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17.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
17.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
17.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
17.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙
17.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ
17.5 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
17.6 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
17.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬ÛάˇÀ˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ı–
¬ı˛±©Ü™‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Œfl¡Ú ’±À˘±‰¬…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ¬ı˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊æ√¬ı ˝√√˘ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¡œ fl¡œ ¬ÛÀάˇ
¤˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√ÓN ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø‰¬ôL±ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú › ’¬ı√±Ú
Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øӬᬱڷ≈ø˘ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…øq¡ › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛› ø√Àfl¡
˜ÀÚ±À˚±· Œ√›˚˛± ˚±À¬ıº
Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙, Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜À˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√¬ıX ˜±Ú≈¯∏˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ‰¬±ø˘fl¡±˙øq¡º Œ√˙fl¡±˘ Œˆ¬À√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¡ ¸—‡…±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… ‚ȬÀ˘›, ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚« Œ˚ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
Ê√œ¬ı ø˝√√¸±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛–’Ô«±», ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’ød¬QÀfl¡ ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛
Œ·ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’e·ÀÚº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˘é¬…¬ıd≈¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛fl¡±˘˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√–Ó¬± ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ fl¡˜À¬ıø˙ øÚ˚˛LaÌ
fl¡¬ı˛±, ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Úº ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
’¬ıàÔ±Ú, ¶§±Ô« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‚øÚᬠ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı Ô±fl¡À˘› Ó¬± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ›
:±ÀÚ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡fl¡±À˘º ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√
’±z¬–¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬‰«¬± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛º
8
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À ˛ ◊√√Ó¬±˘œ ˛ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ øÊ√›ˆ¬±øiß ¸±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±ø¬ı˛ (Giovanni
Sartori) ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Ú › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Œ¸Ó≈¬ àÔ±¬ÛÚ
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ø˜|ÀÌ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ¤fl¡øȬ ¸efl¡¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛ ˘é¬… ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡
› ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û±›˚˛± Ó¬Ô… › Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—À˚±· àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛±º øfl¡z≈¬
fl¡œ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ¤˝◊√√ ¸—À˚±·àÔ±¬ÛÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±∑
¤˝◊√√ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ’Ú≈Àõ∂¬ı˛Ì± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ≈√íøȬ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±–¤fl¡, ¸˜±Ê√ ›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ¤˘±fl¡± √‡˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±ÀÂ√, ¤¬ı— ≈√˝◊√√, ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡é¬¬ÛÔ·≈ø˘
õ∂± ˛ ◊√√ ¤Àfl¡ ’¬Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ ŒÂ√√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ά◊√± √√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı”¬Û ¬ı˘± ˚± ˛ Œ˚, Ê√±Ó¬-¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂øӬᬱÚ,
› Œ¸˝◊√√ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú › ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÚÀfl¡ ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±
’±˝◊√√Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˘±fl¡±ˆ≈¬q¡ › ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ó¬-¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú,
’± ◊√√Ú ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬˝√√œÚº øfl¡z≈¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ˚‡Ú ¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ’±√ «Àfl¡ ˜±Ú… fl¡À¬ı˛ øڕ߬ıÀ·«¬ı˛
˜±Ú≈ ∏À√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¬ı˛é¬À̬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡À¬ı˛ ’± ◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜, Ó¬‡Ú ¤fl¡øȬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈q¡ ˝√√˚˛º ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ ’±˝◊√√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ”¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±Ó¬À·±á¬œ¬ı ‰¬±¬Û ¬ı± õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı ¸¥œÅàÏò
(Tom Bottomore)
¥¤ (“Political Sociology is concerned with power in its social context”)
9
1914-18
1939-45
–
–
17.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙
(Aristotle) polis
‘Koinonia’
(Marsiglio)
10
W. G. Runciman,
Tom Bottomore,
Civil Society
11
(Alexis De Tocqueville, 1805-1859)
(Max Weber)
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalian (1904)
12
(Vilfredo
Pareto), (Gaetano Mosca), (Robert Michels)
Michels
¥¤ (“Government by the people”)
¥¤ (“Administration of men will be replaced by the administration of
things”)
¥¤
–
17.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ
¥¤
13
(Green) › ’¬ı˛ø˘À˚˛k (Orleans)-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊ÀV˙… ¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ú±˜fl¡
¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±º ¤ ◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛
õ∂Ò±Ú õ∂Ò±Ú ’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ .
1] ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ,
2] Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S › ˙Ó«¬±¬ı˘œ ,
3] ¤fl¡À‰¬øȬ˚˛± ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™-fl¡Ó«‘¬fl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ,
4] ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ é≈¬^Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S › ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º
ø¢∂Ú › ’¬ı˛ø˘À˚˛k-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ÓN › ·À¬ı¯∏̱·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü Œ√›˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√
¸˜d¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú, ‹fl¡˜Ó¬… › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ¤¬ı— ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•Ûfl«¡º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏: ’…±`ò≈¬ ¤Ù¬¬ı˛±È¬ (Andrew Effraft) ’¬ı˙… ¤ ◊√√
ø¬ı ∏ ˛øȬ¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe· ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¸fl¡˘
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ 鬘Ӭ± › fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì › Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ øÚÀ ˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÓ¬øÚ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, ø˙鬱 ¸—flË¡±z¬ › Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛
› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øӬᬱڷ≈ø˘º
ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√˜≈¬ı˛ ˜±øÈ«¬Ú ø˘¬ÛÀ¸È¬ (Saymoor Martin
Lipset) ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚, ˚ø√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀM3¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœ˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±
˝√√À˘ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø ˛Q ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú
’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe· ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ø˘¬ÛÀ¸È¬ › ’±¬ı˛. Œ¬ıÀÚøά"√√ (S. Lipset › R. Bendict).
¸≈¬Û±ø¬ı˛˙ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… àÔ±Ú ¬Û±›˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛ .
1] øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ,
2] ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœˆ¬¬ıÚ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì ,
3] ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı±√˙« ,
4] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ’Ú…±Ú… Œ¶§26√±˜”˘fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú ,
5] ’±˜˘±Ó¬La › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…±º
’±ø˘ ’±˙¬ı˛Ù¬ (Ali Ashraf) › ¤˘. ¤Ú. ˙ «± (L. N. Sarma)-¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛
‘√ø©Ü ‰¬±¬ı˛øȬ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ øÚ¬ıX Ô±fl¡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ˚Ô±, [fl¡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·≈ø˘ [Œ˚˜Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ ¬ı±
14
Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±Ó¬, ¤ø˘È¬ Œ·±á¬œ, ¶§±Ô« Œ·±á¬œ, ’±˜˘±Ó¬La, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ά◊¬Û√˘] , [‡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ
[’Ô«±», øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—À˚±·, ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ·Í¬Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√] , [·] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q [Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√
› Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ 鬘Ӭ± fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· › fl¡±˚«¬ÛXøÓ¬ , [‚] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú [Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±À¬Û¬ı˛
¸”‰¬fl¡·≈ø˘, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûfl«¡]º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, fl¡Ó‘¬«Q, øÚ˚˛LaÌ, ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
¬ı˛é¬Ì±À¬ıé¬À̬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜d¬ › ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸”Ñ
’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ·À¬ı¯∏̱ ˝√√›˚˛± ¸ÀN› ‡≈¬ı ¤fl¡È¬± ¶Û©Ü Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬±øNfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛øÚº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱڷ≈ø˘, Œ·±á¬œd¬À¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì ¬ÛXøÓ¬,
› ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ-’¬ÛÂ√μ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ ά◊À¬Û鬱 fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬
’Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛± ’±√˙«¬ı±√œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬N ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ øÂ√À˘Úº
17.5 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
fl¡] ¸—øé¬5 ά◊M√√¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ .
1º
2º
3º
4º
5º
6º
7º
1º
2º
3º
15
4º
5º
17.6 ¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ
1º S. M. Lipset : Politics and the Social Sciences. (Chapter - 4)
2º Michael Rush : Politics and Society.
3º Tom Bottomore : Political Sociology.
4º W. G. Runciman : Social Science and Political Theory. (Ch. II)
5º Ali Ashraf and L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology.
16
18.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
18.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
18.2 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛
18.2.1. 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú
18.3 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú
18.4 ¬é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡
18.5 鬘Ӭ±, fl¡Ó‘«¬Q › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±
18.6 Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ › õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√
18.6.1 fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¬ı± ø¬ı˙≈X õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√
18.6.2 鬘Ӭ± › fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡¬¬
18.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
18.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
18.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬ÛάˇÀ˘ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¸≈ø¬ıÀÒ ˝√√À¬ı–
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’ÀÔ« 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û fl¡œ
¬é¬˜Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« Ó¬±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ά◊¬Û±À˚˛
鬘Ӭ± õ∂À˚˛±·fl¡±¬ı˛œ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡œ fl¡œ ¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¢∂˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—
¤¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ı˙≈X ¬ı˛”¬Û øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ øfl¡Ú±
’±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Ûάˇ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛
˝√√˘ 鬘Ӭ±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛-¸˜±ÀÊ√ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı∞I◊Ú ‚Ȭ±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊æ”√Ó¬
˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…º Ú±Ú± ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—ø˜|ÀÌ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº
17
¤¬ı˛ Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±› fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ’±¬ı˛› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬
˝√√À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’ÀÔ« 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı”¬ÛøȬ fl¡œ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¤¬ı— ˜±Ú≈≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú± ˛ øfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıº
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’Ô«˝◊√√ ˝√√í˘ Œfl¡±Ú› Ú± Œfl¡±Ú› d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ’±ÀÂ√, ’ÒœÚÓ¬±› ’±ÀÂ√º
¤Â√±Î¬ˇ± 鬘Ӭ± ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡±˝◊√√ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ › ¸≈·˜ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸È¬±› øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛º
’Ô«±», fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˙≈Ò≈ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛-Ê≈√˘≈˜ Ú˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√›˚˛± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛–¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛º Œ¸˝◊√√
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛˝◊√√ ’Ú… Ú±˜ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±º ¤ Ê√Ú… Œ˚¸¬ı Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ Œ˚ ¸¬ı
¬ı˛”¬Û Ò±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜…fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º
鬘Ӭ± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛
18
(domination-subordination)-
18.3 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú
(rules of property)
– –
19
18.4 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ .
–
20
– –
–
18.5 鬘Ӭ±, fl¡Ó‘«¬Q › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±
¥¤
–
21
¥¤
18.6 Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ › õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√
1864-1920
(Tradition);
¥œ (Charisma) (Legal- rationality)
– (Traditional),
¥œ (Charismatic) (Legal-rational)
[fl¡] ¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±-øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¬ı± ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q .
“The authority of the ‘eternal yesterday’ ”,
(domination-subordination)
1789
22
[‡] ·Ì¸À¥œ± √√Úœ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ .
Charisma ¥œ
– ¥œ
¥œ
¥œ
¥œ
¥œ
¥œ
“routinisation charisma”
¥œ
¥œ
¥œ
[·] ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ › ˚≈øq¡-øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ .
¥
23
¥¤
–
–
18.6.1 fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¬ı± ø¬ı˙≈X õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ .
‘Ideal types’,
¥œ ¥œ
¥œ
1971
18.6.2 鬘Ӭ± › fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡
¥œ
24
(Herrschaft) Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√—¬ı˛±Ê√œ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ≈√íøȬ–fl¡Ó‘«¬Q (authority) ¬ı± ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… (dominance)º
˚ø√ ›˝◊√√ ˙søȬÀfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± ëfl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛í ’ÀÔ« ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛, Œ˚˜Ú ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ Ȭ…±˘fl¡È¬¬ Û±¸«Úƒ¸ (Talcott
Parsons) fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ Œ˚ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
Œ¶§26√±˚˛ Œ√›˚˛± Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÀÓ¬ ˙søȬ ˚ø√ ’±˜¬ı˛± ë’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¬ı˛í ’ÀÔ« ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛, Ó¬±˝√√À˘
ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ Œ˚, ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±
’±√±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı±d¬À¬ı 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ”¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı± Ó¬±¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… ’À¬Û鬱 Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛, Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Œ˝3¬ı±¬ı˛› Ó¬±˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº
’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
fl¡] ¸—øé¬5 ά◊M√√¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂ùü .
1]
2]
3]
4]
5]
6]
7]
8] ¥œ (charismatic) ¥¤
9] ¥¤
‡] ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±Rfl¡ õ∂ùü .
1]
2]
3]
4]
25
5] ¥¤
6]
¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ
1 Alan R. Ball : Politics and the Government.
2 David Bethan : The lazitimation of power. (Ch. II)
3 Dennis Wrong : Power—Its forms, bases and uses. (Ch. I)
4 Ali Ashraf and L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology.
26
(Bureaucracy)
19.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
19.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
19.2 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸—:±
19.2.1. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q, ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙
19.2.2. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…
19.2.3. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·
19.2.4. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ
19.2.5. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ S≈øȬ
19.2.6. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ
19.2.7. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛±· › õ∂ø˙é¬Ì
19.3 ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
19.3.1. ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬
19.3.2. ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…
19.3.3. Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ S≈øȬ
19.4 ¬fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
19.5 ¸±¬ı±—˙
19.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
18.7 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
19.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¬fl¬øȬ ¬ÛÀάˇ ’±¬ÛøÚ Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ
’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸—:±, õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Δıø˙©Ü…
¬’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ, S≈∏øȬ › øÚ˚˛LaÌ
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
27
Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ S≈øȬ·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ
fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ¬ıq¡¬ı…
19.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’±˜˘±Ó¬Laº ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ’±˜˘± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ¤À√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬
õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ì’±˜˘±Ó¬Laî (Bureaucracy)
19.2 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸—:±
(Bureaucracy)
(Bureau) (Kratin) “Bureau”
(Writing table or Deask), “Kratin”
(Government) “Bureaucracy”
The term “signifies the concentration of
28
administrative power in bureaus or departments, and the undue interference by officials
in matters outside the scope of state interference”.
(experience), knowledge (responsibility) ¥¤
‘Willoughby’-
‘Any personnel
system where the employees are classified in a system of administration composed
of a hierarchy of sections, divisions, bureaus, departments and the like’.
– (Political Executive)
(Non-political Executive)
(Finer)
(Max Weber)
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ’¬ı√±Ú √√ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ıº ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ◊√√—˘…±À`¬
’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—àÔ± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬ı±fl«¡±¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô«˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚,
’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛, ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ õ∂˙±¸Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı‘øX
Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’-·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡, fl¡ø˜Î¬◊øÚàȬ, ’-fl¡ø˜Î¬◊øÚàȬ ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ ¬ı±©Ü™·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬› ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı
’ød¬Q ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√˜±Úº ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ’±Ê√ õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’—˙º ˘± ¬Û±À˘±¥¤±¬ı˛± (La Palombara)
’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ˝√√˘ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ø·Ê«√±¬ı˛ ¸•x¸±¬ı˛Ìº
fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ø·Ê«√±·≈ø˘ ¸±¬ı˛± ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ¸•x¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬·≈À˘±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
29
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ˝√√˘ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ ά◊ißÓ¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ › õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ı√…±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤È¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ √é¬ › ’øˆ¬: õ∂˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬Laº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛
¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡˜«¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ¬ı‘øXõ∂±5 ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√… ¬ı± ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œfl¡¬ı˘
¬Û¬ı˛±˜˙«√±Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ õ∂˙±¸Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±˚˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛º √é¬ õ∂˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú› ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¬ı± ά◊æ√À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ’±ÀÂ√º ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì·≈ø˘ ˜…±'¬ Œ 3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
˜ÀÓ¬, ˚Ô±flË¡À˜ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘, ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ øÂ√˘
¬Û≈ø˘˙œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ (Police state)º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ’±flË¡˜Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ√˙Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı—
’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ˙±øz¬˙‘∫˘± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıX øÂ√˘º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ øÂ√˘º øfl¡Â≈√ øfl¡Â≈√
Œ˘‡fl¡, ¸˜±Ê√ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛fl¡, Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬± › ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ı√¬ı˛± ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø‰¬z¬± › Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡Úº Ù¬À˘
¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√±·¬ı˛Ì ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ √±ø¬ı√±›˚˛± ›
’±fl¡±e鬱¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ √±ø¬ı√±›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂±ø5¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… ’±À¬ı√Ú ’±¸ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ øÂ√˘ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡, Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬
˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±©Ü™Àfl¡ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ø˘5 Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡˜«Àé¬ÀS¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ¬ı˛
¸•x¸±¬ı˛Ì ‚ȬÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ¬Û≈ø˘˙œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¤˝◊√√ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛Ó¬, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ› ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û± ˛º ¸˜±Ê√- fl¡˘…±Ì ” fl¡
¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜e·˘¸±ÒÚ › ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬fl¡Àä Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ¸˜±Ê√fl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈
fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì › fl¡±˚« ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛¬ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± › fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛ ^≈Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛ÀÌ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ˙¬ı˛Ì±¬Ûiß
˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ fl¡˜«øÚ¬Û≈ÌÓ¬±, ‘√ϬˇÓ¬± › ¬ı≈øX˜M√√±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¸˝√√Ê√
˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Œ¸ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ‚ÀȬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛º
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡˜«¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ¸—¸À√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ˝√√À˚˛
¬ÛÀάˇÀÂ√º ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ìfl¡±˜œ fl¡ « ”‰¬œ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˛, ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¶§±àÔ…fl¡¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙, ø‰¬øfl¡»¸±, ø˙鬱, ¬ı±¸àÔ±Ú, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±, ≈√«√˙±·Ó¬ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚…, Œ¬ıfl¡±¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…±, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú,
˜Ê≈√¬ı˛œ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬, ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ˙±øz¬-˙‘∫˘± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛Ú
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛Ú øfl¡—¬ı± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙˘·Ó¬ :±Ú
› ΔÚ¬Û≈ÀÌ…¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ó¬± ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’Ô¬ı± ¸fl¡˘ ˜LaœÀ√¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ÚœøÓ¬ øfl¡—¬ı± ’± ◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˜Ã˘ÚœøÓ¬·≈ø˘ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± √±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… àÔ± ˛œ, ’øˆ¬:
¤¬ı— ø¬ı‰¬é¬Ì ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ’¬Û«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ù¬À˘ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º
õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±˝◊√√º
’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ά◊»¸±˝√√, ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± › √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬˘… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛,
30
ø¬ıfl¡±˙˙œ˘ Œ√ ·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’øÓ¬˙ ˛ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂ√º ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡fl¡±À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈√±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬Laº
19.2.2 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…
’±˜˘±Ó¬La ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ’e·º fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ˝√√˘ ˜±Ú¬ı
¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¸—·øͬӬ ¬ı˛”¬Ûº |˜ø¬ıˆ¬±· › flË¡À˜±2‰¬ d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛”¬ÛÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛
Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡Úº
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ [1] øÚø«√©Ü › àÔ±˚˛œ ’øÒÀé¬ÀS¬ı˛ ’¬ıøàÔøÓ¬ , [2]
fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Ò±¬Û › flË¡˜¬Û˚«±˚˛œ ÚœøÓ¬ , [3] fl¡±˚« › √±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬¸¥ 4
5 6
7
Neutrality is the hall mark of bureaucracy.
