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Parts of Speech: ReviewFreshman CompositionAndover High School
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Pronouns
Gerunds
Verbs
Modifiers
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NounsNouns, Proper Nouns, Common Nouns,
Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns, Compound Nouns, & Collective Nouns
Noun
Persons governor, children, Mr. Garcia, African Americans
Places college, islands, rain forest, Kentucky
Things computer, clouds, Ferris wheel, Lincoln Memorial
Ideas creativity, imagination, self-respect, Christianity
Proper Vs. Common Nouns
Proper
Names a particular person, place, thing, or idea and is capitalized.
Ex) William Shakespeare, Houston, Statue of Liberty, Islam
Common
Names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas is generally not capitalized.
Ex) author, city, monument, religion
Concrete Vs. Abstract Nouns
Concrete
Names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell)
Ex) violin, onions, word processor, Eiffel Tower
Abstract
Names an idea, feelings, quality, or characteristic
Ex) peace, honor, self-control, Confucianism
Compound Nouns
Consists of two or more words used together as a single noun. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word.
One Word: baseball, caregiver, willpower, Greenland
Separate Words: guest of honor, school bus, North Forest High School
Hyphenated Words: self-confidence, president-elect, Stratford-on-Avon
Collective Nouns
Names a group
Ex) band, jury, class, swarm, group, herd
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PronounsPronouns, Personal Pronouns, Reflexive
Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns,
Indefinite Pronouns
Pronouns
A word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. The word that pronoun stands for or refers to is called the antecedent of the pronoun. The pronoun may appear in the same sentence as its antecedent or in a nearby sentence.
Ex) The children gave themselves a big hand [The antecedent of the pronoun themselves is children]
Ex) Don and Carla finally solved the algebra problem. They had worked on it a long time. [The antecedent of the pronoun They are Don and Carla; the antecedent of the pronoun it is problem.]
Personal Pronouns
What Are They?
Refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person)
First Person
I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours
Second Person
You, your, yours
Third Person
He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its they, them, their, theirs
Demonstrative
This, that, these, those
Used to point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea
Ex) This is a snapshot of my pen pal from Quebec
How to remember it: These are the pronouns you want to use to demonstrate exactly which noun (person, place, thing, or idea) you are referring to.
Interrogative
Who, whom, whose, which, what
Introduces a question
Ex) What is the capital of Canada?
How to remember it: When you interrogate someone you ask them lots of questions
Indefinite Pronoun
Refers to one or more persons, places, things, or ideas that may or may not be specifically named. Some common indefinite pronouns are: all, another, anybody, both, each, either, everyone, many, nothing, several, and some
Ex) A few students had already read most of the books on the list.
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Gerunds!(You’ll totally win on Jeopardy some day
with this knowledge!)
Gerunds
A noun that in almost any other context is not a noun (i.e. a verb being used as a noun)
Can ONLY end in –ING
Ex) Swimming is my favorite hobby
Ex) The dancing was so fun that I lost track of the time
Ex) Another goal I have is climbing Mt. Everest.
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VerbsVerbs, Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs,
Action Verbs, Linking Verbs, & Verb Phrases
Verbs
A word that is used to express action or a state of being
Action: Both Mom and Dad work full time.
State of Being: My sister Amy and I are responsible for the care of the lawn.
Transitive Verbs
Verbs used to express an action directed toward a person, place or thing. The action expressed by transitive verbs pass from the doer (the subject) to the receiver (the object) of the action.
Ex) Suddenly, we spotted a solitary eagle overhead. [The action of the verb spotted is directed towards the eagle.]
Intransitive Verbs
Expresses an action (or tells something about the subject) with the action passing to a receiver, or object).
Ex) The eagle soared above. [The action of the verb soared does not pass to an object].
Action Verbs
Expresses either physical or mental action.
Physical Action: climb, sneeze, write, reply, pull
Mental Action: suppose, expect, consider, remember, ponder
Linking Verb
Connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. The most commonly used linking verbs are the forms of the verb be. Other frequently used linking verbs are: appear, become, remain, seem, turn, smell, taste, feel, look, and sound
Ex) Tyler is my best friend. [The verb is connects the subject Tyler to the noun friend, which identifies Tyler.]
Ex) The ice-covered branches seem fragile and glasslike. [The verb seem connects the subject branches to the adjectives fragile and glasslike, which describe the branches.]
Verb Phrase
Consists of at least one main verb and one or more helping verbs.
A helping verb helps the main verb express action or state of being. Besides the forms of the verb be, common helping verbs include forms of the verbs can, do, have, may, should and will.
Ex) I have been researching the Seven Wonders of the World
Ex) I may go to the mall after school today.
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Modifiers:Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions,
Participles, & Infinitives
Adjectives
A word used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective tells what kind, which one, or how many.
Ex) Narrow road, helpful teacher, one-act play, that person, one-hundredth anniversary, several chores, fewer errors, twenty-five minutes
Articles: a, an and the. Most commonly used adjectives.
Ex) A book, the truck, an animal, a friend
Adverbs
Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Tells where, when, how, or to what extent (how long or how much)
Where? Please set the package here.
When? Yesterday we went on a picnic.
How? The audience responded enthusiastically.
To what extent? Your advice was quite helpful.
Adverb Example
How many adverbs can you find in the following sentence:
Mia, who is incredibly athletic, plays basketball exceptionally well.
Answer: Three!
Incredibly modifies athletic (to what extent); exceptionally modifies well (to what extent); and well modifies plays (how)
Prepositions
A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.
The noun or pronoun that the preposition relates another word to is called the object of the preposition.
Ex) I went to the new card shop in the mall. [The preposition to relates its object, shop, to the verb went. The preposition in relates its object, mall, to the noun shop.]
Prepositions
Need a reminder? See What These 7th graders can do!
Participles
A Participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective.
The verbal can have either present (ing) or past tense (ed, t, d, en) endings.
Participles Examples
We saw the waddling raccoon in our yard.
We ran inside to get out of the pouring rain.
Watching the clock, our coach started to worry.
Waxed floors can be slippery.
Participle Phrases
Participial phrases usually start with the present or past participle and include any modifiers that follow (like prepositional phrases).
Ex) Swinging too high, the child fell off the swing set.
Ex) She heard me sighing loudly, so she canceled the meeting.
Ex) Living in NYC, Amy never needs a car.
Infinitives
An infinitive is a verbal that can be used as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb.
Most infinitives begin with “to”.
Infinitive phrases usually start with the infinitive and include any modifiers that follow (like prepositional phrases)
Infinitive Examples
To fly is a glorious feeling.
To visit my family in India would be a real treat.
Chris is the player to watch in the next football game.
You will be excited to finish this grammar unit.
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