View
952
Download
6
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
project 2013-14
Citation preview
3
' (2013-2014)
'
'' '' ''
''HIGGS''
:
'' '' ''
''HIGGS''
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. /
14.
15.
16. .
17.
18.
19. /
20.
..
.
,
.
() , ,
.
,
, (
) ,
.
2.600 ,
,
, ,
. 1)
2) () 3)
,
.
,.
..............................................................................................................
, .
,
, '' '' ,
.
.
1) . , (.
'' '' ,
.
2). . (.
).
( ), (
) (). . ()
.
. ( ) ,
, (
) ,
.
3). . .
,
, ( )
. .
, ( ~ ),
( )
'' '' ( ) , (
~ , ~ , ~ .. )
.............................................................................................
'' '' '' '', ( '' ''), , ?
14. : , , , ... '' '' '' ''.
15. . '' '', , ( ) 4 , , .
). ). ). ; .
- ,
.... ...'' ( VII 90 ). -'' , ''.
IX 1-7 .
-'' '''' ''.
( ,
'' 294 ''.) -''
''. ( 4p 110 8' k)
-'' ,
''. .
- ( 80) '' ,
''.
-
''. ( 5).
- ( VII 126 ) '' . . . '' '' '' . ,
, . 10 %
90 %.
.
-'' , '' '''' 4 187 20. ,
'' '' - ( )
,
.
- '' ''''
''.
( 6401 8 ) .
-( 126 ) '' .
''. . -( 25 (8) ) ''
'' ) . -( 62 & 67 ). . -'' ,
'' . ( 1235 25 ) . - '' ,
.....
, .
''.
( 24 ,13 , 2
476 ) .
- ''
''.
( 2 1155b 4 ).
- ( . 24 ) ''
() '' ...''
'' .
: . (
, ).
, .
: , , '' ,
''
( ' , 42 )
. :
'' ''.
1400 . , .
--
,
, ,
, , .
( 35).
,
. ,
: ,
.
,
( ) .--
O A ,
.
.
.
, []( ,
) (),
, (
, )
().
, ,
- .(
), ( )
( ) , ()
,[].
:
, .
, ( )
,
.
2.13 293 18-28
:
,
, ()
.
985b23 986a12 :
10 ,
.
: ( )
1. ,
-.
, ( ),
.
().>
, ( )
'''' .
,
'' 983b20 27
- ,
.
, . 98%
, 90% , 90% , 75%
, 96% 70%
. .
,
. ,
. 2/3
15% .
1,1,1,2 1,1,3,3 ''
,
, ''....
1,7,11( 23) '' ,
. '' ''
, '' .
2. (661-546 ..), , .
( ),
, 4 '''',
. . ( ) , 3 . ''''
( ) 4 , . .
'''' ,
,
. ,
( ) ( ).
,
.
, .
.....
,16 1 (D.381) ''
,
-____.''
, (),
,
'''' '''', ,
CERN..................................................................................
( . 1),
,(4 ) , ()
.
... '''',
,
, .
.
,
.........................................................
( ,
, ,
. ?)
()
,
.......................................................................................................................... ., p. 150, 24 sq. (DK 12 A 9)... .......................................... .
: , p. 24, 13sq.; Theophrastos, Phys. op. fr. 2 Diels (DK 12 A 9, B1).
''
,
. '
, ' ,
,
, .
,
, '
''.
, '' ,
'
''.
, .
-, , .
,
,
.... '' ,
,
......................
'' ,
'' '''' 4 187 20.
'' '' ''
, ,
,
, ,
''. I 3,3 (Ps.-Plutarchos; DK 12 A 14) : '' '
.
''.
'' ,
''.
''''
'''',
'' ''.
: ' ,
. (
'
'
( )).
'' ,
, ''
. ,
''.
, 10,25 ....''
. , ;''.
(''
, '' '').
'' , ,
, ''
. .
.................................................................................................................... .
:
, . . ( ()
).
:
: ., p. 24, 13sq.; Theophrastos, Phys. op. fr. 2 Diels (DK 12 A 9, B 1).
''
,
. '
, ' ,
,
,
.
,
, '
''.
II 1 (DK 12 A 1) : '' .
, .
, ''.