(Eva Etgioni Halevy)
Bureaucracy and Democracy “Civil servants usually have their own views
on matters of policy but are not free to indulge in their partisan sympathies freely.
Their allegience to one party or another is subordinated to the requirements of their
profession”.
31
(flexibility)
(anonymity) (accountability)
(rank system)
(Carl Fredrich)
1 2
3 4
5 6
(Merit)
19.2.3 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·
32
(M. Fainsod)
– 1
(Representative bureaucracies); 2 (Party-state bureaucracies);
3 (Military dominated bureaucracies); 4
(Ruler dominated bureaucracies); 5 (Ruling bureaucracies)
–[ (Guardian bureaucracy) :
1640 1740
(Caste bureaucracy) :
(Patronage bureaucracy) :
(The spoils system)
(Merit
Bureaucracy) :
1883
19.2.4 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ
33
–
– 1 2
3 4 5
6
19.2.5 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ S≈øȬ › øÚ˚˛LaÌ
“A system of Government
the control of which is so completely in the hands of the officials that their power
jeopardizes the liberties of the ordinary citezens”.
(Lord Hewart) New Despotism
–
(Ramsay Muir)
How Britain is Governed-
34
¥¤
‘Bureaucracy is liable to suffer from certain persistent maladies’
(E. Strama)
“Bureaucracy is identified with a rigid, mechanical, wooden,
inhuman, formal and soulless approach.”
–[fl¡] ά◊√±¸œÚÓ¬± . (unresponsiveness)
[‡] ‹øÓ¬˝√√…øõ∂˚˛Ó¬± › ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬± .
(Bertrand Russell)
[·] ’Ú≈ᬱڸ¬ı«¶§Ó¬± › √œ‚«¸”SÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı .
[‚]
鬘Ӭ±¬ı‘øX › 鬘Ӭ± ˘±ˆ¬ . Bureaucrats have an inherent lust for power.
[„√√] ø¬ıˆ¬±·œ˚ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı (departmentalism) :
(strauss)
[‰¬] ’±Rø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (self-pirpetuating) :
35
’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛La̬
1950
–The need for controlling bureaucratic discretion and power is
apparent in every political system.
(hierachy)-
36
(Select
Committee), ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø˝√√¸±¬ı ¬ı˛é¬fl¡ fl¡ø˜øȬ (Public Account Committee) õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬fl«¡ ‘√ø©Ü Œ¬ı˛À‡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
’± ◊√√Ú·Ó¬ øÚ ˛LaÌ ˝√√˘ ’±˜˘±Ó¬LaÀfl¡ øÚ ˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û± ˛º fl¡Ó«¬À¬ı… ’¬ıÀ˝√√˘±, 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛
õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ’± ◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸± √√±À˚… Œ√› ˛±øÚ › ŒÙ¬ÃÊ√√±ø¬ı˛ ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ √√À˘ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛
¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±©Ü™fl‘¡Ó¬…fl¡À√¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Û˚«±5 Ú˚˛º
’±√±˘Ó¬ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ’À˚±·…Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Ò fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛
Œfl¡±Ú› 鬘Ӭ± ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ά◊2‰¬¬Û√àÔ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ S≈øȬ-ø¬ı‰≈¬…øÓ¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…
õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ’±√±˘Ó¬, ¸—¸√œ˚˛ fl¡ø˜˙Ú±¬ı˛, ’¥¤≈ά¸˜…±Ú (Ombudsman) ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤“À√¬ı˛
鬘Ӭ± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛fl¡˜º ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˝√√˘ Œ˘±fl¡¬Û±˘ (Lok Pal) ÒÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛
’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡ÚÚ±, Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛œ
Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡, ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√ ·Í¬ÀÚ ¤¬ı— Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¸±ÒÀÚ
’±˜˘±Ó¬LaÀfl¡ √±˚˛¬ıX Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì˝◊√√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛º
19.2.7 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa øÚÀ˚˛±· › õ∂ø˙é¬Ì
(Elites) (administrator elites)
‘The French National School of administration’-
37
(Second University
Degree) 18
‘Civil Service Commission’
(merit)
(Union Public Service Commission)
(Public Service Commission)
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl‘¡» ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¸•ÛÀfl«¡
¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Œ˘‡fl¡À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÙ¬À˘
Ô±Àfl¡º ˚ø√› ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Ú øˆ¬øM√√fl¡, Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ÚœøÓ¬ ›
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı…±5 ˝√√˚˛º ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ó¬NøȬ
Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√, ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¤¬ı— ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛
¬ı…±‡…± › ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La-Ó¬N ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬, Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬NøȬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸
› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬ı…±5 :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ’—˙º
19.3.1 ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬LaÀfl¡ 鬘Ӭ± (power) (dominace)
‘Herrchaft’
Herrchaft
Herrchaft
Herr Herrchaft-
38
1 (Traditional
authority); 2 (Charismatic authority); 3
¥œ (Legal rational authority)
(Ideal or pure type)
¥œ
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…
(division of Labour)
(objectivity), (discretionary),
(precision) (consistency)
(Capitalist market economy)
1
2
3
4
5
˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ S≈øȬ
(machine theory)
39
(Peter Blau)
(ideal type construct)
A product of alien culture
–
19.4 fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
40
¥¤
(views)
Philosophy of Right-
(closed chapter)
“The 18th Brumasre of Louis
Bonaparte”
“Where
bourgeois’ life and activity begin, the power of the state bureaucracy ends”.
¸±¬ı˛±—˙
¥œ¥œ
–
–
41
19.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
1º
2º
3º
19.7 ¢∂Lö¬Û?œ
1º Aron, Raymond : Main Currents in Sociological Thought ; V.2, Penguin Books,
England and U.S.A., 1967.
2º Bhattachariya, Mohit : New Horizons of Public Administration, Jawahar Publishers,
1998, New Delhi.
3º Œ√¬ı±˙œ¯∏ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ·Ì õ∂˙±¸Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±, Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, 1988º
42
20.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
20.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
20.2 ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ Ó¬N
20.3 ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬N
20.4 ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬N
20.5 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
20.6 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
20.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ’±¬ÛøÚ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±, ˜¸fl¡± › ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øMê√¬ı·« (Elite) ¸—Sê±ôL
Ó¬M3·≈ø˘ ¸•§Àg ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚº ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬, ¤˝◊√√ ’Ò…˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘–
Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ
¬ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı 鬘Ӭ±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— 鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸ ¸•§Àg ¤fl¡È¬±
Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ
¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú fl¡±À ˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øȬ
¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ ¤¬ı—
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ é≈¬^ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’Ú˜Úœ˚˛
fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚº
¸fl¡˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øȬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˜±Ú¬ıÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˚±¬ı˛± ά◊»fl¡À¯∏« ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œ|á¬
¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì« ø¸X±z¬¸ ” √√ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àᬬı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡±À ˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤ ◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛
’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈flË¡ø˜fl¡ › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › Ò˜π˚˛ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò
õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«˝◊√√ ˝√√À˘Ú
¸¬ı«±À¬Û鬱 ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º
43
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬¸ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏
ά◊À~‡À˚±·… øÓ¬ÚÊ√Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬±˘œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ–¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±, ˜¸fl¡± ¤¬ı— ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒº ¤“¬ı˛± øÓ¬ÚÊ√Ú˝◊ ˜…±øfl¡˚˛±Àˆ¬ø˘¬ı˛
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’Ú≈·±˜œ ¬ı˛”À¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ¤“¬ı˛± ·ÌÓ¬La › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa ’ø¬ıù´±¸œº ¤“¬ı˛± ˜±'«¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛› ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ øÂ√À˘Úº
¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±ø¬ı˝√√œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|Ìœ ø¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±'¬π˚˛ Ó¬ÀN ’±¬ÛøM√√ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ ¤“¬ı˛± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¸fl¡˘
¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡ › ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Ô±fl¡À¬ıº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ √é¬Ó¬±
› 鬘Ӭ± ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ô±Àfl¡ ˚±¬ı˛± õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ Œ˚±·…Ó¬± › ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬± ¸•Ûiߺ ¤“À√¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛±
ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«˝◊√√ ˙±¸Úfl¡±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√ › ˆ¬ø¬ı¯∏…ÀÓ¬› fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ¤È¬±
˙≈Ò≈ ¬ı±d¬¬ı Ú˚˛, ¬ı±>¬Úœ ˛› ¬ıÀȬº
¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’—À˙ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±, ˜¸fl¡± › ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬N¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ı˙À√
’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˘º
õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ øˆ¬˘ÀÙˬÀά± ¬Û…±À¬ıÀȬ±¬ı (Vilfredo Pareto) ˜ÀÓ¬, ˜±Ú≈ ∏ Œ˚˜Ú ˙±¬ıœø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı,
ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ˜±Úø¸fl¡ › ¬ı≈øX·Ó¬ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛› ’¸˜±Úº Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı«±À¬Û鬱 ¸˜Ô«
Ó¬±À√¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± ëŒ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« (‘elites’) ¬ıÀ˘ ’±‡…± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ Œfl¡±Ú› ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡
·≈̘±Ú › ¸¥œ±Ú ”‰¬fl¡ Ó¬±»¬Û « ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº ¤ ◊√√ ˙søȬ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÓ¬øÚ ≈Ò≈ ±S Œ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú
Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡˜«·Ó¬ Œé¬ÀS ˚±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ–¸Ù¬˘ ¬ı…¬ı¸± ˛œ, ¸Ù¬˘ Œ˘‡fl¡, ¸Ù¬˘
ά◊øfl¡˘, ¸Ù¬˘ ø˙䜖¤¬ı˛ ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«º Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡˜±S ¬Û”Ì«˜±S±˚˛ ά◊ij≈q¡
¸˜±ÀÊ√–Œfl¡¬ı˘˜±S Ó¬±øNfl¡ d¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˚±¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q–Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬Ò±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜?¸…
¬Ûø¬ı˛ øé¬Ó¬ √√ ˛º ¬ı±d¬¬ı Ê√·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬, ά◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ”ÀS õ∂±5 ¸•Û√ ˜ «±√± ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬ÛÀÔ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± Œ˝√√¬ı˛ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ‚Ȭ±˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ø˙À¬ı˛±¬Û± ’Ê«√Ú › ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ±
·¬ı˛ø˜˘ Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º
Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ≈√투±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú–˙±¸fl¡ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¤¬ı— ’˙±¸fl¡ Œ|á¬
¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« (ruling and non-ruling elites)º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úfl¡±À˚« ˙±¸fl¡ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙‘·±À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’Ô¬ı± ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı˛± Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡
øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˜…±øfl¡˚˛±Àˆ¬ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ˆ¬±¯∏± ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡ ë˙‘·±˘í › ëø¸—˝√√í–¤ ◊√√
≈√투±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˙‘·±˘·Ì Ú˜Úœ˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬·Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ‡±¬Û
‡±˝◊√√À˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤¬ı˛± ’±√˙«¬ı±√œ (ideology) ά◊ÀVÀ˙…¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¬ıd≈¬¬ı±√œ ά◊ÀV˙…Àfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ õ∂±Ò±Ú…
Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ά◊ÀV˙… ¸±ÒÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú ø√ÀÓ¬ ø¡ZÒ± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ › õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı˛± 鬘Ӭ±
’Ê«√Ú › ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛Ù¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙øq¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Úø¬ı«Ú…±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ø¸—˝√√·Ì
˝√√˘ ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, Œ·±á¬œ, ’=˘ › Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¤¬ı˛± õ∂¬ı˘ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ√‡±˚˛º ¤À√¬ı˛
44
˜ÀÒ… ’±√˙« › ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤¬ı˛± Œ|Ìœøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¤fl¡Ó¬±À¬ı±Ò, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±À¬ı±Ò ¤¬ı— Ò˜π˚˛ ’±√˙«
¡Z±¬ı˛± ά◊¡Z≈X ˝√√˚˛º õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± ø√À˘ ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À· ¤¬ı˛± ˆ¬˚˛ ¬Û±˚˛ Ú± ¬ı± ø¡ZÒ± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤¬ı˛± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛
¡Z±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ± ’Ê«√Ú › ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±√˙« ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸±ÀÔ ø¸—À˝√√±¬Û˜ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«–˚±¬ı˛± ¬ıø˘á¬ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı—
fl¡± « •Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ¤¬ı— ‘·±À˘±¬Û˜ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«–˚±¬ı˛± fl¡äÚ±õ∂¬ıÌ, ά◊æ√±¬ıÚ鬘 ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡ √√œÚ–ά◊ ¬ ˛Àfl¡
øÚÀ˚˛ ·ø¬ı«Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬Ò˜π ·≈̱¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ø˜|Ì ¬ı±Ò±õ∂±5 ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú
˙±¸Ú鬘Ӭ± ’Ú˜Úœ˚˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛± Ú¬ıœfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜±øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬
’鬘 Ú˚˛, Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı fl¡˘˝√√õ∂¬ıÌ ’±˝◊√√Ú: › ¬ı±·±Î¬ˇy¬ı¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú鬘Ӭ± Ú…d¬ ˝√√˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ıø˘á¬
ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì › fl¡±˚«¸•Û±√ÀÚ ’¬Û±¬ı˛·º ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ Œé¬ÀS ˙±ø¸Ó¬ Ê√Ú·Ì ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—
ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊¡Z≈X ˙±¸fl¡À|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Ó¬‡Ú ¤fl¡øȬ ’±¬ı˛› fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘º
õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¸y¬±¬ı… ¤¬ı— ’¸z≈¬©Ü ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± Ô±Àfl¡º ¤À√¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀÓ¬
˝√√À¬ı ’Ô¬ı± ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ˚‡Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ˙±¸fl¡À|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« √œ‚«ø√Ú é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬‡Ú
Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’øÚ26≈√fl¡ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı≈øX¬ı‘øM√√ › ø˙äfl¡˘±¬ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ Œ˜ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’Ó¬…z¬ ¸˝√√Ú˙œ˘ › ¸—˚Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛάˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙‘∫˘± ¸—¬ı˛é¬À̬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛
¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤¸˜À˚˛ ø¸—À˝√√±¬Û˜ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı·« [˚±¬ı˛± ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡
Ú˚˛] Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ˙‘·±À˘±¬Û˜ ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¸—·øͬӬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡À|á¬
¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ, ˙±¸Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, ’¬ıé¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸¥œÅ‡œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬Ûø¬ı˛À˙À¯∏ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬
√√ º ¬Û…±À¬ıÀȬ± ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ıÀÂ√Ú, ì’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬La ” √√ àÔ±˚œ √√ Ú±º... ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬La ”À √√¬ı fl¡¬ı¬ı‡±Ú±º...ø¬ı√…˜±Ú
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜… ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ı… fl¡±¬ı˛Ì √√ øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊2‰¬Ó¬˜ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ Ê√Àάˇ± √√› ˛± ¤¬ı—, ά◊ÀåȬ±ø√Àfl¡,
ά◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚ•ßÓ¬˜ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ Ê√Àάˇ± ˝√√›˚˛±ºî (“Aristocracies do not last...History is a
graveyard of aristocracies...Potent cause of disturbance in the equilibrium is the
accumulation of superior elements in the lower classes and, conversely, of inferior
elements in the higher classes.”)
˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ √œ‚«ø√Ú é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ Ô±fl¡À˘ ’±¬ı˛› ¤fl¡È¬± ¸y±¬ıÚ± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛± øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡
ά◊æ”Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸˜Ô« ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡, ’Ô«±» ¸y ±¬ı… Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡, øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¬Û±¬ı˛· ›
’øÚ26≈√fl¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛάˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı±Ò±õ∂±5 ˝√√À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜… ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ √√ ˛ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ‘∫˘± ’¬ıé¬À ˛¬ı˛ ¸¥œÅ‡œÚ √√ ˛º ˚ø√ ˙±¸fl¡À|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ˙±ø¸Ó¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛
¸¥œ≈À‡ ’¬ıàÔ±Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ’¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Ó¬À¬ı ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛q¡±q¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ÚÓ≈¬Ú › ˙±¸ÀÚ ¸é¬˜ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ˙±¸fl¡À|ÌœÀfl¡
鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ Ùˬ±k › ˝◊√√Ó¬±ø˘ÀÓ¬, ˙‘·±˘À√¬ı˛ ά◊O±Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±, ÚœøÓ¬˝√√œÚ ’±˝◊√√ÚÊ√œ¬ıœ¬ı˛±,
fl≈¡Ó¬±øfl«¡fl¡ ¬ı≈øXÊ√œ¬ıœ¬ı˛±, Ù¬±È¬fl¡±¬ı±Ê√¬ı˛± › Œfl¡Ã˙˘¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ øÚÊ√-ά◊ÀV˙…¸ÒÚfl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±º øfl¡z≈¬ øÓ¬øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛› ◊√√øe·Ó¬
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˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú, ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤‡Ú› ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘, ΔÒ˚«˙œ˘ › ¬¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À· ¸é¬˜
ø¸—˝√√À√¬ı˛ ά◊O±Ú ‚ȬÀ¬ı ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À· ’鬘 › õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛Ì±˙œ˘ ˙‘·±˘À√¬ı˛ ’¬Û¸±¬ı˛Ì¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ ˙±¸Ú鬘Ӭ±
√‡˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚÀ¬ıº Œ√˙±RÀ¬ı±Ò, ø¬ıù´±¸, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜˚«±√±À¬ı±Ò ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’±√±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚÀ¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬
¬¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈øX¬ıÀ˘ ˙‘·±˘¬ı˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± √‡˘ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ‰¬flË¡¬ı» ’±¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı
‰¬˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ô±fl¡À¬ıº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙‘·±˘ › ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS›
ëÙ¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œí–˚±¬ı˛± ‘·±˘¸‘√ ¤¬ı— ëøÚø«√©Ü ά◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œí–˚±¬ı˛± ø¸— √√ ‘√ –Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬
¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ¤À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« Œ˚ ˙≈Ò≈ øˆ¬iß Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ú˚˛ , ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±› ’±˘±√±º ¤˝◊√√
≈√øȬ Œ·±á¬œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±¬Û”Ì« fl¡±˚« ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ ˜”˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú,
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂·øÓ¬ ’±Ú ˛ÀÚ ¸ √√± ˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ øÚø«√©Ü ά◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œÀ√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ àÔ±ø ˛Q
¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Á≈“¡øfl¡¬ı˝≈√√˘ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ø¬ı¬Û√-’±¬Û√
øÚ¬ı±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ˚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚø√«©Ü ά◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œ¬ı˛± õ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¡À‰¬øȬ˚˛± õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬± øÚ(˘ ¤¬ı—
Œ˚Ú õ∂d¬¬ı˛œˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Ó¬± àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı Œˆ¬±À·, ¤fl¡
≈√¬ı«˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜…·Ó¬ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚± Œˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸±˜±Ú… ≈√‚«È¬Ú±˚˛ ø¬ı¬Û˚«d¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛάˇÀÓ¬
¬ÛÀ¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ˙‘·±˘ › ø¸—˝√√À√¬ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ¸˜i§À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œ ›
øÚø«√©Ü ά◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜?¸…¬Û”Ì« ’¬ıàÔ±Ú˝◊√√ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸˜Ó¬± › øÚ˚˛LaÌ ˚≈ø·À˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜…
¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú › õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± ’Ô«˝√√œÚ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˙‘·±˘Ó≈¬˘… ¬ı…øq¡ › ø¸—˝√√Ó≈¬˘…
¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ‰¬flË¡±fl¡±À¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ‰¬˘À¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±À˜…¬ı˛ ˆ¬¬ı˛Àfl¡f ¬Û±åȬ±À˘›
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜… ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ◊√√º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ Œ¬ıÀ ˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú øfl¡Â≈√ ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√ ˛ Ú±º ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ˜±Ú¬ıœ ˛
øÚ¬ı≈«øXÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı¬ı˛Ì Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Ú˚˛º ¶§·«¬ı˛±Ê√… Œfl¡±Ô±› ŒÚ˝◊√√º
¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¸¥¤À&Ò õ∂ùü ά◊O±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ , Œ˚˜Ú, ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Œ|á¬
¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ’·« ¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜…¬ı˛ √√±øÚ √√À¬ıº ¤ ◊√√ ’¬ıàÔ± ˛ 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«
鬘Ӭ± ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡øȬ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ 鬘Ӭ± ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ’Ô«±»,
Œfl¡±Ú› ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ’øÚ¬ı±˚«º ¬ıÀȬ±À˜±¬ı˛ (Tom
Bottomore) øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ ˜±ÀS¬ı˛˝◊ ’¬ı¸±Ú
’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¤fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘ Ú±º Œ˚˜Ú, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˱p̬ı˛± ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ
ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À ˛ ’±¸ÀÂ√º ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› øڕ߬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ’z¬ ≈«¬q¡ ˝√√› ˛±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ≈À˚±·
ŒÚ˝◊√√º ’Ô‰¬, ’±¬ı˝√√˜±Úfl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˱p̬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ’ød¬QÀfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜
˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¸˜”˝√√ ¸¬ı«Àé¬ÀS ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜øÔ«Ó¬ Ú˚˛º ¤ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛
Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬N√√øȬÀfl¡ ’ÕÚøÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó¬À¬ı Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ¸ÀN›
¤˝◊√√ ÓNøȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN ¤fl¡øȬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸—À˚±Ê√Úº ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±› ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬NÀfl¡
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’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√√ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛ÀÚ± ø¬ıÒ±Ú ¸ÀN› ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ¤˜Úøfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛›
¬ı˱pÌ·Ì Œ˚ ’±À·¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± øÚ¬ı˛efl≈¡˙ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ê√¸Ë ‘√©Ü±z¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ˙œÀ¯∏«
øfl¡—¬ı± ˜≈‡… ά◊¬ÛÀ√©Ü±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˚˛ ’Ô¬ı± õ∂˙±¸ÀÚ ’¬ı˱pÌÀ√¬ı˛ [¤˜Úøfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ øڕ߬ıÀ·«¬ı˛›] Œ|á¬
¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ›¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ά◊Àͬ ’±¸± ¤‡Ú ’øÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱº ¬ı˱pÌ ¬ı—˙Ê√±Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¤‡Ú Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛
’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ¸È¬± ¸y ¬ı ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œfl¡Ã˘œÀÚ…¬ı˛ ’±¬ıX ’ød¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ú˚˛ , ¬ı¬ı˛— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
‡±¬Û ‡±˝◊√√À˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø˙鬱√œé¬±˚˛ ¬ÛÈ≈¬Q › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe· ¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û˚≈q¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘º
˜¸fl¡± (Gaetano Mosea) fl¡±˘« ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜≈À‡ ø·À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ’¬ÛÀÚ±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, Œ|Ìœ˝√√œÚ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱ ¸y¬¬ıº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘The Ruling Class’ ˙œ¯∏«fl¡ ¢∂À&Ô øÓ¬øÚ ¤fl¡Ô±˝◊√√
¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øȬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Ô±fl¡À¬ıº
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·øͬӬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈¬ ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˚±À√¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±
Ô±Àfl¡º ¸—·Í¬Ú › fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤fl¡øȬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
Œ|ÌœÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…˙œ˘ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·¸”S Ô±Àfl¡–’±Rœ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛
Œ˚±· ”S, ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ Œ˚±· ”S, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±· ”S ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¤ ◊√√¸¬ı Œ˚±· ”ÀS¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡øȬ ø‰¬z¬±·Ó¬
¸± ≈Ê√… › Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¤fl¡Ó¬± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ, Œ˚·≈ø˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’¸—·øͬӬ
¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«–˚±¬ı˛± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø√fl¡ ø√À ˛› ¬ı˘œ ˛±Ú–Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸˜¬ı˛”¬Û Ú˚˛, ¬ı¬ı˛— Ó¬±¬ı˛± d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…d¬º ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ¶§ä¸—‡…fl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…øq¡
¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Ô±Àfl¡ ˚±¬ı˛± ’Ú…±Ú… Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’øÒfl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı±Ú ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±
fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¶§ä¸—‡…fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ’±¬ı˛›
¬ıø˘˚˛±Ú ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛
¬Û”Ì«±e· ¬ı…±‡…± õ∂√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ıº
˜¸fl¡± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘The Ruling Class’ ¢∂À&Ô ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, 츘d¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√–Œ˚¸¬ı ¸˜±Ê√ ‡≈¬ı ’ä ◊√√
ά◊ißÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡±Ú˜ÀÓ¬ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı”¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¢∂˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, Œ˚·≈ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ≈¬ı≈ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀÔÀfl¡ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛ › 鬘Ӭ±¸•Ûiß
¸˜±Ê√·≈ø˘ ’¬ıøÒ–≈˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Œ√‡± ø˜À˘ÀÂ√–¤fl¡øȬ Œ|Ìœ ˙±¸Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øȬ Œ|Ìœ ˙±ø¸Ó¬
˝√√˚˛º ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¶§ä¸—‡…±ø¬ıø˙©Ü õ∂Ô˜ Œ|ÌœøȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ , ¤fl¡À‰¬øȬ˚˛±ˆ¬±À¬ı 鬘Ӭ±
’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— 鬘Ӭ± Œ˚ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±·≈ø˘ ’±Ú˚˛Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸·≈ø˘ Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’øÒfl¡ ¸—‡…±ø¬ıø˙©Ü
ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œ|ÌœøȬ õ∂Ô˜øȬ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ › øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ¤˜Úˆ¬±À¬ı ˚± fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øȬ√ ’±˝◊√Ú±Ú≈·,
fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øȬ ø¬ıøÒ¬ıø˝√√ˆ”¬«Ó¬ › ø˝√√—¸Ë ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œ|ÌœøȬ õ∂Ô˜øȬÀfl¡, ’z¬Ó¬ ‘√ø©ÜÀ·±‰¬¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı,
47
¬ˆ¬¬ı˛ÌÀ¬Û±¯∏À̬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì¸˜”˝√√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ı˚˛À¬ı¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚¸¬ı õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì·≈ø˘ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«√
Œ¸·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ºî
˜¸fl¡± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±˙œÚ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬ÀN ¬ı≈À˙±¬ı˛ 븱ұ¬ı˛Ì ◊√√26√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úí-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’±¬ı˱ √√±˜ ø˘efl¡Ú ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ì·ÌÓ¬La √√í˘ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ Ê√Ú…, Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±, Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˙±¸Úºî ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ ¸—:±Àfl¡ ˜¸fl¡± ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˜ø¬ı˛¸ ≈√ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN Œ˚ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±
¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√
Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊Àͬ ’±À¸º ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«S˝◊√ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√˙ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬ ˙±ø¸Ó¬
˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±º
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú, Ê√˘¬ı±˚˛≈, Œ¬ı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ Ó¬œ¬ıËÓ¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛
Ú˚˛, øÚø«√©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸˜øi§Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¤fl¡øȬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ˙±¸Ú
fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¬ı± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº Ó“¬±¬ı˛√ ˜ÀÓ¬, øÚÀ¢∂± › ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛·Ì øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ d¬À¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ
˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛Ó¬ Ó¬± ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º øÚÀ¢∂±¬ı˛± ˚ø√ Œù´Ó¬±e·À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›
¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬, Ó¬± ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œù´Ó¬±e·À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ά◊ißøÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛Ó¬ Ú± ¤È¬± ˆ¬±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›
fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ŒÚ˝◊√√º øÚÀ¢∂± ø˙˙≈¬ı˛± ˚‡Ú ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ó¬±¬ı˛± Úœ‰¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸z¬±Ú
¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬Û±‰¬fl¡ › ˜±˘¬ı±˝√√Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬±˙±˚˛
øÚ˜ø7¡¡¡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¬ı ά◊√…˜ ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘º
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ά±¬ı˛Î¬◊˝◊√√Ú-fl¡øÔÓ¬ Œ¬ı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√ ӬӬȬ± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú± ˚ӬȬ± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛
ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¢∂±˜º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±øȬ ¸˜d¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√i߈¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º
ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂±˜ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˜¸Àfl¡± ¬ı≈øÁ¡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú ’Ô«, 鬘Ӭ± › ¸¥œ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± › ¡ZiZº Œ¬ı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬Û¬ı˛±øÊ√Ó¬À√¬ı˛ øÚ˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı± øÚø(˝ê fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º
¤Àé¬ÀS ¸—‡…±·≈¬ı˛≈ ¬Û¬ı˛±øÊ√Ó¬¬ı˛± ˙≈Ò≈˜±S øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± fl¡˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ Ó‘¬ø5 ¤¬ı— ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ά◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡øȬ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ ¤¬ı— ’õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÒÚœ˚˛ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ øÚ˚˛˜ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ı ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘º
Œ¸øȬ ˝√√í˘ ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√› ˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±∫± ¤¬ı— Ó¬7¡¡¡øÚÓ¬ ¸—¢∂±˜º ¤ ◊√√ ’±fl¡±∫±Ê√øÚÓ¬
¸—¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’¬ıÒ±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±¬ı ‚ÀȬº õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øȬ ˙±¸fl¡ ›
˙±ø¸Ó¬À|Ìœ øÂ√˘, ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı± Ô±fl¡À¬ıº ˜±'«¬ Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ Œ|Ìœ˝√√œÚ
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ı «¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Ú, Ó¬± ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ◊√√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ ˛ Ú ˛º ’¬ı˙… ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛
Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± ˜¸fl¡± fl¡‡Ú˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘ÚøÚº
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˚‡Ú ¸˜±Ê√ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü d¬À¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ò˜π˚˛,
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q-¸˜øi§Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü Œ|Ìœ ’Ô¬ı± ¸—·øͬӬ
¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√˚˛º ˜¸fl¡± ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚, ·˜Ó¬ÀLa› ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—·øͬӬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈
ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ô±Àfl¡º ˚ø√› ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÒ±Ú¸˜”˝√√ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àᬬı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘
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¤¬ı— ˚ø√› ·˜Ó¬ÀLa ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àᬬı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ˝◊√√ õ∂√ø˙«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬¬ı≈› ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ·±á¬œ˝◊√√ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛
õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ øÚ˚˛Lafl¡ ˝√√˚˛º
˜¸fl¡± ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ’Ú…±Ú… ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ά◊ij≈q¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛
Œ·±á¬œ› ˝√√˘ ά◊ij≈q¡º ’Ô«±» Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˙±ø¸Ó¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡› Œ˚±·…Ó¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|ÌœÀÓ¬ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡
˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ’øÒfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àᬬı˛ ’±—ø˙fl¡
øÚ ˛LaÌ› ¬ıÊ√± ˛ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ·‘ √√œÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¸ ”À˝√√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı-’øˆ¬À˚±· › ˝◊√√26√±-’øÚ26√±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Ûøé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡, ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı±
’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ıX ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ› ’±¬ıX ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ά◊ij≈q¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
õ∂˙—¸± fl¡À¬ı˛ ˜¸fl¡± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜≈‡œ ˙±¸Úº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸Ú Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±
¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«º
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Œ|á¬Q¬ı±√œ (elitist) ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸e·øÓ¬ Œ¬ı˛À‡ ˜¸fl¡± ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¸ÀN› ¸œø˜Ó¬
Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ¤¬ı— ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’±¢∂˝√√
Œ√ø‡À˚ÀÂ√Úº
˜¸fl¡±¬ı ˜ÀÓ¬, ·Ì-’¸Àz¬±À ∏¬ı Ù¬À˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ 鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬ Œ¸Àé¬ÀS Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ıÀ̬ı
˜Ò… ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡øȬ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ά◊O±Ú ‚ȬÀ¬ı, Œ˚ Œ|ÌœøȬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚« ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ’Ú…Ô±˚˛
Œ·±È¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± Ò√ı—¸ ˝√√À ˛ ˚±À¬ıº ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…˙œ˘ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±Àfl¡ fl≈¡ø鬷Ӭ
fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı—˙±Ú≈flË¡ø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı 鬘Ӭ±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±À·¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±˙±˘œÀ√¬ı˛
’¬ı¸±Ú ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡øȬ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ˛ ’ ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±› ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º ˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ ¬ı±¬ı˛—¬ı±¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ ≈˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—‚±Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬À|Ìœ › øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ’—À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¤˝◊√√ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ά◊ÀM√√Ê√Ú±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¸•ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ά◊»¸¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙, :±Úø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛,
¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¬±
Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’±ø¬ı©®±¬ı˛, ø¬ıÀ√˙œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı±øÌÊ√…, ˚≈Xø¬ı¢∂˝√√, õ∂¬ı±¸Ú › ’øˆ¬¬ı±¸Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√
ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Û√ ¬ı± √±ø¬ı˛^…¬ı˛ ¸Ë©Ü±fl¡±¬ı˛º ¤¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı, ÚÓ≈¬Ú
ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º
¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±¬ı˛ ¸yˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±À˜… ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ȬÀ˘ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬±¸•Ûiß
¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ·≈Ì·Ó¬ Œ˚±·…Ó¬±¸•Ûiß ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛
øÚÀ ˛ Ó¬‡Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·øͬӬ ˝√√ ˛º √
˜¸fl¡± Ó¬“±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN ’¬ı¬ı˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« (Sub-elite) ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤˝◊√√ ’¬ı¬ı˛
Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·øͬӬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ, ø¬ı:±Úœ, ¬ı≈øXÊ√œ¬ıœ, ø˙ä-¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡˜G¬˘œ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¡ øÚÀ˚˛º ¤˝◊√√
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Œ|ÌœøȬ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ˝√√˘
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¸•Ûiß Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øͬfl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√º
˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ √√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸—·øͬӬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈Q, ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤ ◊√√ Œ|Ìœ ’¸—·øͬӬ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬À√¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’¸—·øͬӬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ¬ı…øq¡
¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸—·øͬӬ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ 鬘Ӭ±˝√√œÚ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß ˝√√˚˛º ¤fl¡øȬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬Ûάˇ± › ‹fl¡…¬ıX fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· Œ¬ıø˙ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬˘Ó¬, ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ|Ìœ ˚± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ó¬± fl¡‡Ú› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛
’± ˛Ó¬Ú ˚Ó¬ ¬ıάˇ ˝√√ ˛, ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’± ˛Ó¬Ú Ó≈¬˘Ú± ” fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬Ó¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ ˝√√ ˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¤ ◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈
Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¸—·øͬӬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Î¬◊M√√À¬ı˛±M√√¬ı˛ fl¡øÍ¬Ú ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º
˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¤˜Ú Œ˚ Ê√Úõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ Œ¸¬ıfl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ”¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛
ŒÙ¬À˘º øÚÊ√¶§ ¶§±Ô« ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø·À√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ·±á¬œ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ ’Ó¬…z¬
鬘Ӭ±˙±˘œ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ’¬ı˙… Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¤À√¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬, Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ › ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ› ά◊2‰¬d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛
˝√√˚˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú › ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤¬ı˛± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡, Ò˜π˚˛, ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˚≈Xõ∂¬ıÌ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬À|Ìœ ¸˜±ÀÊ√
ά◊»¬Ûiß ^¬ı…¸˜”˝√√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√fl¡À√¬ı˛ Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ’—˙ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ ¬ı±øfl¡È¬± ’±R¸±» fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜
˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La ¸À˜Ó¬ ¸fl¡˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ √ø¬ı˛^À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ÒÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-¬õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√
Œ¬ıø˙º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚø√«©Ü Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜À˚˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸•Û√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ˝√√˚˛º ˜Ò…˚≈À· ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ˚±Ê√fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸˜‘øX › 鬘Ӭ±˘±ˆ¬ ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘, Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¸≈˘ˆ¬ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú, ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¤˜Ú
¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¬Û±˚˛ Œ˚ ’±˝◊√√ÀÚ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈flË¡ø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º
˜¸fl¡± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛› ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡
ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬“±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤À√¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı—˙·Ó¬ ӬӬȬ± Ú˚˛ ˚ӬȬ± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘±˘Ú¬Û±˘Ú , ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’øÒfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ øfl¡Â≈√ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ ›
ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¶£≈¬¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º
˚ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·øͬӬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈À√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙, Ó¬¬ı≈› Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’Ó¬…z¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Â√±Î¬ˇ±
õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Òfl¡±˜œ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¤˝◊√√ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¤fl¡øȬ ì¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸”Sî (‘political formula’) õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤˝◊√√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ˝√√˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ø¬ıù´±¸, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ › ’ˆ¬…±¸¸˜”˝ Œ˚·≈ø˘ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı
¤fl¡øȬ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Œ˚¸fl¡˘ Œ˜±˝√√ › ø¬ıw¬±øz¬¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛
fl¡À¬ı˛, Œ¸·≈ø˘˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡√À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”Sº ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√
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˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ;˘z¬ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº ¤fl¡øȬ ˙±¸ÚÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬˘… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂ √√ÌÀ˚±·… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ”S ά◊æ√±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡ Ê√Ú¸—‡…±¬ı ≈√√ › ¶§äø˙øé¬Ó¬ d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ÚœøÓ¬·≈ø˘ ¬Œõ∂±øÔÓ¬ Ô±fl¡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¤fl¡˜±S Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì
› ’Ó¬…±‰¬±¬ı˛œ ˝√√À˘› √ø¬ı˛^, Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬, øÚ¬ÛœøάˇÓ¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…˘±Àˆ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ˜¸fl¡± ¤˝◊√√
¸y±¬ıÚ± fl¡‡Ú› ‡øÓ¬À˚˛ Œ√À‡ÚøÚ Œ˚, Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú ά◊ißÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”SÀfl¡ Ú±fl¡‰¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±º√
˜¸fl¡± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡øȬ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ·±á¬œí ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ ˚±¬ı˛± ’± ◊√√Ú·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı
õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¤¬ı— ˚±¬ı˛± Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œº ˚‡Ú
ά◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±flË¡˜Ì±Rfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± fl¡À˜ Ú˜Úœ˚˛ ¶§ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ’±øÒfl¡… ‚ÀȬ ¤¬ı— øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…±˙œ
¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ά◊2‰¬À|ÌœÀÓ¬ õ∂À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛≈X ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊Àͬ ’±¸±
˙øq¡˙±˘œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ά◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚Ȭ± ˛º øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú, øÚÓ¬…ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛
Ê√œ¬ıÚ¸—¢∂±˜, ¸≈ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜±Ú¬ıõ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl≈¡ø˘˙fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıøȬ ¸√±Ê√±¢∂Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’—˙øȬ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûº ’Ó¬¤¬ı, ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± › ˜¸fl¡± ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Œ˜˝√√ÚÓ¬œ
Ê√ÚÓ¬± ¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ¤fl¡øȬ ˜≈*Ó¬± øÂ√˘ ˚ø√› Ó¬± ˜±'¬π˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ’±˘±√±º
˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡øȬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±·… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊√…˜, õ∂:± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ı¬ı≈øX¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¸√±˝◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı , Ó¬± ø¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ’Ô«˝√√œÚº
¤ ◊√√ ά◊¬Û˘øt øÚÀ˚˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ’±¸˘ fl¡±Ê√º
ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’Ú˜Úœ˚˛ ø¬ıøÒ ¬ı± Œ˘Ã˝√√ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ (“the
iron law of oligarchy”) ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ¢∂&Ô ˝√√˘ ‘Political Parties :
A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical tendencies of Modern democracy’º ¤˝◊√√ ¢∂À&Ô
øÓ¬øÚ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ìŒ˚ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ Œ¸ ’±¸À˘ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘î (“who says
organization says oligarchy”]º
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¸”¬ı˛œ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± › ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜≈À‡ ø·À˚˛ ˜±Ú¬ıœ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛
¤fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±fl¡±˜œ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬,
·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ’¬ı˙…yˆ¬±¬ıœ¬ı˛”À¬Û Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√˚˛º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛
’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˝√√˘ 鬘Ӭ± fl¡±˜Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ Ó¬±
ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±º
Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜Úd¬N ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, Ê√Ú·Ì øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
’¸˜Ô«º øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¤fl¡øȬ é≈¬^ Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı‘˝√√» Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±
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¸˝√√Ê√º Ê√ÚÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ’À˚Ãøq¡fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ê√ÚÓ¬± Œfl¡±Ú› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
› ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ õ∂√±ÀÚ ’¬Û±¬ı˛·º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ’±¬ı˛› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˝√√˘ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ õ∂‰≈¬¬ı˛
¸—‡…fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸˜¸…±º ·ÌÓ¬La ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˚ø√ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œ˚, ø¬ı˙±˘¸—‡…fl¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¤fl¡ÀS ¤¬ı—
õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı, Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ·ÌÓ¬La ’¸y ¬ı ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› õ∂À˚±Ê√…º Œ˚ ¸fl¡˘ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √˘·≈ø˘ øÚÀ˚˛
ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, Œ¸·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±˚˛Ó¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ›
ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì ’¸y ¬ı ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Œ˚˜Ú, Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı±ø˘«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √˘øȬ¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¸√¸…¸—‡…±
øÂ√˘ Ú¬ıı˝◊ ˝√√±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ √œ˘˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ ¬ı‘˝√√√±˚˛Ó¬Ú ø¬ıø˙©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ |˜ø¬ıˆ¬±· ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« ˝√√À˚˛
¬ÛÀάˇº ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’±˚˛Ó¬Ú ˚Ó¬ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ Ó¬Ó¬˝◊√√ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀȬ › Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ’Ó¬¤¬ı,
fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛ √√± « √√À ˛ “√±Î¬ˇ± ˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√ …À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√ø˙fl¡± ’Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛
fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ Œ¬ıÀÂ√ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º
·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ √˘œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊æ√À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ d¬À¬ı˛–˚‡Ú
Œ¸·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’±˚˛Ó¬Ú ŒÂ√±È¬ Ô±Àfl¡–ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √˘œ˚˛ ¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±À̬ı˛ ’ÀÔ«¬ı˛ › 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›
¸—|¬ı Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º øfl¡z≈¬ ˚‡Ú˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú ’±˚˛Ó¬ÀÚ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ √˘œ˚˛ ¬Û√·≈ø˘ ’Ô« › 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ά◊»¸
˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±›, |˜ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ √˘œ˚˛ fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √é¬Ó¬±, õ∂ø˙é¬Ì, ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±
› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¸≈˘ˆ¬ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ √˘œ˚˛ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡˜«¬ı˛Ó¬ ¤fl¡√˘ Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±¬ı ‚ÀȬº ¤¬ı˛± ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ¸¬ıfl¡ Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ≈¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇ ¤¬ı— ¸—·Í¬Ú ’±¬ı˛›
ά◊2‰¬±¬ı2‰¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¬ıÚ…d¬ › ’±˜˘±Ó¬±øLafl¡ √√À ˛ “√±Î¬ˇ± ˛º ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏: ≈ ˆ¬ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛
ø¬ıø26√iß fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚ ˛ ¤¬ı— øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ õ∂‰¬≈¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ≈ø¬ıÒ± Ê√Àάˇ± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬
˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«º õ∂øÓ¬øȬ √˘
’Ô¬ı± |ø˜fl¡ › fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ ¸—·Í¬Ú ¶§ä¸—‡…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡ › ø¬ı¬Û≈˘¸—‡…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º
¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ › ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬fl”¡À˘ ˙±¸fl¡ › ˙±ø¸Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀȬº
ø˜À˙ ƒ ƒ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √ ·≈ø˘¬ı ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚ ‰¬¬ı˜ ˜Ó¬±¬ı˘¥¤Ï ˙±‡±·≈ø˘ ¤ ◊√√ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡
› ’±˜˘±Ó¬±øLafl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤Àé¬ÀS ˚≈øq¡È¬± ¤˝◊√√ ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, √˘œ˚˛ ·ÌÓ¬La ˙≈Ò≈
¤fl¡øȬ ’±fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ (form) ˜±Sº Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı±ÀÒ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
¶§±ÀÔ« ·ÌÓ¬LaÀfl¡ ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú Œ√›˚˛±˝◊√√ Œ|˚˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ √À˘¬ı˛ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¸±¬ı˛¬ıM√√± øÚø˝√√Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¸—·Í¬Ú ¬ı± ’±ÀÒ˚˛Àfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La ¬ı± ’±Ò±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« ø¬ı¸Ê√«Ú
Œ√›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ’±¬ı˛› ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¸—¢∂±˜ ¸˜±5 Ú± ˝√√›˚˛± ¬Û˚«z¬ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ·ÌÓ¬La õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ı
Ú˚˛º ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Œ˙‡±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ Œ|á¬ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ¤¬ı— ¤Ê√Ú… øÚᬱ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔÓ¬ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú fl¡¬ı˛± fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…º
Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ά◊À√…±·¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ’øÚ26≈√fl¡ ˝√√˚˛º ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ¤Àfl¡ ëÊ√Ú·À̬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ’鬘Ӭ±í ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ’±√˙«·Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Ò·˜… Ú˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛±
¤¸¬ı ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ӬӬȬ± ’±¢∂˝√√ Œ¬ı±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, √À˘¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸ˆ¬±·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¶§äÓ¬±
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ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¤À√¬ı˛ ά◊√±¸œÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛º ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛› ¬fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘
ø¬ıø‰¬S Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’鬘Ӭ± ¤¬ı— ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± ≈√˝◊√√˝◊√√ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ
¸˜œé¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √˘ ¤¬ı— |ø˜fl¡ › fl¡˜‰¬±¬ı˛œ ¸—·Í¬Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±—˙
¸√À¸…¬ı˛ ¬ı˚˛¸ ˝√√˘ 25 ŒÔÀfl¡ 39 ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛º ˚≈¬ıfl¡À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸¬ı˛ fl¡±È¬±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¡ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±›
Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¶§õü Œ√À‡ Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› ’À˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ά◊¬Û±À˚˛, ’Ô«±» ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û Ó¬±À√¬ı˛
’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À¬ı ¤¬ı— ¸±¬ı˛± Ê√œ¬ıÚ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ |ø˜fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±È¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı Ú±º Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± |ø˜fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ
¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± ά◊√±¸œÚ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº ¬ı˚˛¶®¬ı˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ |ø˜fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂±˜œ
”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ › ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ øÚÀ «± √√ √√À ˛ ¸√ …¬Û√ Ó¬…±· fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ó¬¤¬ı, ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ¸√ …À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬
¬ı˚˛¸ › ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛ õ∂¬ıœÌ ˝√√˚˛º ˚≈¬ıfl¡ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˆ¬œøÓ¬ ά◊À^Àfl¡¬ı˛
Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‚Ȭ±˚˛ Ú±º
’±¬ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ”√¬ı˛Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œ√À˙˝◊√√ √˘œ˚˛
ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√ Œ|Ìœ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊Àͬ ’±À¸ ¤¬ı— Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡
› ¬ı≈øX·Ó¬ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛ ά◊ißÓ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ê√±˜«±Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Œ˚¸¬ı Œ√À˙ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı≈øXÊ√œ¬ıœÀ√¬ı˛
¸—‡…± ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ fl¡˜, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ› |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊æ”Ó¬ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ¤¬ı— ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡È¬±
¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…¬ı˛± Δ√ÚøμÚ é≈¬øi߬ı‘øM√√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¤Ó¬È¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı…±¬Û‘Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Œ˚, ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ :±Ú ’Ê«√Ú Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ’¸±Ò… ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ŒÚÓ¬± |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ
ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ˝√√À˘› ’±øÔ«fl¡ Δ√Ú… ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈øq¡˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ‡≈“øȬڱøȬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ›˚˛±øfl¡¬ı˝√√±˘ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛
¸≈À˚±· ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ù¬˘Ó¬ øÓ¬øÚ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ|á¬Q ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±
fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‚øȬӬ ’鬘Ӭ± › ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:Ó¬± › ά◊»fl¡À¯∏«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ √À˘ ·ÌÓ¬La ø¬ıÚ©Ü ˝√√˚˛ › Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛
ά◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀȬº
ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¸˘ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ëΔ¬ıÓ¬øÚfl¡ flË¡À˜±2‰¬ d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…d¬ ’±˜˘±¬ı‘Àμí¬ı˛ (‘hierarchy
of salaried officialdom’) ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ú…d¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤‡±ÀÚ ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬Ûø¬ı˛©®±¬ı˛º
˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸•ÛøM√√¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± ˝√√˘ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ά◊»¸º ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡, ø˜À˙ ƒ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡
’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
鬘Ӭ± √‡˘ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘Àfl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬√±Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ά◊À√…±·œ
˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Ê√Ú… õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘Àfl¡ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬±˘±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º √˘œ˚˛ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› √˘ ‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √À˘¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ’¬ıàÔ± › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ÚÊ√¬ı˛
Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º √À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬± › ¸≈¸˜?¸ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« ¸≈¸—˝√√Ó¬ √˘œ˚˛ ÚœøÓ¬
øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì› fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸øͬfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¸≈˘ˆ¬ :±Ú
› ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¤ ¸fl¡˘ √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬± › ’¬ıfl¡±˙ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡
Ú±º ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ √À˘¬ı˛ ·Ì¸—À˚±· fl¡¬ı˛± › √˘œ˚˛ Ó¬˝√√ø¬ı˘ ¸˜‘X fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ Ó¬√±¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸—¸√œ˚˛
øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ √˘œ˚˛ õ∂±Ôπ ¬ı±Â√±˝◊√√ › ’Ú…±Ú… √˘œ˚˛ ’±Ú≈fl”¡˘… õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ˙œ¯∏« ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº √À˘¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¸±Ù¬˘…Àfl¡ ¸≈øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √À˘¬ı˛ ¸√¸…-¸˜Ô«Ú Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú
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¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸—¬ı±¬ÛS › ’Ú…±Ú… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜¸˜”˝√√ √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛
fl¡Ô±¬ı±Ó«¬± › fl¡±˚«¸˜”˝√√Àfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q√±Ú¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¸¬ı øfl¡Â≈√¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Ù¬˘|≈øÓ¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı
√˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ’±¬ı˛› ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± › fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º
ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ά◊M√√À¬ı˛±M√√¬ı˛ ’¸e·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı‘øX › ’±Ú≈ ∏øe·fl¡ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…¬ı˛±
’¬ı˙… ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛ ά◊¬Û˚≈q¡ õ∂d≈¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ıº
¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¸√ …¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¢∂Ìœ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂À¬ı˛±‰¬Ú±ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ^± √√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤ ◊√√ ’¢∂Ìœ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛
鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ õ∂˘≈t fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚø©ç¡˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú› ˚ø√ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ¸Ù¬˘›
˝√√˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú ‹ ’¢∂Ìœ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛± 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±À·¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º
¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± Œ˚ øÓ¬ø˜À¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ øÓ¬ø˜À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º
ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ù¬À˘› ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú± ¬ı¬ı˛— ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ √À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡øȬ
ø¬ı˙±˘ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬La ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡øȬ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬La øÚÊ√¶§ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ˆ≈¬q¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛
˚ÀÔ©Ü é¬˜Ó¬±˙±˘œ ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜±Á¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± Œfl¡fœ˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ ’±¢∂±¸œ
fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
Ó¬À¬ı ø˜À˙ ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬N ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ÿÀÒ√ı« Ú ˛º ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ Œ˚ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › ≈ø©ÜÀ˜ ˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡
˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ (oligarchs) ˜ÀÒ… ¸øͬfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú
’±ÀÂ√ Ó¬± Œ√‡±ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ øfl¡z≈¬ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ ·≈ø˘À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº
fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı øÚ¬ı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ Ê√Úõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±› øÓ¬øÚ Œ√‡±ÚøÚº øÓ¬øÚ é¬˜Ó¬±
› fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ê√Ú¬õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π fl¡±À˘ Ê√Ú¶§±Ô« ά◊À¬Û鬱 fl¡À¬ı˛
øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤È¬± ¸¬ı¸˜À ˛ ◊√√ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ øfl¡Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˚±‰¬± ◊√√À ˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ õ∂fl¡äøȬ¬ı˛
¸Ó¬…Ó¬± ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº øfl¬ôL≈√ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ¸ÀN› ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ÓN
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN ¤fl¡øȬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú ¤¬ı— Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ”¬ı˛œ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± › ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ≈øq¡¸¥œÓ¬
¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬º
1º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ëŒ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«í (‘elites’) ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑
2º ë˙‘·±˘í › ëø¸—˝√í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛±ÀȬ± fl¡œ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
3º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±Úƒ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡·Ì 鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
4º ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œ › øÚø«√©Ü ά◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…
øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
5º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± Ó¬N¬ı˛ fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡∑
6º ¸˜±ÀÊ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…˙œ˘ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸¥¤À&Ò ˜¸fl¡± fl¡œ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑
7º ˜¸fl¡± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±Úƒ ≈√íøȬ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’ød¬ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑
54
8º ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬N fl¡Ó¬È¬± ¸e·Ó¬œ¬Û”Ì«∑
9º ¤fl¡øȬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı Ú± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı–Ó¬± fl¡œÀ¸¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡± ˜ÀÚ
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑
10º ëø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¢∂±˜í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˜¸fl¡± fl¡œ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
11º fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ 鬘Ӭ±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤ ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘ 鬘Ӭ±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡± ˜ÀÚ
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑
12º ’¬ı¬ı˛ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸¥¤À&Ò ˜¸fl¡± fl¡œ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑
13º ¸—·øͬӬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ÀQ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ’¸—·øͬӬ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±¬ı˛ fl¡œ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±
Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡± ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑
14º ¸—·Í¬Ú Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘
˜¸fl¡± ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
15º fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ ˙±ø¸Ó¬À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘∑
16º øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± fl¡‡Ú › fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡±
˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑
17º 댷±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œ˘Ã˝√√ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ fl¡œ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
18º Œfl¡Ú√ Ê√Ú·Ì øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸˜Ô« ¬ıÀ˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑
19º ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ √˘œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛˜œ ¶§±Ô« õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛∑
20º √˘œ˚˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ fl¡œ fl¡œ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
21º fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ”√¬ı˛Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛∑
22º √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± fl¡œ fl¡œ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛
¤¬ı— ’±¬ı˛› 鬘Ӭ±¸•Ûiß › fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˙±˘œ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑
23º √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡œ Ù¬˘ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
24º √˘œ˚˛√ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ fl¡œ Ù¬˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
25º ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± Œfl¡±Ô±˚˛∑
1º Irving, M. Zeitlin : Ideology and the Development of Sociological Theory.
(New Delhi : Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. 1969)
2º Guy, Rocher : A General Introduction to Sociology : A Theoretical Perspective.
