form schema when some forms have been already filled.
Industrial Applications 2 projects: Support to design and manufacturing of
Rolls Royce Engine for Airbus 350 International Procurement Analysis Sports & Entertainments Industry Customer
Management
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 35
Acknowledgments. The work was supported by :
IPAS, a project jointly funded by the UK DTI (Ref. TP/2/IC/6/I/10292) and Rolls-Royce plc and
X-Media, an Integrated Project on large scale knowledge management across media, funded by the European Commission as part of the IST programme (IST-FP6-026978), (www.x-media-project.org).
All images © (K-Now or Rolls Royce)
© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 36
Thank you and Questions?
sam@k-now.co.uk
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