., p. 150, 24 sq. (DK 12 A 9) : '' , ,
, ''.
, . 6, 207a 19 sq. : '' [...] ,
''.
, Haer. I 6,1 sq. (DK 12 A11, B 2) : " .
,
. ' ,
.
. (2) ,
. ,
''.
, . 5, 204b 23sq. (DK 12 A 16) : ''
, ' ,
, , ' ,
. , '
''.
I 3,3 (Ps.-Plutarchos; DK 12 A 14) : '' '
.
''.
, . 4, 203b 18sq. (DK 12 A 15) : ''[...]
, ''.
, . A4, 187a 20 sq. (DK 12 A 16) : '' '
, ''.
Ps.-Plutarchos, Strom. 2, fr. 179 Sandbach (DK 12 A 10) : ''
''.
, Haer. I 6, 3-5 (DK 12 A 11) : ''...
, .
, , . ,
... ,
, ' . '
, ' ,
... ,
.
,
, ''.
, Haer. I 6, 7 (DK 12 A 11) : ''
,
' , ''.
A V 19,4 (DK 12 A 30) : ''
,
' ''.
, Haer. I 6, 6 (DK 12 A 11 ): '' ''.
, Haer. I 6, 6 (DK 12 A 11): '' ,
, ' ''.
, . 730 E (DK 12 A 30) : '' [. . .]
, ,
''.
* (,
, , ). ,
,( ),
, , .
. ,
,
.
, , ,
,
, , , ,
,
...
3. (585-525 ..).
.
,
, .
. ( )
. ()
()
.
,
. , ,
.
. .............
'''' . ''
, , ,
,
.''...........................................................
.''
'' '' ,
,
, .
. ,
, , .
,
, . ,
. , ,
.
,
. ,
'' ''
/, ~ ,
.
. 2 '' ,
, '' . ,
, ,
.
(), ,
(,) , .
. , (),
() ,
, .
''
.'' ''
.'' . (
), . , . ( 2 , ,2 , C
,CO2 , ,
. (. )
() , (),.
.
) .
(. ) ,
( ) '' ''
) .
( Big~bang ) .
*[ ,
.
78% , 21 % , 0,95%
(, , , , , ) 0,04% CO2 .
.
, .
(), He, Ne, Kr, 2, Xe, O3) ]. '' '' . .)
.)... . .)
(...) . .)
...........
,
,
.....
4. (500-428 ..). ,
.(.
,
,
) .
'' '' '' ''.
- ,
,
. , .
, 12.
12 '' , '' .
.
. 12 -'' .... '' .
.
DK59 B17 '' ,
, , , ''.
,.
'' '' , '
'''', , , , ( ), . ''
, . , ,
. , , . , , .
'' ''
. 1)
2) 3)
,
, .
* . '' ''
'' , ()
, =( , ),
. .
, ,
( ).
(), ,
,, .
: ,
. , .
, .
, .
, . ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
. :
, 164 1 3.
, .''
. , , ,
.
. .)
'' ,'' ,
() , , , ,
.
,) .
.)
:
, 4, 187a 20: ''
,
, .
, , ,
, ''..........
.......: ''
, ,
, .. -
() ,
() ,
( ) . ( )
,
( ) '' .
(. 12) '' ''.
...'' ,
'' .
, .''
... '' . (DK59 B12)...
(DK59 B17). ''
'' .
(). DK59 B17 :
,
.
.
). () ,
. ). .
,
,
. ,
(.
) () ,
,
( )
5. . : '' '' (
) ,
, ( ).
126.
. . , . ( ),
( )........................................................
. 3.1005b 23. ''
, , ''.
, 242d '' ... ... ... , .''
: ( ,
)
: 0 , -,
- ,- .. .
30,31 ,b
,66,124 90, ,
.
: ) ,
,
. ) O
,
, ,
) ...
( ).
124,
. , .
,
( 30) ,
,
,
,
.
(). ( 31)
,
(- )
. ( 64). * A 64: .
Big-Bang, 20 , (), ,( ) . (, )
() '' '' H2 O2, ( ) (- -). ( ) , , , , , ) ...
Heisenberg , , , , , , , , [ ]. ( ). ( () ), . CERN, , ( ) , ( - ). () , . : () , ( () ). .24 . CERN, (),
, ( ), 2.600 ....................
