TRANSIT ACROSS BORDERS AGRICULTURAL TYPE OF MIGRATION

TRANSITTRANSIT ACROSS BORDERSACROSS BORDERS AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL

TYPE OF TYPE OF MIGRATIONMIGRATION

MAIN CAUSES FOR MAIN CAUSES FOR MIGRATIONMIGRATION

Extreme PovertyExtreme Poverty Unemployment Unemployment Devaluation of agricultural productsDevaluation of agricultural products

MAIN DESTINATION FOR MAIN DESTINATION FOR AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL

WORKERSWORKERS Agricultural production centers in the State of Chiapas

IRREGULAR SITUATIONSIRREGULAR SITUATIONS

They were cheated since they were hiredThey were cheated since they were hired

Violation of their labor righs:Violation of their labor righs:• Change of working conditions at the Change of working conditions at the

plantationplantation• Verbal abuse by foremenVerbal abuse by foremen• Inequality compared to Mexican workersInequality compared to Mexican workers

BORDER MOBILIZATIONBORDER MOBILIZATION

Year 2002Year 2002 39,321 39,321

Year 2003Year 2003 45,028 45,028

BORDER CROSSING ZONES BORDER CROSSING ZONES GUATEMALA - MEXICOGUATEMALA - MEXICO

HuehuetenangoHuehuetenango

San MarcosSan Marcos

PeténPetén

DESTINATIONS AND ROUTESDESTINATIONS AND ROUTES

Main destination sites for temporary agricultural workers from El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua: ()

Zacapa (Estanzuela), Izabal, Santa Rosa, Escuintla, Suchitepéquez.

Main transit zones ()

Agua Caliente (300 personas por día), Esquipulas, Tecún Umán, El Carmen, La Mesilla, Gracias a Dios, Ingenieros El Naranjo, Carmelitas, Melchor.

CROPSCROPS

CoffeeCoffee CottonCotton MangoMango Sugar CaneSugar Cane TobaccoTobacco CornCorn Plantain, bananaPlantain, banana

WORK LOCATIONSWORK LOCATIONS

TapachulaTapachula Ciudad HidalgoCiudad Hidalgo HuixtlaHuixtla TuxtlaTuxtla Ciudad JuárezCiudad Juárez MazatlánMazatlán MotozintlaMotozintla

REPORT ON BORDER REPORT ON BORDER CROSSINGCROSSING

Tecún Umán 55 %Tecún Umán 55 %

El Carmen and Malacatán 45%El Carmen and Malacatán 45%

DEPARTMENTS OF ORIGINDEPARTMENTS OF ORIGIN

San Marcos San Marcos 67% 67% QuetzaltenangoQuetzaltenango 15% 15% RetalhuleuRetalhuleu 7% 7% SuchitepequezSuchitepequez 5% 5% OtherOther 6% 6%

MIGRATION BY GENDERMIGRATION BY GENDER

MENMEN 90%90%

WOMENWOMEN 10%10%

MIGRATION BY AGE GROUPSMIGRATION BY AGE GROUPS

1414 - 17- 17 years years 10% 10% 18 - 3018 - 30 yearsyears 36% 36% 31 - 5031 - 50 yearsyears 49% 49% 51 - 7051 - 70 yearsyears 5% 5%

MIGRATION BY MARITAL MIGRATION BY MARITAL STATUSSTATUS

MarriedMarried 32%32%

Living togetherLiving together 40% 40%

SingleSingle 28% 28%

TIME OF MIGRATIONTIME OF MIGRATION

1 - 7 years1 - 7 years 72%72%

More than 7 yearsMore than 7 years 28%28%

FINANCIAL RETRIBUTIONFINANCIAL RETRIBUTION

Minimum wage, Guatemala 31.90Minimum wage, Guatemala 31.90

Minimum wage, MexicoMinimum wage, Mexico 42.30 42.30

WORK SCHEDULES WORK SCHEDULES MEXICAN PLANTATIONSMEXICAN PLANTATIONS

More than 8 hoursMore than 8 hours 60%60%

Less than 8 hoursLess than 8 hours 40%40%

TYPES AND DURATION OF TYPES AND DURATION OF CONTRACTSCONTRACTS

Through intermediariesThrough intermediaries 69%69% No intermediariesNo intermediaries 31%31% 1 - 3 months1 - 3 months 89%89% More than 3 monthsMore than 3 months 11%11%

PAYMENTPAYMENT

By taskBy task 88%88% DailyDaily 42%42% Every 2 weeksEvery 2 weeks 65%65% MonthlyMonthly 35%35%

