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Much of the region is desert Ex. Sahara (Hot & Lacks Water)
•Greatest population around coast & rivers
•Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea,Persian Gulf
•Nile River, Tigris-Euphrates Provides half the worlds oil (OPEC)
Switch from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlement
Civilizations grew near sources of water
Ex. Early River Valley Civilizations
Located around Fertile CrescentMesopotamia
“Land between 2 rivers”
Phoenicians, Sumerians,Egyptians,Babylonians,Persians, Hebrews
Law: Hammurabi’s Code Writing Systems:
• Cuneiform (Sumerians)• Hieroglyphics (Egyptians)• Phonetics (Phoenicians)
Architecture:• Pyramids-Egypt• Ziggurat-Sumerians• Hanging Gardens- Babylon
The Wheel, Calendar, etc.
Brutal Civil War between Muslims & ChristiansPalestinian refugees & PLO leaders settle in LebanonMuslims gain majority over ChristiansIsrael & Syria both enter conflictUneasy truce in 1992
Belief that Muslims should strictly follow Islamic law & resist Western influences
Ex. Iranian Revolution, Afghanistan
Modernization vs. TraditionalismPro-Western Shah overthrownAyatollah Khomeini establishes a religious state based on Islamic lawEx. limited woman rightsSeizes U.S. Embassy/Hostage Crisis
Muslim rebels overthrow Soviet puppet governmentTaliban set up extremist Islamic State
Men cannot cut beards, Women must be covered,cannot attend school
Taliban ousted by U.S. forces following 9/11
Border dispute explodes into full scale war
•Ayatollah Khomeini vs. Saddam Hussein
•Ravages both nations economies Iraq demands financial aid from KuwaitCause of the Persian Gulf War 1990
Iraq invades & annexes KuwaitOperation Desert Shield
US led coalition defends Saudi Arabia from Iraq
Operation desert StormCoalition destroys Iraqi forces & liberates Kuwait
UN levies sanctions against Iraq
Jewish sovereignty in Palestine goes back 3000 years until they were driven out in 135 A.D.
Diaspora-dispersal of Jews from Palestine
Arab Sovereignty dates back to the 7th centuryBoth groups stake claim to the region
Zionism- movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine(1890’s)Balfour Declaration-statement that British made supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine (WWI)Nazi persecution of the Jews sparks movement to Israel(WWII)
1947- UN partitions Palestine into a Palestinian & Jewish state
Palestinians rejected partition
•1948 David Ben Gurion announced creation of the state of Israel
Arabs react by waging war in 1956,1967, 1973Defeated each time
1978 Camp David Accords- Brokered by President Carter
Peace Treaty between Israel (Menachem Begin) & Egypt (Anwar Sadat)Israel returns Sinai Peninsula
Sadat is eventually assassinated
The Oslo Accords
Portions of the West Bank & Gaza were to be governed by a Palestinian authority led by Yasir Arafat
Attempts at peace today have been hindered by terrorist attacks
Palestinian Liberation OrganizationLed by Yasir Arafat1970’s & 1980’s PLO militants began a terror campaign against IsraelIntifada- Militant uprising inside Israel
Terror attacks, boycotts, demonstrations continue today
•Militant group such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Jihad,& Al Qaeda commit acts of terrorism among Israel and its supporters
Kemal Ataturk (1923)Father of the Turks
•Modernizes/Westernizes Turkey
•Democracy
•Secularization-Legal System based on European rather than Islamic Law
1967: Six Day War- Israel occupied Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the West Bank1973: Egypt attacked Israel’s occupation of troops in the Sinai Peninsula, Syria attacked in Golan Heights1978: Camp David Accords-Israel’s Begin, Egyptian’s Sadat and U.S.’s Carter Egypt recognized Israel1993: Israel and PLO self government for West Bank Palestinians
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