,
, (.
~,..~...~) ,
,--,-(.
).............................................................................. '' '''' , ''.
.
18,43
'' ,
.....
'' .
( 30). , , ,
. : ,
, , ,
() ,
(). ,
,
( 31b)
(), ( ) ,
, , , ....................
'' '' [
] ...
( 25 (8) ) ''
'' ) . .
...
[ 49 (90) ] ''
....'' .
...
[ 18 (50)] '' ,
, , ,
..... ,
, ''...
( V I 16 ) '' , . '' ...
23,7 ''
, '' ...
126 '' .
'' ...
( 20 ) '' '
, '' .
14. '' , , ', ''... ,
( ; ) ,
( )
...
( VII 126 ) ''
.
.
. '' ''
'' ...
[ 122 ] '' ''
( ) .
'' ''),
,
...
'' ''
,( - ) ...
--- 4 : :
, , . (
, ,
.)
--- 392C : :
, . (
.)
- , V 46, : :
. (
, ,
.)
242d . ... ...
... ...
, .''
'', ,
,
, ,
, ()
.
5. 396b 7.''...
, .
.....
, ,
, , ''.
V II 6. ''
.''
1(s.A 1 I 40,2,., 6b) ''
.
.''
1.'' ,
, ''.
: ( 9 ). ''
, ,
, ''....
, ( ), .
7,957a.''
, ''.
, , .
200 ''
'' .
(===). .
, , ,
, .
'''' , ...
6. :
- ,
o .
,
.
-
: : ,
, 294.
''
'' ( 4p 110 8' k)
,
, ,,,,, ..
[],
. .
'''' , ( )
(,), , .
'''' ( )
,
. '' ''
, ,
.'
,
( ) , .
( ),
.
,
, ,, ,
, ,
.
.
( ) :
TLG Democritus, Work 001 1. 97-103- (. )
: ,
. .
.
,
, , , , :
:
. : [ (.
) :
.
.
, .
, , ,
, : :
.]... ................
) TLG Work 001 1. 110 ,
.[ ,
.].
-, , 7, 135.
, ,
, ,
, , , .
:[
,
,
,
, , ,
, .].
1. [ 294, 33 ( 37)]: ...
. '
.
"" "" () "",
"" () "" () ""....................................................................
2. [ 985 (. 6)]...
'' ,
, , , ,
. '
, ....
...................................................................................................................
3. [ . 28.8 (. 8-. .38)]...
, ...
, ,
.
.
7. : '' '' ,
. ,
(.. -, - .)
() , .
0 + = 1 ( ).
: " ,
,
, o ,
" (
VIII 12) 3 .
() ''
, ,
,
''
(
=1,61803)
. ,
=1, =
= 2=2+2 => 12 + = 2 1+=2
2--1=0 =1,61803.
.
,
.
- .( . )
=1,61803 (
'' '') .
=1,61803
. 1+=2
8. : : ,
.
, , (519 -450 . ) : '' '' , , , ,
, ( ) , , ,
, .. ,
,
. :
) LG, 001 7.4-8
, ,
,
, ,
. ..........................................................................................
:[
, (
)
, , )
, , ) , ,
,
.] ...................................................................
{
}.
) LG, 001. 22. 3-5. , , .
[ ( ), ,
.]
) LG, 001. 22. 2. . [
.]
, ,
, , -.
) LG, 001. 22. 7. . [ .]
) LG, 001. 44. 1-2. . [
.]
) ,
, ,
, , 78, 5 145, 1-5, 6, 21, 27-28. [ ,
, ... ...
... ,...
: , ( ), , ( ,
), , ( ),
...]
) , , 144, 29. , . [
, ( , ).]
() (),
, , ,
, .
, , , , .
) LG, 001. 1. 7-9. .
, , , .
[
( )
, .]
: , (505 440 ..) . ,
. , . , , . , . 396. META :[ , . , , , , . , .]................................................................................... , . , . 396. [ ].
9. : " , , , , . , . . , '' .
10. :
( ),
, - -
, 4 .
.
(DK 31 B12 '' ,
, ,
''.
DK 31 B8 '' ,
.
