Study of the form, shape, and appearance of the animal

ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS

ANATOMY

Study of the form, shape , and appearance of the animal.

PHYSIOLOGY

Focuses on the function of the cells, tissues, organs and systems of the body

Systems of the body – skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive

SKELETAL SYTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Protects the delicate internal organs and helps keep them properly arranged the body

Bones – hard part of skeleton, made of calcium, phosphorus, and other substances

Cartilage – found at the ends of bones, flexable material that lubricates the joints and cushion shocks.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

Largest system in the body, making up 45% of the body weight of hogs, cattle and chickens.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Locomotion Circulation Digestion Breathing

MUSCULAR TYPES

Voluntary - Controlled by thinking part of the brain

Involuntary – Automatically controlled by a lower part of the brain

NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEMS

Made up of nerve tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles by way of the spinal cord.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Memory, actions, and reasoning are in

the brain Spinal cord is the main tissue through

which the brain sends and receives messages

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Contain nerves that are connected to the involuntary muscles and organs

Provides for near automatic operation of the organs

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Includes all of the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Muscles action is sent through these nerves by the brain

RECEPTORS

Collect information from the environment

The five sensory receptor types are1. Sight2. Hearing3. Touch4. Taste5. Smell

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Moves blood throughout the body.

Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

BLOOD

Plasma – 90% water Glucose, vitamins, minerals, and amino

acids (proteins) Red blood cells - contain hemoglobin

and are made in the bone marrow White blood cells – help fight off

disease Platelets – essential for blood to clot

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PARTS

Heart – pump that sends blood throughout the system

Arteries – vessels that carry blood from the heart

Capillaries – small branches from the arteries that carry blood to the cells

Veins – carry blood back to the heart

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory system moves gases to and from the circulatory system.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONT.

Internal respiration – exchange of gases between the cells and the blood within the body

External respiration – exchanges of gases in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONT.

Nostrils – openings near mouth through which gases enter and leave the body

Pharynx – connects the nose area with the mouth area

Larynx – often called a voice box Trachea – wind pipe – connects pharynx

with lungs Lungs – gas is exchanged between

atmosphere and blood

BREATHING

Inspiration – Process of taking air into the lungs

Expiration – Process of moving air out of lungs

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Rids the body of wastes from cell activity

Skin Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Skin - Rids the body of waste through perspiration

Kidneys – Filter the blood for wastes from cells and excess water and minerals

Ureter – Tube that connects the kidney to the bladder

Bladder – stores the urine made by the kidneys

Urethra – tube that carries urine out of the body

Chicken urinary tract

No bladder 2 kidneys with ureters to carry the

urinary waste to the cloaca. The uric acid is discharged into the

cloaca and excreted with the feces. The white pasty material in chicken

droppings is considered to be urinary system excretion.

Ruminant and non-ruminant

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

Process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can absorb

2 types – Ruminant and Non- Ruminant

RUMINANT ANIMALS

Cattle, sheep, and goats Chew their cud Cud - a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time

NON – RUMINANT ANIMALS

Horses, hogs, and chickens Do not chew cud

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

Mouth – Food enters the body by ingestion

Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach

Food and water moves by swallowing Stomach – one compartment in non-

ruminants and 4 compartments in ruminants

Small Intestine – absorbs nutrients and water

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

Large Intestine – absorbs water and makes waste more solid

Anus – opening in the body through which the large intestine expels solid waste

RUMINANTS

Rumen – first and largest compartment – stores a large amount of feed Aids the to help bring feed back to mouth

for rechewing Reticulum – stores food and sorts out

foreign materials Helps prevent hardware disease Contains bacteria to help break down feed

RUMINANTS

Omasum – has strong alls that help break food apart

Abomasum – like a non ruminant stomach Contains gastric juices that mix with feed

and further break it down.

RUMINANTS

Can use large amounts of roughages such at grass, clover and other vegetation

Usually do not need large amounts of expensive grain and other concentrated feeds.

Chicken Digestive System

Mechanically Chemically

Chicken digestive tract

Beak Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small Intestine Pancreas Liver Caeca

Chicken Digestions

Beak – food swallowed with out chewing

Salvia contains a starch reducing enzyme that begins to break down food.

The oesophagus is a flexible tube that food passes down into the crop.

Chicken Digestion

Crop – a pouch at the base of the neck that stores food.

The esophagus continues past the crop to the proventriculus.

In the proventriculus the food is mixed with acids and more digestive enzymes.

Chicken Digestion

Gizzard – strong muscular tube that has grit to help it grind the food down.

Then the food moves into the small intestine.

Here enzymes from the pancreas break down the protein.

Also, bile from the liver breaks down the fat.

Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food.

Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food.

The Large Intestine absorbs water and the last remaining nutrients.

Cloaca or vent is where feces, urine and eggs pass.