(London : The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1972)
3º Lewis, A. Coser : Masters of Sociological Thought. (Jaipur : Rawat
Publications, 1996)
55
21.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
21.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
21.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
21.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…
21.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
21.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡
21.4.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·
21.4.2 ¬ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√
21.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡¸˜”˝√√
21.5.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú
21.5.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › õ∂Ó¬œfl¡
21.6 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶®‘øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
21.7 ¸±¬ı±—˙
21.8 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
21.9 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
21.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ àÔ±¬ÛÚº ¤øȬ ¬ÛÀάˇ ’±¬ÛøÚ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q∑
¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ (dimension), ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· (classification),
ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ (types)
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › õ∂Ó¬œfl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
56
õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± ¤¬ı— Œ¸˝◊√√
fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¸•Ûiß › ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú˜”˘fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı
Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ô±› øÚ–˙ÀÓ«¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ú › õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ√‡±Úº Œfl¡±Ô±› ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±˜”˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û鬬۱Ӭœº ¤¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡
’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬ı≈Á¡À¬ıÚ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø‰¬S Ê√±Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-
ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏À̬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« › Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì«º
’±À·¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ˘‡fl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛±
¸fl¡À˘ ◊√√ Œ¸ ◊√√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸, ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ô«±» ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤ õ∂¸Àe· õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¢∂œÀ¸¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬‰¬‰«¬± › ˜ÀKI◊¶≈®, Ȭfl¡øˆ¬˘ › Œ¬ıÊ√˝√√ÀȬ¬ı˛ Œ˘‡±¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ά◊À√…±· ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡˝◊√√ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ·…±ø¬ıËÀ˚˛˘ ¤. ’…±˘˜`¬ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡Ô±øȬ
¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡Ô±øȬ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¸—:± ¬Û±›˚˛± fl¡øͬں Ó¬À¬ı
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú, Ó¬± ’±¬ÛÚ±À√¬ı˛ Ê√±Ú±˝◊√√º
·…±ø¬ıËÀ˚˛˘ ¤ ’…±˘˜`¬ › øÊ√. ø¬ı—‚±˜ ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Úº ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú
Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ø¬ıù´±¸, ˆ¬±¬ı±À¬ı· › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÒÀfl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ø¸Î¬√øÚ ˆ¬±¬ı«± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸, ¸≈¶Û©Ü õ∂Ó¬œfl¡
› ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ¸·≈ø˘ Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸—·øͬӬ fl¡À¬ı˛,
Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Ûø¬ı˛©®±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ√˚˛º ˘≈ø¸˚˛±Ú ¬Û±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ,
ø¬ıù´±¸ › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜ø©Ü ˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ › ˙‘∫˘±¬ıX fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¬ı≈¬ı˘±È¬ø¶® ˜ÀÚ
fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ d¬¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±Ò¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛
:±Ú › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜…º
21.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡øffl¡ Ú˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ø¬ıù´±¸Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ ‚ȬÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Œ¸ ◊√√ ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˘œ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡œ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ◊√√
˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ , ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¸¥¤À&Ò
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’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı± ø¬ıù´±¸ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ˘é¬… ¬ı± ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
¬ı± ø¬ıù´±¸ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤·≈ø˘ ’±À¬ı·˜”˘fl¡› ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ά◊¬Û˘øt˜”˘fl¡› ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô«
¤˝◊√√ Ú˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸‘©Üº õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ Ú±› ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√À¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛
õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸‘©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§Ó¬–¶£¬”Ó«¬Ó¬± Ô±Àfl¡, ˚± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛
¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛-øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ › øàÔ¬ı˛œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜Úd¬N˜”˘fl¡ ˜±S± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¤øȬ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛œ·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ’±ÀÂ√,
˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ › ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±√˙« › fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Ò±¬ı˛± ά◊ˆ¬˚˛˝◊√√
¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ά◊ÀV˙…˝√√œÚ Ú˚˛, ¸±˜?¸…¬Û”Ì« Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú, Œ˚ Ò±¬ı˛± ¸≈ø¬ıÚ…d¬
¤¬ı— ˚±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ fl¡À¬ı˛º
˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø‰¬S ά◊√ƒ‚±øȬӬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø‰¬S ¶Û©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤ õ∂¸Àe·
’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˘Î«¬¸ˆ¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ |X±, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛
Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ¬Û±¬ı˛√ø˙«Ó¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’Ô«±», ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯∏¬ı˛± Œ˚ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛
Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡À√¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ˘Î«¬¸ˆ¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ |X±˙œ˘ Ó¬± ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜
’—˙º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˚ø√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬À¬ı Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˜ÕÓ¬fl¡… ≈√¬ı«˘,
Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø¬ı ‘∫˘± ¬ı± ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ‚ȬÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˜ÕÓ¬fl¡… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ά◊ÀV˙… ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ¤¬ı— Œ¸ ◊√ ά◊ÀV˙… ’øˆ¬ ≈À‡
Œ¬ÛÓÂ√±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬–¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛˝◊√√ Ô±fl¡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Œ√‡±
˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¸—·øͬӬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜ÕÓ¬Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¤‡Ú Œ˚ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚± ˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤ÀKÒ ˜ÕÓ¬Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› ’ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬Û≈Úø¬ı«Ú…d¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ı¸¬ı±À¸¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ıø˝√√À«√˙œ˚˛À√¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡˝√√±À¬ı˛ ’±·˜Ú, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı, ˚≈X,
˚≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ¬ı± ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı‘˝√√» ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸•Û”Ì«
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ › ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛
Ùˬ±Àk ¬ı± ¬ı˘À˙øˆ¬fl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊√√ά◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘º ˚≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À˚˛¬ı˛
¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÊ√˚˛œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ‰¬±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º 1˜ › 2 ˛
ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™ ø¬ıù´¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¤ø˙˚˛±, ’±øÙˬfl¡± › ˘±øÓ¬Ú
’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬±
õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ‰¬±˘±Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ù¬À˘, ¸±˝√√±˚…¬õ∂±5
Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
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ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸±˜?¸… ¸±ÒÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±Ù¬˘… › ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
àÔ±ø˚˛Q√ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ’¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı…±‡±˜”˘fl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬˚≈q¡ (Residual Explanator Category) Ú ˛º
¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸·≈ø˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±¬Û› fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±˚˛º Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¸˜œé¬± ˝√√˘ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ Ò±¬Û, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ıάˇ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸±é¬±»fl¡±¬ı˛ › ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸—‡…±Ú ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…, ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±, Œ˘‡±, ’øÓ¬fl¡Ô± (Myth) › Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ά◊¬Û±‡…±Ú (Legend) ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¡› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ Ê√±Ú± ˚±˚˛º
Ó¬À¬ı Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¸˜œé¬±, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…±› Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ˘≈øfl¡À˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡º
Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¬ı…±‡…±¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸˜¸…±› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ¸—˚≈q¡º
Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ fl¡øͬں Ó¬¬ı≈› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ˚Ó¬”√¬ı˛ ¸y ¬ı øÚ «¬¬ı˛À˚±·… Ó¬Ô…¸—¢∂À √√¬ı˛
õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ fl¡¬ı˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛º
1
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ø˘‡≈Úº
[4 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬÀfl¡ ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬
¬Û±Ô«fl¡…, ’±=ø˘fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, ø˙鬱¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛, Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¸√¸…¬Û√, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜˚«±√± ¤¬ı— Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂¸Àe· ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Ô±Àfl¡º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú
Œ˚, øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú˚˛º Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¡øȬ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…
‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡È¬, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˚‡Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú›
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸≈¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘º ’…±˘˜`¬ ¤¬ı— ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚø«√©Ü
¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂Ó¬œ˚˛˜±Ú ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± Œ√›˚˛±
˚±˚˛º ’…±˘±Ú ¬ıÀ˘¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛, ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ø¬ıù´±¸ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛ÚÀfl¡
Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Ú± , ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ú…±Ú… ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛º
’Ô«±» øfl¡Â≈√ øfl¡Â≈√ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú˚˛º Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ fl¡±Ú±Î¬œ˚˛¬ı˛± ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛
59
Œ˚, fl¡±Ú±Î¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ı˙œ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¤˝◊√√
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı˘ ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ fl≈¡˝◊√√À¬ıÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ˙øq¡˙±˘œº ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ fl‘¡cfl¡±˚˛
øÚÀ¢∂±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº
Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ¸—øù≠©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬
’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ ’¸y¬ı ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˙œ˘ Œ√À˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√
õ∂¬ı˘º ’=˘, Ò˜«, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ, Ê√±øÓ¬, ˆ¬±¯∏±, õ∂Ê√ij ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ
Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ ∏«› Ê√±øÓ¬, Ò «, ˆ¬± ∏± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û «¬Û”Ì« ø√fl¡º ø˙‡ ά◊¢∂¬Û&ÔœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡± «fl¡˘±¬Û ¬ı± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’=À˘¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¬ı± ’±=ø˘fl¡
˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı › ’±Àμ±˘Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬ı˝√√º
¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¬ı±Ò± Œ√˚˛ Ú±º fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬
fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂Àùü ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡À√¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›
’¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜”À˘…¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Ú«¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¬Û≈Úø¬ı«Ú…±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ˚ø√ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
” fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬± √√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø ˛Q ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ √√ ˛º Ó¬‡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’¬ıàÔ± ’±˚˛ÀQ ’±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± › ά◊ÀM√Ê√Ú± Œ√‡±
Œ√˚˛º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ ¬ı± ’±=ø˘fl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ Œ·±á¬œ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¤¬ı˛”¬Û ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ √√ Œfl¡±Ú› Ê√±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º Œ˚˜Ú, ◊√√øÔÀ ˛±ø¬Û ˛± ˛
õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ Œ¸‡±Úfl¡±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œ·±á¬œ ’±˜˝√√±¬ı˛±ÀȬÀ√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º
2
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ (Dimensions)
’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± ’±À· ◊√√ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ √√ øfl¬Â√≈ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±, ˚± ¤fl¡øȬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛º ’…±˘˜`¬ ¤¬ı— ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤˝◊√√
˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√fl¡ (Dimensions) ’±ÀÂ√ –-
[1] :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¸—flË¡±z¬ ø√fl¡ (Cognitive Orientations)ñ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸—flË¡±z¬ øÚˆ«≈¬˘ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı± :±Úº ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û, Œ˚˜Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛± fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬ı± ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ¸˜¸…±·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ, ¤ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸øͬfl¡ :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ø√fl¡º
[2] õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ ø√fl¡ (Affective Orientation)ñ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬, Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ Ô±fl¡± ¬ı± ¤fl¡±RÀ¬ı±Ò fl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ú
fl¡¬ı˛±º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ ≈¬øÓ¬ √√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø√fl¡º
60
[3] ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú˜”˘fl¡ ø√fl¡ (Evaluative Orientation)ñ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡
ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬, ’Ô«±» ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛ ˜”˘…˜±Ú ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˜”˘…±˚˛Úº Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øȬÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˚ÀÔ±¬Û˚≈q¡ √±ø˚˛Q˙œ˘ ˜ÀÚ Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛
’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ’¸±Ò≈Ó¬± ¬ı± ¶§Ê√Úõ∂œøÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚμ± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø√fl¡º
Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬
ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡˝◊√√ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈q¡ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı ∏À ˛¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√fl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˜ø|Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬±À¬ı
¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«õ∂̱˘œÀfl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
›¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±, ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ’±˝◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú…Ó¬±, ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…± ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøȬ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
’¬Ûø¬ı˛¸œ˜º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√fl¡ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛
Œ˚˜Ú–
[fl¡] ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±–Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ›
” …± ˛Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ¤·≈ø˘ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¶§±Ó¬La… ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ¸± √√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Δ√ø √√fl¡ ¸√ …¬Û√ ◊√√
˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛, ˜±Úø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı› ¸√¸… ˝√√›˚˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº
[‡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì–ά◊¬Û±√±Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± (Input-Output Process) ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛
:±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂¬ı±ø˝√√Ó¬
˝√√À˚˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ, ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ, ·Ì˜±Ò…˜
˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
[·] ’±˜˘±, ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ‹ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…øq¡
› Œ·±á¬œ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú Ô±Àfl¡, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¤À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ø¸X±z¬
õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛±º
[‚] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± (Political Actor) ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
¤¬ı— ’Ú…±Ú… ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤À&Ò› ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ õ∂˚≈øq¡ ˝√√˚˛º
[„√√] ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ › õ∂ùü ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º
3
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑ ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±ÀÂ√ fl¡œ∑
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]
21.4.1
¤˝◊√√ ¬Û“±‰¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ’ød¬Q ¤fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√
61
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› ¸¬ıÀ√À˙ ¤fl¡ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú
fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛ ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡±RÀ¬ı±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±,
’Ô¬ı± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚø©ç¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ øfl¡Ú±, Ê√Ú·Ì ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú± ¬ı±
¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±ñ¤ ◊√√ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’Ô«±», ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì-ά◊»¬Û±√±Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¬ı∞I◊Ú,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ Ô±fl¡± ¬ı± Ú± Ô±fl¡± ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛
·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì › Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…fl¡¬ı˛Ì (Characterisation) fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±˚˛º ’…±˘˜`¬ › ˆ¬±¬ı«± øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚Ô±ñ
[1] ’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Participatory Political Culture)ñ¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ıÀÚ¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈q¡ Ô±Àfl¡, ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬
˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı±¬Ûiß ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı
¤¬ı— õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ô«±», ¤‡±ÀÚ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì-ά◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬,
õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú ˜”˘fl¡ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ά◊2‰¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıËÀȬÚ, ¶®…±ø`¬ÀÚøˆ¬˚˛± › ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º
[2] ’ÒœÚàÔ ¬ı± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Subject Political Culture)—¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú (Output)
Œ˚˜Ú, fl¡˘…±Ìfl¡¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±› ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ù¬À˘, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬
Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬, õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú˜”˘fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ú± Ô±fl¡±˚˛
Ê√Ú·Ì ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ › ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬À˘ › Œ¸˝◊√√ øÚÀ«√˙ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¸Ó¬… ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛, Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± (Actor) ø √√ ±À¬ı øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò Œfl¡±Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ øÚø©flË¡ ˛º
Œ¸ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú± ¤¬ı— ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ø¸X±Àz¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Œ¸ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˝√√˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛±, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛±
Ú˚˛º ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√˙ ¤¬ı— ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚ ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙˬfl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º
[3] ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Parochial Political Culture)ñ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸±˜±Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì± (Cognition) Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ ¬ı± ˜”˘…±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
(Affective and Evaluative) õ∂À‰¬©Ü±› Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S øÚÊ√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛,
Ê√Ú¸•x√± ˛ ¬ı± øÚÊ√ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚ «¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœ ˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¸¥¤À&Ò Î¬◊√±¸œÚ
Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø(˜œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ≈√©x±¬Û…º
Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ (Transitional) ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ’=À˘ ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ≈q¡
¬ı‘˝√√» ¬ı± é≈¬^ ’±=ø˘fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¡Z±¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬
Ú˚˛º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ¢∂±˜…¸˜±Ê√º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤˜Ú ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Œ√‡± ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛±
ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬œ˚ ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Û≈À¬ı±¬Û≈ø¬ı ’:º ‘√ø©Ü ¬e·œ ≈Ò≈ ±S ¢∂±˜œÌ ¬Û≈À¬ı±ø √√Ó¬ ¬ı± ’±=ø˘fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı
¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ--˚±¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸Àe· ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
62
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
øflz≈¬ ¤·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ ’±√˙« Ò¬ı˛ÚñŒfl¡±Ô±› ’ø¬ıfl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ô±›
¤fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ô±› ¸˜¸Qø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı± ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ (Homogeneous)Ú˚˛º ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛± ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’—˙ ŒÚ˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√
øÚø˘«5 Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Œ√‡± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˝≈√√ ¬ı…øq¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ ø¬ıÚ± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√ Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬À˘, ’ÀÚÀfl¡
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ˜≈‡¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛
˚±¬ı˛± ’ÒœÚàÔ ¬ı± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı˚≈q¡, ’Ô«±» õ∂±˚˛ ¸¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø˜| ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛º
øÓ¬ÚøȬ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ¶®È¬ 1910 › 1960-¤ Œ˜ø'¬Àfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬«Ú
’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº 1910-¤ Œ˜ø'¬Àfl¡±¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ 90Ì øÂ√˘ ¸—fl¡œÌ« (Parochial) 9Ì ’ÒœÚàÔ
(Subject) ¤¬ı— 1Ì ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ (Participant) º 1960-¤ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±·≈ø˘ øÂ√˘ ˚Ô±flË¡À˜ 25Ì, 65̤¬ı— 10̺
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙
øͬfl¡˜Ó¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¤fl¡øSÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡
¬Û≈Ú¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’…±˘˜`¬ › ˆ¬±¬ı«± ‰¬±¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˜| ¬ı± ø˜ø|Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Úº
[1] ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’ÒœÚàÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Parochial Subject Political Culture)ñ¤‡±ÀÚ
¬ı…øq¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛Ú ¸¥¤À&Ò ›˚˛±øfl¡¬ı˝√√±˘, øfl¡z≈¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’:º Ó¬± Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± (Actor) ø˝√√¸±À¬ı
øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±› ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ ’¶Û©Ü › ’ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬º ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ ˆ¬±À˘±ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÚ±
˝√√ ˛ Ú±º
[2] ’ÒœÚàÔ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Subject Participant Political Culture)—¤‡±ÀÚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú › ¸øflË¡˚˛, øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±øfl¡¬ı˛± øÚø©flË¡˚˛º õ∂ÔÀ˜±q¡¬ı˛±
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ˚≈q¡º Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚, Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛› ¤› Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚, ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· fl¡˜º ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú
Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊√√ά◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’ÒœÚàÔ ’—˙¢∂˝√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¤‡±ÀÚ
’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˚≈q¡ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¤¬ı— Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¸Ê√±· Ô±fl¡À¬ıº Ú±·ø¬ıfl¡À√¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ¸— ≈q¡ Ô±fl¡±¬ı
Ê√Ú… ά◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬º ’Ô‰¬, ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ ˙±ø¸Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√À˙¬ı˛
õ∂øÓ¬ ‹fl¡…˜Ó¬ ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º
[3] ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Parochal Participant Political Culture)—¤‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜± õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ’±=ø˘fl¡, Œ˚˜Ú ά◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬-¸—·Í¬Ú, ˚ø√› ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì
fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ά◊ißÓ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì-ά◊»¬Û±√Ú Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±˝◊√√ ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬Û ø¬ıø˙©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛
’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¸—àÔ± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
[4] Œ¬Ûìı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Civic Culture)—¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÓ¬ÚøȬ ’±√˙« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—˚≈q¡º ’ÒœÚàÔ
˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± Ô±fl¡±˚˛√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·Ì˜±Ú… Œ|Ìœ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Î¬◊√…˜ › ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡
’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± Ô±fl¡±˚˛ ·Ì˜±Ú… Œ|Ìœ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ’…±˘˜`¬
› ˆ¬±¬ı«±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú › ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ Œ¬Ûìı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛”¬Ûº
63
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛∑
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú]
2º ø˜| ¸—¶®øÓ¬ fl¡œ∑ ø˜| ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú]
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡¸˜”˝√√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± ø˜|, ˚±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú Ó¬± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√
·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ ¸—‡…± ˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡› øÚø¬ıάˇº ¤ ◊√√ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡› ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ –ñ
[1] ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±ñŒ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛
‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ¬ı± ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛
‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º Œ¢∂Ȭ ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤fl¡øȬ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß
Ò±¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ‹øÓ¬˝√√…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı ¸˜i§˚˛ ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛
˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…À¬ı±Ò › ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø¬ı:±Ú,