''
'' , , ''. . . , . DK31 8: ,
.
() ,
.
DK31 B9:
,
, ,
,
- ,
.
DK31 B11: ,
,
.
DK31 B12:
,
- ,
.
11. : 5 , ( ) , . : ( ,
)
.
, , ...
..
: ,
,
, .
. ,
, .
1
.
39 :
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
.
40:
() ( ).
, .
, , .
,
.
41:
() , , .
.
( ) .
.
.
.
42: ,
,
, .
,. ,
.
43:
.
,
.'
,
(), ,
().
44: ,
,"
", ,
. ,
.
54: ()
, -
,
. () ,
,
, ( )
" ',' '' ''
.
61: ,
. ,
, .
.
78:
, .
, . ,
,
, .
49-50: ,
. ,
,
. ,.
, ..
, ,
. ,
.
.
470-459
LG, Work 001 1. 8 [ '' ''
]...................................................................................................
*** , .
,
, .
- (. )
LG, Work 001 8. 5-6 [ (. )
...])
LG, Work 001 1. 9 -11 [
... , ...
] .
--- ,
LG, Work 001 1. 12 -15 [
(),... , ,
,
, ].
---
LG, Work 001 1. 17 -21 [
...
... ...] (.
, , ) ,
, 242, 18. [ (. , ,
) ,
...]
-
, ,
, , ,
, , .....................................................
, , 7, 135. [
,
,
, ,
, , ,
...................................................
--- (. ) : ,
. .
.
,
, , , , :
: . TLG Democritus,
Work 001 1. 97-103 [ (. ) :
.
. ,
.
, , , , :
:
.]... ) , . TLG Work 001 1. 110
[ , .].
.
' ' HIGGS
>
( ) ,
.
,
.
, (g -ang).
' , 14 , ,
, .
,
, (big-bang),
,
.
( )
, (. ) ,
;
:
1 : ,
.
2 :
,
.
Big-Bang ,
,
. ,..
,
.
(),
().
, ( - ) .
CERN,
27km, 100 m
(LHC)
99,9%
, .
. 8eV,
Big-Bang.
9.300 ,
109 , 4
( ATLA, ALICE, CMS LC-B)
(
, big~bang ).
99,99995%
,
Higgs
,
, , (
) .
() higgs 12 : 6 () (u,d,s,c,b,t) 6
( , , , ,
, ) 5 . ( ,
, w+,w-,Zo) , SEC.
4() : 1) , 2)
, 3) , 4) . (2 +1
) , (2 +1 )
,
..
( 1 + 0,1 )
, 2+2 .
,
3000 C .
,
,
( ).
Big-Bang , ,
25%
,
..
( ,
.
( . )
. (
), (
),
( . )
. .
( 2600
) .
(), 4 , .
(Big-Bang) .
, Big-Bang ,
.
Big-Bang
. ,
. ...........................
Big-Bang ,
( 14 )
,( . , , ,),
,
Big-Bang 4 .....
4
(
). , .
. ,
;
....................................................................................
,
( ) , .
. ,
, . .
( ) ,
() ,
, ( ).
,
,
, , (
) .
'' '' ,
, , (
, ) .
. .
('' ''),
,
( ) .
(. - ). '' ''
.
( ) ,
, ( ) .....................................................................................
). , .
,
[ , (
) ''] , . ,
. .
). '' '' 12 ,
, ( ) .
........................................................................
(____)...
() , E
, .
, .
, .
() ..........................................................
,
__''-............................
( ), ''
'' ) . ( ) ).
. :....................... 1). (
,) 2).
.
(
) ,
(), .
'' '' ,
( )
.
, . ( .
) . ,
?
,
, ... ,
. [
()
] ...
4 ( , , ,
) 14 ,
( ). ,
, .
,
, ( ). ( ) , 4
, ( ).
"4 "
,(
70% ).
(2,,2) 4 , ( ,
). , , ( )
, ( ). . 4 ,
, (
4 ).
(4 ) . . ,
, . { ,
( )
( ),
,
( ) .
( ), } . 70% , (
)
(2, , CO2 ,.. ).....
.....................................................
DK31 8: ,
.
() ,
.
DK31 B9:
,
, , ,
.. , .
*- '' '' ( , , V 105).