ACCOMMODATION CONDITIONSACCOMMODATION CONDITIONS

In warehouse-type buildingsIn warehouse-type buildings

with dirt floorwith dirt floor 90% 90% Hygiene conditions:Hygiene conditions:

• MediumMedium 46% 46%• BadBad 34% 34%• GoodGood 12% 12%• Very badVery bad 8% 8%

FOOD QUALITYFOOD QUALITY

GOODGOOD 54% 54%

BADBAD 46% 46%

FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO HEALTH RISKS AND HEALTH HEALTH RISKS AND HEALTH

PROBLEMSPROBLEMS Age Age GenderGender Climatic Climatic changechange Type of foodType of food Work disadvantage Work disadvantage ExploitationExploitation Work InstabilityWork Instability PovertyPoverty Overcrowding Overcrowding Exposure to agrochemicalsExposure to agrochemicals

MAIN HEALTH PROBLEMSMAIN HEALTH PROBLEMS

Vector-Borne DiseasesVector-Borne Diseases::Dengue, Malaria, Leptospirosis, OncocercosisDengue, Malaria, Leptospirosis, OncocercosisChagas, Leshmaniasis.Chagas, Leshmaniasis.

Inmuno-Preventable:Inmuno-Preventable:Measles, Chickenpox, Rubella, Scarlet Fever, ParotiditisMeasles, Chickenpox, Rubella, Scarlet Fever, Parotiditis

Diarrhea:Diarrhea:Cholera, Intestinal Parasites, Amoebiasis, H. Pilory, Food Cholera, Intestinal Parasites, Amoebiasis, H. Pilory, Food PoisoningPoisoning

MAIN HEALTH PROBLEMSMAIN HEALTH PROBLEMS

Respiratory Disorders:Respiratory Disorders:Influenza, Tonsillitis, Angina, Laryngeal Angina, Influenza, Tonsillitis, Angina, Laryngeal Angina, PneumoniaPneumonia

Obligatory Surveillance:Obligatory Surveillance:Tuberculosis, STIs, HIV/AIDS, HepatitisTuberculosis, STIs, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis

Other:Other:Sarcoptiosis, Mycosis, Urinary Tract Infection, Sarcoptiosis, Mycosis, Urinary Tract Infection, Dermatitis, Poisoning by Plant Protection ProductsDermatitis, Poisoning by Plant Protection Products

ACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCESS TO HEALTH CARE

No health careNo health care 59%59% Manager or foremanManager or foreman 32%32% Health staffHealth staff 4% 4% OtherOther 5% 5%

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

More importance is given to legal More importance is given to legal migration aspects.migration aspects.

Labor aspects related to financial Labor aspects related to financial retribution and health care are not retribution and health care are not considered. considered.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

Including the Health topic in the Guatemala – Including the Health topic in the Guatemala – Mexico Migration Agenda, within the framework Mexico Migration Agenda, within the framework of the Right to be Healthy.of the Right to be Healthy.

Creating a binational operative group with Creating a binational operative group with multiple professionals (not administrative), to multiple professionals (not administrative), to follow up on agreements on health care for follow up on agreements on health care for migrant populations.migrant populations.

Creating a group with representatives from both Creating a group with representatives from both countries:countries:• Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs• Ministry of the Interior (migrationMinistry of the Interior (migration, National Civil Police , National Civil Police

- PNC- PNC))• Defense (security)Defense (security)• LaborLabor• Public Health, Social SecurityPublic Health, Social Security• EducationEducation• Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO/WHO)Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO/WHO)• International Labor OrganizationInternational Labor Organization• International Organization for MigrationInternational Organization for Migration

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

• Civil Society OrganizationsCivil Society Organizations• Mesa Nacional de Migraciones (MENAMIG)Mesa Nacional de Migraciones (MENAMIG)• Casa de Atención al MigranteCasa de Atención al Migrante• Agricultural Workers’ OrganizationsAgricultural Workers’ Organizations• Association of IntermediariesAssociation of Intermediaries• Project HopeProject Hope• International CooperationInternational Cooperation

The Minister of Foreign Affairs should be the The Minister of Foreign Affairs should be the group coordinatorgroup coordinator

Responsibilities of the Group: Responsibilities of the Group: • Developing the Operational Plan for monitoring, Developing the Operational Plan for monitoring,

assessing and supervising actions.assessing and supervising actions.

Close coordination between the Health Close coordination between the Health Department (Secretaría de Salud) of Mexico, Department (Secretaría de Salud) of Mexico, the Ministry of Health of Guatemala and Social the Ministry of Health of Guatemala and Social Security Departments in both countries.Security Departments in both countries.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

HEALTH SECTORHEALTH SECTOROCTOBER 2004OCTOBER 2004