õ∂˚≈øq¡ ¤¬ı— ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ø˜|Ì ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± Â√±Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√ ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛
¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ˙ ≈√√À¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡
‡±¬Û ‡±˝◊√√À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º
’Ô‰¬ Ùˬ±Àk¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ øˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛º 1789-¤ ¸—·øͬӬ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ Ùˬ±Àk¬ı˛
õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±˚˛º øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± Ùˬ±Àk¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÊ√±Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Õ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ø¬ıù´±¸Àfl¡˝◊√√ ÿÚø¬ı—˙ › ø¬ı—˙
˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º
’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ ≈X øÂ√ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—À˚±· øÂ√iß fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±º ¤ ◊√√ ≈X ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ ÛXøÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ‹fl¡˜Ó¬… õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛, ˚± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬œfl¡±À˘ ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬À˘
¤‡±ÀÚ ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ˚±· ¸•Û”Ì« øÂ√iß ˝√√˚˛ øÚº ’Ô‰¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±˜…˜”˘fl¡ › õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡
˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ø˙ä±˚˛Ú
› ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ’øˆ¬¬ı±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ (Immigration) Ù¬À˘› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ øÚº
[2] fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Úñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± øÚÌ«À˚˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙˬfl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ
õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬ
¤¬ı— Œ¸·≈ø˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± ¸˝√√˜Ó¬› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¸√œ˚˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø¬ıËøȬ˙
˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
[3] Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±ÚñŒˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√˘À¬ıø©ÜÓ¬ ¡Zœ¬Û-’¬ıàÔ±Ú ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ’±flË¡˜Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¸•ÛÀ√
¸˜‘X ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ àÔ±ø˚˛Q õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
64
[4] Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±ñŒ√˙¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı
õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º√ Ó¬À¬ı Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¸¬ı Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ¤fl¡¬ı˛fl¡˜ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ
õ∂øÓ¬fl”¡˘ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º øfl¬z≈¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ Ú±Ú± Ê√±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡¬ı˛À˘› ¸fl¡À˘ ˜±øfl«¡Ú
Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√º Ó¬±¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜±øfl«¡Úœ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤¬ı— ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ√‡±˚˛º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬¬ Û±Ô«fl¡… › ά◊¬ÛÊ√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬
Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± õ∂¬ı˘ ˝√√À˘ ¸—øù≠©Ü ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
¬ı√À˘ øÚÊ√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ õ∂√ø «Ó¬ √√ ˛º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ‘©Ü √√À˘ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ά◊ÀM√√Ê√Ú± › ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± Œ√‡± ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
[5] Ò˜«ñ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡ø¬ı:±Ú › ø˙ä±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¸ÀN› ¤¬ı— Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬
˝√√›˚˛± ¸ÀN› ¤˜Ú ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ›
ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛º õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛
’Ú≈õ∂À¬ı˙ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ò˜«Àfl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬±˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º
[6] ’±Ô« ±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ñ’±Ô« ±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øÚÒ«±¬ıfl¡º ˙ √√¬ıÀfl¡øffl¡
› ø˙äøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø˙鬱 › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· Œ¬ı˙œ Ô±Àfl¡º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ ·Àάˇ
›Àͬº Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·Ì ’øÒfl¡˜±S±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬-¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú, õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ά◊√±¬ı˛˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı˚≈q¡ ›
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û鬬۱Ӭœ √√Úº ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ› Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ’øÒfl¡˜±S± ˛ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¢∂±˜±=À˘
ø˙鬱 › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡˜º Ê√Ú·Ì ” Ó¬ fl‘¡ ∏fl¡ ¸•x√± ˛ ≈¬q¡º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±
› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ fl¡˜º
[7] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«ñ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬
˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœfl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ ’¬ıàÔ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœfl¡±Í¬±À˜±
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛fl¡˜º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú –-
ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ά◊»À¸¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ”‰¬fl¡¡
˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øӬᬱڷ≈ø˘Àfl¡ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¢∂Ȭ
ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√˙¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ |X± › ’±àÔ± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±
Ê√Ú¶§±ÀÔ«˝◊√√ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ñø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¡±Ú› ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« Ú˚˛º ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√À√¬ı˛
õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ |X± ’ÀÚfl¡ fl¡˜, Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ |X±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛
fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˚˛ øÚº
ñøàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘
ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ¬ı…øq¡-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Ô±Àfl¡º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ fl¡˘…±Ì› ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±
65
’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛ › ø˙鬱¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—˚≈q¡º ø˙鬱¬ı˛ ˜±Ú ά◊ißÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛
øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜Ô«… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ø˙ä±˚˛Ú › õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ ά◊ißøÓ¬ › ¤˝◊√√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı‘øXÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚…
fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀ˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸Ó¬fl«¡Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û± ˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì› ¬ı‘øX
¬Û±˚˛º Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸z≈¬ø©Ü
› ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı±Àάˇº Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± › øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º
21.5.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › õ∂Ó¬œfl¡
Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ÛÓ¬±fl¡± ¬ı± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—·œÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡œ ˜”˘… ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
Ô±fl¡À˘› ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬ ¬Û√øȬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º õ∂Ó¬œfl¡·≈ø˘ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±√˙«˜”˘fl¡
ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙º Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· õ∂Ó¬œfl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬
¸¥¤&Ò ŒÚ˝◊√√º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’±À¬ı· ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¬ı…q¡ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡› ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡…À¬ı±Ò ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› Ò˜«·≈¬ı˛≈¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛
Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂±‰¬œÚ Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ Ô±Àfl¡, Œ˚·≈ø˘ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜˝√√ÀM3¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¡º
’Ó¬œÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ fl¡‡Ú› ’¸Ó¬…, fl¡‡Ú› ’Ò«¸Ó¬… ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ø¬ıù´±¸… fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ
¬ı± ’øÓ¬fl¡Ô± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤ø˘Ê√±À¬ıÀÔ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√Qfl¡±˘
¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ’øÓ¬fl¡Ô± ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ˜˝√√N › Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø¬ı˜”Ó«¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÒÀfl¡ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ’±À¬ı· ά◊2Â3±¸Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±ø·À˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ê√±·¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øӬᬱ
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… › ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ˚ ¸˜d¬ Ê√±øÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√À ˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
¶ú‘øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¸ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ‰¬À˘, ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ú¬ı ¬ı˛”À¬Û Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ÛÓ¬±fl¡±
› Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¸‘©Ü ˝√√˚˛º
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ô±fl¡À¬ı]
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
[5 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ô±fl¡À¬ı]
3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡œ∑
[5 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ô±fl¡À¬ı]
66
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±˝◊√√Ú › ˙‘∫˘± ¸—¬ı˛é¬À̬ı˛ õ∂ùüøȬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú˜”˘fl¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛
›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ (Output) ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ±
¤¬ı— Œ˚ ˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ‰¬±ø˝√√√± ά◊¬ÛàÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬˙œ˘ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ›
¸˜Ô«Ú˜”˘fl¡ ’ÒœÚàÔ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÚ ¤¬ı— ’±˝◊√√Ú ˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡ øÚº Ù¬À˘ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œ·±˘À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±º ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜¸…±
Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º
Œ˚ ¸¬ı ¬ı…øq¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬˙œ˘ ¤¬ı— ˚±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜Ô«…¸”‰¬fl¡
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’±ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı
’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú…±Ú… Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡
Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ ˝√√À˘ Œfl¡±Ú› àÔ±Úœ˚˛ Œ·±á¬œÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛
àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¸˜¸…±·≈ø˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ˝◊√√Ȭ±ø˘¬ı˛ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬ı…øq¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ¸ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛
fl¡±Ê√Àfl¡ ‡≈¬ı fl¡˜˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˚‡Ú ’¸z≈¬ø©Ü õ∂¬ı˘ Ú± Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬‡Ú øÚø©flË¡˚˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú
Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ ˚Ó¬é¬Ì ’¸z≈¬ø©Ü õ∂¬ı˘ Ú± ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬Ó¬é¬Ì ¬ı˛±·, ˝√√Ó¬±˙± › ΔÚ¬ı˛±˙… ‰¬±¬Û± Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬± ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡
’±fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙˬfl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√À˙ Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… › ά◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ·≈¬ı˛≈Ó¬¬ı˛
ø¬ıfl¡±˙¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ά◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¤fl¡fl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±
Ò¬ı˛Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±øÙˬfl¡±˚˛ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, ˚±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¢∂±˝√√… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı&ÒÚ (Common
Bond) ŒÚ˝◊√√º Ù¬À˘ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬Ô… Ê√±ÀÚ Ú±, ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…› Œ√‡±˚˛
Ú±º ʱøÓ¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸M√√± ¸¥¤À&Ò Ó¬Ô… ¸•x‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√› ˛± õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú, Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’e·œfl¡±¬ı˛
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±øÙˬfl¡± › ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ê√±øÓ¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛
õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¡ZiZ Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º Ó¬‡Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ’ÚÚ…Ó¬±¬ı˛ (Identity) õ∂ùü ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«
˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º
Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’ÚÚ…Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ùü ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’±ÀÙˬ±-¤˙œ˚˛ Ê√±øÓ¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ú˚˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘
’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ √øé¬Ì¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıø26√ißfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂ùü Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’ÚÚ…Ó¬±¬ı˛ (Identity) Œé¬ÀS
¬ı±Ò±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
Œ˚ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS √œ‚«ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸— ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… ŒÚ ◊√√, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸˜¸…±·≈ø˘ ’±¬ı˛› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı , ˜œ˜±—¸± ˛
Œ¬ÛÃÂ√±ÀÚ± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ fl¡øÍ¬Ú ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ά◊¬ÛÊ√±øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›
Ò˜π˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ¶≈®˘ øÚ˜«±Ì, ø˙ä·Í¬Ú ¬ı± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ ˚≈¬ıfl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ¬øÓ«¬ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ,
’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¡ZÀiZ¬ı˛ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ·Ì¸À¥œ±˝√√Úœ ŒÚÓ¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ά◊¢∂ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√, Œ˚˜Ú ˝◊√√øÊ√ÀõI◊¬ı˛
Ú±À¸¬ı˛º Œ˜ø'¬Àfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˜Ò…¬Û&Ôœ ¸˜±Ò±Ú, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊2‰¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ
√˘ › ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‹fl¡… ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı¯∏«
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’±¬ı˛› Δ¬ıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« øˆ¬øM√√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ˘À鬅 Œ¬ÛÓÂ√ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¸±Ù¬˘… ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ øfl¡ ‚ÀȬøÚ Ó¬± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘
ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß àÔ±ÀÚ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡È¬ ¤¬ı— ¤·≈ø˘ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±àÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì d¬¬ı˛ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±·œ › ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ¬ı˛± øfl¡
¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¸Àμ˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± › ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú øfl¡ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¶§±ÒœÚ › ¸˝√√Ê√ˆ¬±À¬ı
‚ÀȬ, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øfl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ¤ ◊√√ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡
’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛º Ê√±˜«±Úœ › ˝◊√√Ó¬±˘œÀÓ¬ ·Ó¬ 50 ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ≈√–‡Ê√Úfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ø √√ ±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±Ê√… ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± √√ ˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±· ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ Œ√‡±
˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬La › ˘Î«¬¸ˆ¬± ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ ¤‡Ú› ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬± ¸ÀN› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬Laœfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º
Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √˘¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ øfl¡Â≈√ |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬øq¡ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º
Œˆ¬±ÀȬ¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬ ¸—‡…± › ≈√íøȬ õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’±˘±± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±, ˚ø√› ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ Œ˘±fl¡˝◊√√ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛
˚≈q¡ Ô±Àfl¡ , Ù¬À˘ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸±˜…˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· |X±˜”˘fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¸—ø˜|Ì ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øȬ d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…d¬ ’Ô‰¬ ‹fl¡…¬ıX, ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ’Ô‰¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ’Ô‰¬ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸˜±Ê√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øfl¡ ¸±˜?¸… ø¬ıÒ±Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ Ú±øfl¡ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√¸”‰¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±ñ¤˝◊√√ õ∂ùüøȬ› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—˚≈q¡º ø¬ıËÀȬÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛
Δ¬ıÒ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˝◊√√Úõ∂Ì˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸˜d¬ ¶§±Ô«˚≈q¡ Œ˘±Àfl¡À√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±˜˙« › fl¡Ô±¬ı±Ó«¬±¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Œ˚ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú › ‰¬±ø˝√√√± ¬Û”Ì« fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Úº ¤¬ı˛˝◊√√ ά◊ÀåȬ± Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝√√˘
¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜ ¸—¢∂±˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ˜±'¬π˚˛ ˜Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬Ó¬
¬Ûø¬ı˛©®±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡˝◊√√ õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’Òd¬Ú Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛
õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± øfl¡—¬ı± Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ˙‘∫˘±À˜±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ ø˙©Ü±‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ (Civility) d¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º Œ¸ÃÊ√Ú…, ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ø¸X ¬ÛXøÓ¬
› ’±√˙« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øˆ¬iߘÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± ˝}√√±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú › ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ø¸X
› ¬ı˛œøÓ¬¬ıø˝√√ˆ”«¬Ó¬ õ∂˚˛±¸·≈ø˘ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Úº ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø˜Ó¬ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ (Moderating
Norms) ’ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±øÙˬfl¡± › ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸≈ø¬ıÒ±
√√ º
¸—À¬ı√˙œ˘ (Responsive) ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ˝√√˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
ŒÚÓ‘¬Q ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı√˘ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±º ˚ø√ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ’±àÔ±¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ øڕߘ±ÀÚ¬ı˛
˝√√˚˛, ˚ø√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ˜‘Ó≈¬… ¸—¢∂±˜ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ¸ÃÊ√Ú… ά◊¢∂ ¸—¢∂±˜Àfl¡
õ∂˙ø˜Ó¬ Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±· fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú
¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ÛÔ ŒÂ√Àάˇ Œ√›˚˛± fl¡øÍ¬Ú ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ê√±Ú± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øfl¡ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±øfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬
˝√√˚˛ , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜Ô«… øfl¡ ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÚ± ά◊ø‰ Ó¬, Ú±øfl¡ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸ÀμÀ˝√√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ√‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ › ˚Ó¬”√¬ı˛
68
¸y¬ı øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ¬ı˛±‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±©Ü™ øfl¡ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±øfl¡ ’øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ¬ı±Ê√±¬ı˛-
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ñ¤˝◊√√ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı¸˜˚˛ ·ÌÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡ ›Àͬ Ú±∑ õ∂±˚˛˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
øfl¡Â≈√ ¸œ˜± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ‰¬À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¸—flË¡±z¬ õ∂d¬±¬ı·≈ø˘ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ÚœøÓ¬ ˜±ÚÀÂ√
øfl¡Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ¬π õ∂ùü·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¤fl¡øȬ ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˜”˘fl¡ ˚La (Tool), ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛
¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜ø©Ü¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q (Micro-Macro Gap) ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ’øÓ¬flË¡˜ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬
¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ÛÓÂ√±ÀÚ± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬
¸±é¬±»fl¡±¬ı˛, õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± (Case Study) ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸—‡…±Ú › Œ·±á¬œ
’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± Ê√±Ú± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸¥¤À&Ò ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¬ı∞I◊Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛
¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…Àfl¡ ˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ≈√íøȬ ø√fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú∑
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙˬfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[5 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]
¸±¬ı˛±—˙
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ’…±˘˜`¬ › ˆ¬±¬ı«±¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬º ˘≈ø¸˚˛±Ú
¬Û± ◊√√, ¬Û±›À ˛ , ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘, ¬ı≈¬ı˘±È¬ø¶® ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Œ˘‡fl¡› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˚ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ¤øȬ
¤fl¡øȬ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸¥¤À&Ò
Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛,
ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±,
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º Œfl¡±Ô±› ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Œ¬ıø˙ ˝√√À˘ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú
Ô±Àfl¡º ˆ¬±¯∏±, ’=˘, Ò˜«, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬
Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
¸Àe· ¤fl¡±R ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘…˜±Ú ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛º øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ øÓ¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ñ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ’ÒœÚàÔ ¤¬ı— ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º øÓ¬ÚøȬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±øȬ˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡ › ’ø¬ıfl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Œfl¡±Ô±› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±, ø˜ø|Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ø˜|
¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ’±¬ı±¬ı ‰¬±¬ıøȬ õ∂fl¡±¬ıÀ ¬√ √√ ñ¸—fl¡œÌ«-’ÒœÚàÔ, ’ÒœÚàÔ-’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ, ¸—fl¡œÌ«-’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ
¤¬ı— Œ¬Ûìı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º
69
‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙, fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú, Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±, Ò˜«, ’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« › Œ|Ìœ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ˝√√í˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙
Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’±À¬ı·, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ά◊ÀM√√Ê√Ú± Ê√±·¬ı˛Ì
¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øӬᬱ ‰¬±˘±˚˛º
Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘º ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ŒÚÓ‘¬Q, ˚≈X, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
fl¡±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬº
’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ø√fl¡ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑ ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘
Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¸—flË¡±z¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛∑
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘∑
3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡¬ı˛± √√ ˛∑ ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡œ∑ ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
4º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
5º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
1º Gabrial A. Almond and Sidney Verva : The Civic Culture, Sage Publication,
Newbury Park, London, New Delhi. 1989, pp. 1-44.
2º Lucian Pye & Sidney Verva (ed) : Political Culture and Political Development,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1965, pp. 1-24.
3º Allan R. Ball : Modern Politics and Government, English Language Book Society
& Macmillan, London, ELBS ed 1982, pp. 52-63.
4º Amal Kumar Mukhopadhyay : Political Sociology, K.P. Bagchi, Calcutta—1994,
pp. 86-102.
5º ’Ú±ø√ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±¬Û±S . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¸≈˝‘√√√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ¶®±˚˛±¬ı˛ [¬Ûø(˜],
fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ¬1997, ۑᬱ 378-399º
6º õ∂±ÌÀ·±ø¬ıμ √±˙ . ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™Ó¬N, øÚά◊ Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¤ÀÊ√kœ, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990, ¬Û‘ᬱ 682-
598ºÀ
70
22.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
22.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
22.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
22.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…
22.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√
22.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜
22.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
22.6 ¬¸±¬ı±—˙
22.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
22.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
22.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ›
Ó¬±¬ı˛± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ ’±¬ÛÚ±Àfl¡ Ê√±Ú±ÀÚ±º ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜≈‡… › Œ·ÃÌ ˜±Ò…˜¸˜”˝√√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ê√ij ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
õ∂Ê√ij·Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬± ˝√√˘ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ‘Ó≈¬…¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ‚ÀȬ Ú±º Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı˝√√˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı—
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ÀÓ¬ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛º Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…øq¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡±R
˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±, ’±√˙«, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜?¸… àÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊Àij¯∏
‚ÀȬº Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø˙鬱¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º
71
˚‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø˙鬱¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ ø˙鬱¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛
õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
Ú± ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
¸±Ù¬˘…, ¬ı± ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘› ¤ ¸—flË¡±z¬
’±À˘±‰¬Ú± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œõ≠ÀȬ± Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ·Àάˇ
Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº ’…±ø¬ı˛àȬȬ˘› ¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸—¬ı˛é¬À̬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ, Ú±»¸œ¬ı±√œ
¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ øÚÊ√ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Úº Ó¬À¬ı
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ‚ÀȬ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ √˙Àfl¡º ‰¬±˘«¸ Œ˜ø¬ı˛˚˛˜
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’øÊ«√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¬ı± ¤fl¡ Œ√˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… Œ√À˙
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ õ∂¬ı˝√√˜±Ú ˝√√˚˛º ’Ô«±», ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ :±Ú, Ó¬Ô…, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡±R ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÂ√μ øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛
¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ìø¬ıøÒ ’±˚˛M√√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ù¬˘ ˝√√˘
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬Û±˘Úfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú (Cognition) ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò
(Value Standard), › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ (Feelings)º
¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ fl¡œ ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ√‡± ˚±fl¡º ¤¸. ¤˘. › ˛±¸ø¬ı¬ı˛
˜ÀÓ¬, ¸øflË¡ ˛ ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸˜ ˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛› õ∂±!¡±À˘ Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ” …À¬ı±Ò
’Ê«√Ú ¤¬ı— Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º › ˛±¸ø¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ” …À¬ı±Ò ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ≈Ò≈ ±S √˘œ ˛ ¬ÛÂ√μÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˛
Ú±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±Ô« › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Àfl¡› Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı
¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱ › ¸•x¸±¬ı˛Ì˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº øÊ√. ¤.