(. ) , () , . ( ) , ( ,,) , .
. ( 18.392 c )... '' .
'' (
1-7 ) ... .
DK31 B11: ,
,
>>
,
,
.
, , , ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
1804 , ,,
,
. . , 2.300 .
20
,
,
, .
1840 .
:
1/10 mm
1 mm
M 1 mm
- 1 cm.
, ,
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
[] , .
. .
,
,
.
,
[ ].
,
, [
] [ ].
[
].
[ ]
[]
.
.
,
[],
[] , ,
, , . ,
.
: ,
. ( ),
( )
[ ], ,
.
: []
.
[]. ,
=, ]
.
--- M ( ) ,
( ~KENOY) _ (. ~) ,(
~ ) ~ .
,
,(. =) .
() (. 2+1 )
. (. 2
+1 )
(
),
............................. .
,
, [
],
,
.
, ,
,
[ ]
, 3 [, ,
]. 1960
200 , ,
.
=m*c2
,
.
, ,
, ()
.
,
,
,
, .
,
. Big-
Bang, ( )
() .
,
.
,
() (),
.
[
, ]
, , ,
.
, ,
, ( ).
:
,
.
.
. 2.300
:
() ,
,
. [] ,
,
, ,
,
. ( ), 1 .
. . . , ()
(. ) ,
() , ''''
'' ''. ( . +)
(2 , CO2 ,2 ..) . . ''''
(+) () ,
, (
) ( ) . ,
.. .
1964
, [3]
[] 1).
(up) 2) (down) 3). (stranqe)
up (2/3*e), down(-e/3) strage (-e/3)
2 1 =2*(2/3*e)+(-
e/3)=+e 2 1 =2*(-
e/3)+(2/3*e)=0 .
:1) ,
.2) ,
.3) ,
,
. 4) : , .
.
,
W+,W- Z0
-- :
'' '' 1 ( ),
,
,
...
( , )
: 1).
,2). ,3). 4). .
1) .
, , ,
. ,
...................................................................................................
2) . ,
,
. -
,-
....H
, u (up) d
(down) ( ) .
..................................................... ...........................................................
3) . ,
,
,
, '
,
,
( 1p+1n),
.
,
..... 4 '' '':
. up (u) down (d), (e)
(e), (1 )
...............................................
4). , ,
,( )
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
( ). (
).........
4 , W Z0
,
.
(~), 8 TeV , '' '' . ''x
Higgs '' 12 .
12 6 6 5 .
A ( ),
( ), 12 .
. 6 6 , (
), ,
.................................................................................................................
, 2 () ).
). ,
. .
( )
.....
'' '' 5
() ). ).
, 9
) 3 W + ,W-,Z.
.........
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
, ...................................................................
SEC ( BIG~BANG) ,EMEINAN , .
1). 2). .
2, 1). 2). .
12 4()
( 1 ) ().
: 1) 2) 3) .
,
,
'' ''. .
'''' , ...........................................................
. 12 ''.''
,
, W
. .
.
, .
12 , ( ).
. ,
. .
( ) . 12
( sec ) ,
( ) ,
() ,
, .
. , (
) , .
...
-.
MAXWELL (1831 ~ 1879)
, 2 ,
, , 1 1 ( .
) . (
), ,
, ''
''.
. ( ) ,
,
. , W Z
. , (
),
........................................................................... .
,
,
.
W ,Z ,
, ,
, .
. ,'' ''.
big bang
, .
( ).
, ( ), ()
.
.
.
CERN ,
. ~
''
'' .
''''
. W, .
( ),
.
.
, .
. .
.
,(
. 2 , ),
, ,
.
.... . ,
. ''
. .
. ''
'',
''. ''
VII 126 ''.
( ), , (
) ''...''
....................................................................................................
(. ?)
. ,
, 4
''''
, , ,
.
, ,
, () ( )
, ,
. (
) ?
'' '' .
.
..
1. '''' -
2. '' ''
3. CATHERINE OSBORNE
4. . '' ''
5. '' ''-'' ''
.
6. '' '' .
7. '' CERN '' . > 90 .
8. '' '' . -. >.
9. '' '' . .
.
10. http.//www.physics.ntua.gr/POPPHYS
Recommended