’…±˘˜`¬ ¤¬ı— øÊ√. ø¬ı. ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı—
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ◊√√àÈ¬Ú › ŒÎ¬øÚ¸ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
˝√√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˜±Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ’Ê«√Ú
fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¸ÀÊ√À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬ › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ ˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ › ά◊ißÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˚±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ¸√À¸… ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
72
22.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø˙鬱¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¸˜˚˛ ˝√√˘ Δ˙˙¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ø˙鬱 Δ˙˙À¬ı¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ
¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ú˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œ¬ıÚ Ê≈√Àάˇ ¤˝◊√√ ø˙鬱 ‰¬À˘º ¬ıάˇ ¬ı˚˛À¸¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’ä ¬ı˚˛À¸¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¬ı√À˘ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
Δ˙˙À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛¸”ÀS ¬ı…øq¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Û鬬۱Ӭ˜”˘fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ø˙鬱, ‰¬±fl¡¬ı˛œ, ¬ı&Ò≈¬ı±&Ò¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¸ ◊√√ √ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ı¬ı≈X
˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ≈À‡± ≈ø‡ √√› ˛±, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—fl¡È¬ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’± ˛M√√ fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú √√ ˛, ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ
¬ıÊ«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ¤fl¡øȬ ’±Ê√œ¬ıÚfl¡±˘œÚ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤¬ı— ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√˙ ¬ı± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛¬
˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡ ˛±øȬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬‡Ú ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’¬ı˘≈ø5 ‚ÀȬ Ú±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ √œ‚«àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—
¬ı˚˛¶®À√¬ı˛› øÚÊ√¶§ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ø¬ıù´±¸ Œ˙‡±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˚˛¶®À√¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬
fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ı± ά◊√±¸œÚÓ¬±Ê√øÚÓ¬
˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬i߈¬±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ıÀÓ¬
ά◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º
’…±˘˜À`¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œõ∂ø¬ı˛Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜
·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ά◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input)º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øӬᬱÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ’±√˙« › õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ô±fl¡À˘
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‹fl¡…¸±ÒÚ ¸ √√Ê√ √√ ˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ √√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ
› ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬±› ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±, Œ˚˜Ú, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊ißøÓ¬ ¬ı± ’¬ıÚøÓ¬, ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ^≈Ó¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ù≠Ô·øÓ¬, √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ˙±øz¬ ¬ı± ‚Ú ‚Ú ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ ‚Ȭڱ,
’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¬ı± ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÒÀfl¡ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛
fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º
ÙˬÀ ˛Î¬ › ˜Úd¬Nø¬ı√¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıÀˆ¬√fl¡±˜œ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬
¬ÛÀÔ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± › Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸Àe· Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸—˚Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡±º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· Œõ≠ÀȬ±¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¬˚± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Ê√ij·Ó¬
ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˙‘∫˘± ’±Ú˚˛Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛≈À˙±¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˝◊√√26√± ¬ı± ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√26√±˚˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·› ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛàÔ±¬ÛÚ±
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ ’¬ı˙… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı…øq¡Q › ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛Úñ˜Úd¬ÀM3¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Ú˚˛º
73
øÓ¬Ú ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ñ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì (Imitation), øÚÀ«√˙
(Instruction), ¤¬ı— Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± (Motivation)º ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ Œ˘ ˆ¬±˝◊√√Ú ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬·≈ø˘ Δ˙˙À¬ı
fl¡± «fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√ ˛º øfl¬z≈¬ ¬ı˛±˙ › ’…±˘ÔÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤·≈ø˘ ¸˜¢∂ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡ ˛± õ∂¸Àe· ◊√√ fl¡± «fl¡¬ı˛œº ø˙ ≈À√¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º øfl¡À˙±¬ı˛ › õ∂±5¬ı˚˛¶®À√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì, øÚÀ«√˙ › Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛
¸—ø˜|Ì ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø˙˙≈ ’:±Ó¬¸±À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±˜±Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ·≈ø˘ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛
’±·Ó¬ ¢∂±˜¬ı±¸œ ˙˝≈√√À¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÚÀÊÀfl¡ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø˙鬱, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ø˙鬱¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı± ¬ı‘øM√√˜”˘fl¡ õ∂ø˙é¬Ì ˝√√˘ øÚÀ«√À˙¬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛
’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ ¬ı± õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ øÚÀ«√˙ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛
ø˙é¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø˙˙≈ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¸≈Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬±˘±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ıάˇ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œ˙‡±ÀÚ± ˝√√ ˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ± √√ ˛º Œ˚˜Ú, Œfl¡±Ô±› ¤fl¡Ú± ˛fl¡Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ √√À˘ ¬ı± Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À˘ ¶≈®À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ¬ı√˘±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛, ¶≈®˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¤fl¡Ú±˚˛fl¡Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ ‰¬À˘º
¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ‚Ȭڱ ¬ı± ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«, Œ˚˜Ú ˚≈X ¬ı± ˜μ± ˘é¬ ˘é¬ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ ≈√–‡Ê√Úfl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Œ√À˙ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¸—¢∂±À˜ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤fl¡
ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜ Œ˚±·√±Ú ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤À&Ò Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˘À鬅¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ Ò±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬¤¬ı— Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Í¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂¬ı˝√√˜±Ú ¬ı˛±À‡º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¸‘Ê√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º àÔ±˚˛œ › ¸≈øàÔ¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±Ê√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ àÔ±˚˛œ › ¸≈øàÔ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘ ¸˝√√Ê√˘ˆ¬… Ú˚˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¢∂±˜¬ı˛Ó¬ ¤¬ı—
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı…d¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±øÙˬfl¡± › ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ ¬ı˛Ó¬, ¤Ê√Ú… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸‘Ê√Ú˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±Ê√ ¤Àé¬ÀS õ∂±¸øe·fl¡º Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡
¬Ûø¬ıÀ¬ı˙, Ú±·ø¬ıfl¡ › ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˘é¬… ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı ›¬Û¬ı øÚ «¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ıÀ̬ı
øÓ¬ÚøȬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ÚøȬ Œ¬ı˙œ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√À¬ıº ¬ı±d¬ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ¬ı‘øX fl¡À¬ı˛º
74
’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ - 1
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’Ô« fl¡œ∑ ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ø˘‡≈Úº
[10¬ Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬÀfl¡ ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…q¡ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ñõ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¤¬ı— ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ¬ı± õ∂26√iß (Direct
or Manifest and Indirect ¬ı± Latent)º Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó¬Ô…, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ›
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º ¤‡±ÀÚ Ó¬Ô…,
” …À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı Ô±Àfl¡º ά◊√±˝¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √˘ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… øÚø«√©Ü Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ˜Ó¬±√˙« › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ¬ı± ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¬Û±Í¬ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø˙鬱˘±ˆ¬º Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂26√iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
¬ıÀ˘º ¤‡±ÀÚ õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı
¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ , øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ’¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¸—flË¡±z¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, ˚± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛
øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ıÌ ≈¶Û©Ü › õ∂26√iß ≈√íÒ¬ıÀÚ¬ı ¬ı± ά◊ÀV˙… ” fl¡ › ά◊ÀV˙… √√œÚ (Intentional & Unintentional)
˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø˙é¬fl¡ ˚‡Ú Â√±SÀfl¡ ’±˝◊√√Ú ˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙‡±Ú, Ó¬‡Ú ά◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¡ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
‚ÀȬº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈ ˚‡Ú ¬Û≈ø˘˙ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸√À¸…¬ı˛ øÚ¢∂˝√√ Œ√À‡ ¬Û≈ø˘˙Àfl¡ ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡
Ó¬‡Ú ά◊ÀV˙…˝√√œÚ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú ø˙˙≈Àfl¡ Œ˙‡±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¤fl¡øȬ ˆ¬±À˘±
ŒÂ√À˘ ¬ıάˇÀ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ú… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú ά◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¡ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀȬº Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±, ø˙˙≈øȬ ˚‡Ú Œ‡˘±Ò≈˘±˚˛
Œ˚±· ø√À˚˛ øÚ˚˛À˜¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú ά◊ÀV˙…˝√√œÚ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡±
˚±˚º
¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ά◊À√…±· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±À¸ Ú±, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§
’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜”˘… ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡Q, ‚Ȭڱ › fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂2Âiß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ø¬ıfl¡±˙˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜i§˚˛ › ¸˝√√±¬ıàÔ±Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±ÀÚ±øȬ˝◊√√
¤fl¡fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ó¬À¬ı fl¡±¬ı˛›
Œé¬ÀS ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛, fl¡±¬ı˛› Œé¬ÀS ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙
·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º
75
’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ - 2
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ıº]
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸fl¡˘ Œ√À˙˝◊√√ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ√˙¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛
¸˜Ô«Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ‰¬À˘º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ≈√투±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ –ñ
[fl¡] õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ± .
[1] ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ñ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı± ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬
fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« › √œ‚«àÔ±˚˛œº ø˙˙≈ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ’Ú…±Ú…
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø˙鬱¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ 10˚˛15 ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛˝◊√ ø˙˙≈ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…øq¡ÀQ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±—˙Ȭ±˝◊√√ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¸ ¬ı±¬ı±, ˜± › ’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¸·≈ø˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ
àÔ±˚˛œ Â√±¬Û ŒÙ¬À˘º ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¸ÀN› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈fl¡±˘œÚ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø˙鬱 ¬ı˝√√±˘ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ú≈¸&Ò±ÀÚ Œ√‡± Œ·ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ 75Ì Œˆ¬±È¬√±Ó¬± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…
’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ‰¬À˘Úº ά◊˝◊√√ø˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏̱ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√±Ú± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏ ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, ˚ø√› ¶≈®˘¬Û±Í¬… ¬ı˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ’Ú… Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ø‰¬øSÓ¬
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ø˙ ≈À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¬ıø √√Ê«√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ó¬± ˛Ú , ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ◊√√ ≈¶Û©Ü › õ∂26iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
‚ÀȬ Ô±Àfl¡º ø˙˙≈ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ó«¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡
fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡Q ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ –ñ
(i) ’ÀÚfl¡ø√Ú ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˜±S ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡º
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ√ø˝√√fl¡, ˜±Úø¸fl¡ › ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬Û”Ì« fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙˙≈› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±¬ı±¸± › ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛
›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Œ¸ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı± ¬ı±¬ı±-˜±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±˜μ Œ¬ı±Ò › ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛
¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º
(ii) ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ ¬ı±¬ı±-˜±Àfl¡ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ı±¬ı±-˜± Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ˜Àά˘
¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø˙˙≈ ¬ıάˇ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ Ê√·» ŒÔÀfl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ˜Àά˘ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛
øͬfl¡˝◊√√, øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±¬ı±-˜±À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜Àά˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ fl¡‡Ú› ˜≈ÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛ Ú±º
(iii) ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¤fl¡˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˙œ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, ¤fl¡˝◊√√
¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS ¬ÛÀάˇ ¬ı± Œ¬ı˛øά›, ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú Œ√À‡º Ù¬À˘, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛
¤fl¡˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ıάˇ ˝√√À˚˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ Ú± ¬ı±
76
fl¡‡Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈XÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±, ¤fl¡Ô± øͬfl¡ Ú˚˛º øfl¬z≈¬ Ó¬± ˝√√À˘› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ÛÓ¬±˜±Ó¬±¬ı˛
ø˙˙≈fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛
¸±À¬ıfl¡œ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¸—¬ı˛é¬À̬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ^≈Ó¬ › Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı±Ò±¶§¬ı˛”¬Û õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˙œ˘
¸˜±Ê√·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…± õ∂±˚˛˝◊√√ ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
[2] ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Δ˙˙¬ıfl¡±À˘ ά◊M√√œÌ« ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡˜ÀÓ¬
Ô±Àflº ¶§±Ó¬La… ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ õ∂d≈Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙…
¬ı…øMê√Àfl¡ ’ôL¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸… ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬q¡ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œÀfl¡˝◊√√ ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘ ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬÀÂ√--¸˜¸…±›
¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ’z¬¬ı˛e· ¬ıKÒ≈¬ı±&ÒÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ø¸X±z¬-¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸√¸…¬ı˛±
’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊Àij¯∏ ‚ÀȬ, Ó¬± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
√é¬Ó¬±¬ı‘øXÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˝√√Ê√ ’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Ú ‚ÀȬ ¤¬ı— ’±À¬ı·õ∂¬ıÌ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡
Ô±Àfl¡º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘, ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±Ù¬˘…˘±ˆ¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ ˝√√ ˛º Ó¬À¬ı ’z¬¬ı˛e·
Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬˘… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊»¸±˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√ øfl¡Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú, ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’z¬¬ı˛e·
Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ά◊»¸±˝√√ fl¡˜º Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ øͬfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı
¸•Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º
[3] ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱñ¬ıÀ˚˛±¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈ ø˙鬱˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ õ∂À¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—
ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, fl¡À˘Ê√ › ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·≈¬ı˛≈Q˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸y ¬ı ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ı√…±˘À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬flË¡˜ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ
’±√˙«, Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… ¬ı± ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ø˙鬱¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛
›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ø˙鬱√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø˙鬱ÔπÀfl¡ Œ˘øÚÚ¬ı±√œ-˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ √˙«ÀÚ √œøé¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa› ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ø˙鬱ڜøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì › ¬Û±Í¬…¸”‰¬œ õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
鬘Ӭ± ˚±À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Ú…d¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛± Œ|Ìœ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ± õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ı˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚,
˜±øfl«¡Ú ≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ ” …À¬ı±Ò õ∂øӬᬱ¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ø˙鬱õ∂øӬᬱڷ≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ˜±øfl«¡Ú ø˙鬱¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂¸±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√ ˛º õ∂26√iß ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ‚ÀȬº ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡
› ’Ú…±Ú… Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸Àe· ø˙鬱Ôπ¬ı˛ Œ˚±· Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—À˚±· Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √é¬Ó¬±
¬ı‘øX fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬…¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± fl¡±˚«flË¡À˜ ø˙鬱Ôπ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ’—˙¢∂ √√À̬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ·≈̱¬ı˘œ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˘±ˆ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ Â√±SÂ√±Sœ¬ı˛± øÚ˚˛˜fl¡±Ú≈Ú › fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º fl¡À˘Ê√ › ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘À˚˛¬ı˛ ø˙鬱 fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú›
Œfl¡±Ú› ø˙鬱Ôπ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
77
Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Â√±S ’±Àμ±˘Ú ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ά◊À~‡À˚±·…, Œ˚˜Ú 1968 ¸±À˘¬ı˛ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ¸—fl¡ÀȬ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±,
’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬Ú±˜ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ı± fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œõ∂ø¸Àάøk fl¡À˘ÀÊ√ Úfl¡˙±˘ ’±Àμ±˘Úº
[‡] Œ·ÃÌ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ± .
[1] Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Úñ¬ı‘øM√√ ¬ı± Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú± ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ |ø˜fl¡ ¸—‚, ¬ıøÌfl¡
¸—‚, fl‘¡¯∏fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º Ó¬À¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘
¤·≈ø˘ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬À˘ ¸—·Í¬ÚøȬ √˘œ˚˛ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √˘œ˚˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬
¶§±Ô« ¸—¬ı˛é¬À̬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡±˚« ‰¬±˘±˚˛, ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬-’±Àμ±˘Ú › Ò˜«‚Ȭ fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü
fl¡À¬ı˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸— ≈q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡±À «
Œ˚±· Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ Ó¬˝√√ø¬ıÀ˘ ’Ô« ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬±˘±˚˛º Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ø‰¬z¬±-ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±º
[2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈q¡º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
√À˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ≈q¡ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
√ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈ ∏Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ˙øq¡˙±˘œ ˝√√˚˛, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛,
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±˜”˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛
fl¡À¬ı˛ √˘øȬ¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, fl¡±˚«Ò±¬ı˛± › õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ › ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ √˘ ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü
’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ › Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º
[3] ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS, Œ¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛, ‰¬˘ø2‰¬S, ”√¬ı˛√˙«Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√
·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¸≈¶Û©Ü › õ∂26√iß Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı:±Ú › õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤·≈ø˘ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ
‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ά◊ißÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚Ȭڱ › ‚Ȭڱ¸—flË¡±z¬ ˆ¬±¯∏… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ’øÓ¬ ^≈Ó¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ¬ı±Àάˇ, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ
õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜« ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¤·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ õ∂26√iß
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ fl¡± «fl¡¬ı˛œº
鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√ ¬ıq¡¬ı… Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¬Û”Ì«¬ı˛”À¬Û ¬ı± ’±—ø˙fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±·±˚˛º
¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚ ˛LaÌ Ô±fl¡À˘ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ά◊¬ÛàÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛º ˙≈Ò≈ Œ˚ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Ó¬± Ú˚˛º ά◊√±¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡
¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬›, ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬› ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±›
·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ Œ¬ı¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ά◊À√…±À· ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸Àé¬ÀS ˜±ø˘fl¡ ¬ı± øÚ˚˛LaÌfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
” …À¬ı±Ò ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ Ê√±Ú±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛º
[4] ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ø¬ıÀfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¬ı˝≈√√¸—‡…fl¡ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ›
’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ¸—¶ÛÀ˙« ’±¸±¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬Û±˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± › ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Àάˇº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛
78
fl¡±Í¬±À˜± Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ Ô±fl¡À˘ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˚±· fl¡˜ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬À˘ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Ò±õ∂±5 ˝√√˚˛º
[5] Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Úñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé ÀS˝◊√ ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˝}√√±¸
Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬¬ı≈› Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡
’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚± ˛ Ú±º ◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ø˙鬱 õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ¬ı˛±˜±Ú fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ Ò…±ÚÒ…±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚« , ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘, Ò˜π˚˛ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡Ó¬±
ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º
3
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı øÓ¬ÚøȬ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› øÓ¬ÚøȬ Œ·ÃÌ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø˘‡≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ¤¬ı— ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı, õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¤fl¡øȬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸Àe· fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Œ√‡±
˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ø¬ıø26√i߈¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± øͬfl¡ Ú˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±
¸—·øͬӬ ¤fl¡ ¸˜øi§Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò õ∂À˚±Ê√…º
fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¸e·øÓ¬ Œ√‡± ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛
˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı˝◊√√ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ’±Ú ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú ’±ÀÂ√º ¸˜±ÀÊ√ õ∂øÓ¬ø√Ú
Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬº ¤·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡
fl¡Ó¬È¬± õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± Ê√±Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸y¬ıÀ&Ò :±Ú õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ ’±Ê√ ¶§±ÒœÚº ¤fl¡ ¸˜À˚˛ ¤¬ı˛± ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’ÒœÀÚ øÂ√˘º ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ
˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂ√˘º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ√À˙˝◊√√
¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤À√¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±› ’±ÀÂ√º ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± Œfl¡˜Ú Ê√±Ú± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬
Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’±Ô« ±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› ¤‡Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈À‡º ¤Ê√Ú… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úº
˜±'«¬¬ı±√ ’±¬ı±¬ı õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àά Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚º Ó¬±¬ı± ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ıÌÀfl¡
˜±ÀÚ Ú±º ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂¸e· ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ¤øȬ ¤fl¡øȬ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º Ó¬±˝◊√√, ˝√√ͬ±» Œfl¡±Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤À¸
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ı˙‘∫˘± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º
79
ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡º ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ˆ¬±„√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Œ¸Ê√Ú…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤Ê√Ú… Ú±Ú± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› ¢∂˝√√Ì
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛
¸Àe· ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º ¤‡±ÀÚ› Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬± ø¬ıÚ©Ü ˝√√À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—‚¯∏« ‚ÀȬ,
¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡È¬ Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ø¬ı ‘∫˘± ‚ÀȬ, Œ˙ ∏ ¬Û «z¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı Œ√‡± Œ√ ˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ øͬfl¡˜Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‚Ȭڱ ‚ÀȬº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸fl¡˘ d¬À¬ı˛ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı ‚ÀȬ Ú±º ˜”˘ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…
ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˜”˘ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ¸Ë±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜≈‡œ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛
ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛± Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø¬ıÚ©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¬± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛ ¬ı± ø˙鬱
õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜Ó¬Q ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS
^≈Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±˚˛º ά◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬± ¬ÛÂ√μ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ú±º Ù¬À˘ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√fl¡±˜œ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±
¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ø¬ı¬Û7¬¬¬Úfl¡º ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±À·
¬ı± ◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ ˙øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û √√d¬Àé¬¬Û fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬õ∂√±Ú ’±¬ı˙…fl¡º
4
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ‚ÀȬ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡º ‰¬±˘«¸ Œ˜ø¬ı˛˚˛˜,
øÊ√. ¤. ’…±˘˜`¬, øÊ√. ø¬ı. ¬Û±›À˚˛˘, ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ø¸ÀÊ√˘, ŒÎ¬øˆ¬Î¬ ˝◊àȬÚ, ¤¸. ¤˘. ›˚˛±¸ø¬ı, ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√
¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › :±Ú ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¤fl¡ø√ÀÚ ’øÊ«√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛
Ú±º Δ˙˙¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œ¬ıÚ¬ı…±¬Ûœ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ‰¬À˘º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛±
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±RÓ¬± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
80
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ñ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¤¬ı— õ∂26√iߺ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ ˝√√˚˛º õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸¥¤À&Ò
¬ı…øq¡ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¸—flË¡±z¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ ±¬ıÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ≈√투±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ñõ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¸—àÔ± ¤¬ı—
Œ·ÃÌ ¸—àÔ±º õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ˝√√˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ › ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱں ¤‡±ÀÚ
¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ øÚø¬ıάˇ Œ˚±· Ô±Àfl¡º Œ·ÃÌ ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ·Ì˜±Ò…˜,
¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Úº ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‚øÚᬠ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ΔÚ¬ı«…øq¡fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ Œ√‡±
˚±˚˛º ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂ùüøȬ ¸—˚≈q¡º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘
ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì › ’Ú…±Ú… Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ά◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±ÀÁ¡Ú∑ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
fl¡¬ı≈Úº
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡˚˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛∑
3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
4º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
1º G. A. Almond and Sidney Verba : The Civic Culture, Sage Publication, NewburyPark 1989, pp. 266-306.
2º G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell : Comparative Government, Amerind PublishingCo. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, New York.
3º Allan Ball : Modern Politics And Government, English Language Book Society,London, LLBS ed 1982, pp. 63-71.
4º Ali Ashraf and L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology, Universities Press, Hyderabad,1995, Reprint pp. 167-178.
5º Amal Kumar Mukhopadhyay : K. P. Bagchi & Co. Calcutta, 1994, pp. 103-119.
6º õ∂±ÌÀ·±ø¬ıμ √±˙ . ¬ı˛±©Ü™Ó¬N, øÚά◊ Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¤ÀÊ√øk, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990, ¬Û‘ᬱ 569-582º
7º ά. ’Ú±ø√fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±¬Û±S . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¸≈˝‘√√√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ¶®±˚˛±¬ı˛ [¬Ûø(˜],
1997, ۑᬱ 399-418º
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24.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
24.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
24.2 ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
24.2.1 ÒÀ «¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…
24.3 Ò « › ¸˜±Ê√
24.3.1 ¬ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
24.3.2 ¬ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
24.4 Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
24.4.1 ¬Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
24.4.2 Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
24.5 ¬¸±¬ı±—˙
24.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
24.7 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
24.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤ ◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ Ò «, ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ fl¬œˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Ûfl«¡ ≈q¡ Œ¸ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±¬ÛÚ±Àfl¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬
fl¡¬ı˛±º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ’±¬ÛøÚ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ
ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › Ò˜« ¸¥¤À&Ò øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…º
¬ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ õ∂¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
Ò « › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Òº
Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º
’±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Àfl¡ ø˙鬱 › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤fl¡Àfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± Ò˜«, ¸˜±Ê√ ›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº õ∂ÔÀ˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’Ô«, Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ Ò˜« › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛
˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò, Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ›
Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º
91
Ò « √√ ’øÓ¬õ∂±fl‘¡Ó¬, ’øÓ¬˜±Úø¬ıfl¡, ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¤¬ı— ¤ ◊√√ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¸z≈¬ø©Ü ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ¬ı˛
õ∂À‰¬©Ü±º Ò˜« ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ø¬ıù´±¸ Ú˚˛, ø¬ıù´±¸Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ú≈ᬱÚ, øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û, ά◊»¸¬ı › Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º
Ò˜«Àfl¡ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬± ¬ı± ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙≈XÓ¬± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ά◊¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√, Ú±Ú± ’¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬
› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ÚœøÓ¬À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡
øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ , ≈√–À‡ ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√ ¸±b√LÚ± › øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± Œ√˚˛ , ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ø˙äfl¡˘±, ˘ø˘Ó¬fl¡˘±¬ı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬ ‚Ȭ±˚˛ ,
¬ıd≈¬Ê√·»Àfl¡› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Œ¸Ãw¬±S › ‹Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ¬ı&ÒÀÚ ¢∂øÔÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« Ú±Ú±
¸˜±Ê√À¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√› Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± Œ√˚˛º
Ò˜« ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ά◊√…˜, õ∂À‰¬©Ü± › ¶§±ÒœÚ ø‰¬z¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’‘√©Ü øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ,
Ò˜«±&ÒÓ¬± › ø¬ı:±Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬ı±Ò± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ˜±'«¬ Ò˜«Àfl¡ ά◊2‰¬
Œ|Ìœ ¡Z±¬ı˛± |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ Œ|ÌœÀfl¡ Œ˙± ∏À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û± ˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ø¬ı√…˜±Úº õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√ ¬ı˛±Ê√±Àfl¡
÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¬ ıÀ˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ø¡ZÒ±˝√√œÚ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û
Œ¬Û±¬Û › ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¡ZiZ ‰¬À˘ Œfl¡ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Àùüº Ò˜« Ú±Ú± ø¬ıõ≠¬ı › ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛
¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º õ∂±Ôπ ¬ı±Â√±˝◊√√ ¬ı± ˜Laœ¸ˆ¬± ·Í¬ÀÚ
Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøȬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º
õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ¬ÛÓ¬º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘ õ∂±˚˛ ¸¬ı«S Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬
˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ¤‡Ú› ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂±Àz¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛
Ô±Àfl¡º
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬÀfl¡ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±fl¡º ŒÊ√˜¸ øÊ√. ŒÙˬÊ√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
˜ÀÓ¬, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡, ˚± õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± › ˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬¬ÛÔ øÚÀ«√˙ › øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛
Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂¸ißÓ¬± ¬ı± ¸z≈¬ø©Ü ¸±ÒÚ ˝√√˘ Ò˜«º ’·¬ı±Ú« › øÚ˜fl¡ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡
ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œº ˜…±fl¡±˝◊√√ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Ò˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤¬ı— ˜±Ú≈¯∏
› ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•Ûfl«¡Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ¤ø˜˘ Î≈¬fl«¬˝3±˝◊√√À˜¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡
Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ › ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬Ûø¬ıS ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˜. ø¸.
Ȭ…±·±ÀÈ«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ’±À¬ı·, ˚± ˜±Ú≈¯∏ › ø¬ıù´¸—¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‹fl¡… ’±ÀÂ√, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛
õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl“¡±» ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Ò˜« › ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬± ’øˆ¬iߺ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ò˜« ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
Ò˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˜…±Àfl¡?œ ¬Û”Ì« ˙≈XÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±z¬ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’Ú≈¬ı˛øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ı˛±Ò±fl‘¡cÌ› ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¸≈μ¬ı˛,
ø˙¬ı › ¸ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú˝◊√√ ˝˘ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛±ÒÚ±º
92
Ò˜« ¸¥¤À&Ò ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬º øÓ¬øÚ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ó¬œ¬ıË ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬,
Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ √ø¬ı˛^ |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ
Œ|ÌœÀfl¡ ’±øÙ¬À˜¬ı˛ ŒÚ˙±¬ı˛ Ú…±˚˛ Œ˜±˝√√±26√iß › ’¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˝√√˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ √±¸ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¡ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ≈√–‡fl¡©ÜÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛øÓ¬ ¬ı± ’‘√©Ü ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸˜¬Û«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ò˜« ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ’‘√©Ü¬ı±√ Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛º
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜…±'¬ Œ 3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ Ò «ø¬ıù´±¸ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸¥¤&Ò øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
24.2.1 Ò˜« ¸¥¤
Ò « ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
[1] ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÷ù´¬ı˛ø‰¬z¬± ¬ı± Œ√¬ıˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈q¡º Œfl¡±Ú› ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±àÔ±
› ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸¬ı ÒÀ˜«˝◊√√ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡Àfl¡ ˜˝√√M√√˜, ¸¬ı«·≈̱øi§Ó¬ › ˙øq¡˙±˘œ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
[2] ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Ú±Ú± ’±À¬ı·˜”˘fl¡ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬, Œ˚˜Ú--ˆ¬˚˛, ˆ¬øq¡,
|X± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸‘©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤·≈ø˘ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬º
[3] ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ øflË¡˚˛±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı± ’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ ø√fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º Ú±Ú± ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈ᬱÚ, ¬Û”Ê√±-ά◊»¸¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ Ò˜π˚˛ ’±À¬ı· ¬ı± ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¬ı…q¡ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√› ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬º
[4] ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ¬ı± ’¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ’±˙±-’±fl¡±e鬱 ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±˙±-’±fl¡±e鬱˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛
˙øq¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º
[5] Ò˜« ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’±ÀR±¬Û˘øt, ’±˙±-’±fl¡±e鬱 ¤¬ı— ˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
˚≈q¡, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±√˙«, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º
Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ò˜« ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º
[6] ¸¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡È¬± ’z¬¬ı˛e· ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±àÔ±, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬
¬ı± ’±À¬ı· ˝√√˘ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’z¬¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡º ’±¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛, ’Ú≈á¬±Ú ¬ı± øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ˝√√˘ ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡º ’z¬¬ı˛e·
ø√fl¡øȬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Ê√·» ’±¬ı˛ ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡øȬ Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
[7] ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ò˜« Œfl¡±Ú› ά◊2‰¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ú˚˛, ¬ı¬ı˛— ˜±˚˛±Ê√±˘ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏ÌÀfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬
¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ò˜«Àfl¡ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
1º Ò˜« ¸¥¤À&Ò ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ø˘‡≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 4 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ øfl¡ øfl¡∑
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
93
Ò˜« ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂±‰¬œÚ õ∂øӬᬱں ’±ø√˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò › Ò˜« ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı— ’±ø√˜ fl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±˘ ¬Û˚«z¬ ¸¬ıÀ√À˙˝◊√√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜Ú › ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ àÔ±˚˛œ ’±¸Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜« Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øȬ
ø¬ıù´Ê√ÚœÚ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡
≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º
¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÚ, ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡±—˙ Ê≈√Àάˇ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Úº Ò˜« ¬ı…øq¡-˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡
ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÔ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˆ¬˚˛ø˜ø|Ó¬ |X±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı Ê√±·ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì
› ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ › øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’øÓ¬-õ∂±fl‘¡ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ò˜« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂Ô± ›
¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡› ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« øfl¡Â≈√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Ê√Àfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈XÓ¬± › ÷ù´¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛
fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡±Ê√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú› fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı Ò˜« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ˜Àά˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò
Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ√˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‚Ȭڱ, ά◊»¸¬ı ¬ı± ’Ú≈á¬±Ú Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬
˝√√˚˛º Ê√ij, ˜‘Ó≈¬…, ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√, ά◊¬ÛÚ˚˛Ú, √œé¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ‚Ȭڱ , ˝√√±˘‡±Ó¬±, ·‘˝√√õ∂À¬ı˙ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ά◊»¸¬ı ¤¬ı— ˙¸… ¬ı¬ÛÚ,
Ò±Ú…À¬ı˛±¬ÛÌ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’Ú≈ᬱÀÚ Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛ › ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ò˜« ¬ı…øq¡-˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛
’±‰¬±¬ı˛-¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ øÚ˚˛La̘”˘fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡º
Ò˜« ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊ißøÓ¬ ‚Ȭ±˚˛º ¸≈àÔ, ¸≈μ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÚœøÓ¬·Ó¬ ¸Ó¬Ó¬± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ¸Ó¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙鬱
Œ√˚˛ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ |X±˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ’¸» ¬ÛÔÀfl¡ ¬Û±¬Û ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’¸»
¬ÛÔ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜«À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ¸˝√√…˙øq¡, ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ˜˜QÀ¬ı±ÀÒ Î¬◊¡Z≈X fl¡À¬ı˛º
¸˜±Ê√¬ıX ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂Ô± › øÚ˚˛˜ øͬfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ √±ø˚˛Q ˚Ô±˚Ô ˆ¬±À¬ı
¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ò˜« Œ¸ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛› ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ò˜« ÚœøÓ¬À¬ı±Ò › ¸Ó¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙鬱 ¡Z±¬ı˛±
¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¸≈ÚœøÓ¬ › Ú…±˚˛ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¸˜¸…± ¬ı± ˝√√Ó¬±˙± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ≈√–‡fl¡©Ü
¬ı± ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸¥œ≈‡œÚ ˝√√À˘ ˝√√Ó¬±˙±¢∂d¬ › ˆ¬œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ Δ√¬ı˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± õ∂√±Ú
fl¡À¬ı˛º ≈√–‡ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√ Œ¸ ¸±b√LÚ± ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ› õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¬Û˚«˚˛, ˚≈Xø¬ı¢∂˝√√ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡
¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ø¬ı¬Û√¢∂d¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º Ò˜« › ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± Œ¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛,
’±˙±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ô«±» ¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Ò˜« øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±, ¸±b√LÚ± › ’±˙± Œ˚±·±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ˝√√Ó¬±˙±
¬ı± ø¬ı¬Û√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈q¡ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
Ò˜«À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˚≈À· øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ú±Ú± ˜øμ¬ı˛,
˜¸øÊ√√ ø·Ê«√±, ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ¸e·œÓ¬ › ø‰¬Sfl¡˘±› ¸‘©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø˙äfl¡˜«, ˆ¬±¶®˚«,
˜±Ò≈˚« › fl¡±ø¬ı˛·¬ı˛œ ά◊»fl¡¯∏« ¤‡Ú› ø¬ı¶ú˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√Ú
94
Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˆ¬±¶®˚«, Œ¸ÃÒ, ¸e·œÓ¬ › ø‰¬Sfl¡˘±¬ı˛ ¸˜‘øX¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ’Ô«±», ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√Ú
˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü˙œ˘ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ά◊¡Z≈X fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º
Ò˜« ¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤ÀÚÀÂ√º ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ø˙鬱 ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬
Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Œ¬ıÃXÒ˜« ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ’Ô«˝√√œÚ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ › Δ¬ı¬ı˛±À·…¬ı˛ › øÚ¬ı«±À̬ı˛ fl¡Ô±
¬ıÀ˘º Ó¬± ◊√√ Œ¬ıÃXÒÀ « ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸ ‘øXÀfl¡ ά◊»¸± √√ Œ√› ˛± √√ ˛ Ú±º ø √√μ≈ÒÀ «› ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ¸•Û√Àfl¡ ·≈¬ı≈Q √√œÚ
ˆ¬±¬ı± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ø˝√√μ≈Ò˜« ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±fl‘¡©Ü ÚÚº ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Ò˜« ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı±Ò± ¬Û±˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂ÀȬàȬ±KI◊ Ò˜« ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛
¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ø˙鬱 Œ√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√—˘…±`¬, ˝√√˘…±`¬ ¬ı± ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±˚˛ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º
˜øμ¬ı˛, ˜¸øÊ√√, ø·Ê«√± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬
ά◊¬Û±¸Ú±, ¬Û”Ê√± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ά◊¬Û˘Àé¬ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¤fl¡øSÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ˜˘±À˜˙±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•xœøÓ¬ › Œ¸Ã˝√√±«√… ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Â√±˚˛±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… w¬±Ó‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı&ÒÚ
·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¤˝◊√√ w¬±Ó‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı&ÒÚ, Œ¸Ãw¬±S › ¸•xœøÓ¬ ¸‘ø©Ü ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
Ò˜«À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ é≈¬^ ë’˝√√—í-Œfl¡ ¬¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı‘˝√√» ë’˝√√—í ¬ı± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
¤fl¡œˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ , ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı…øq¡¶§±Ô«Àfl¡ ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú ø√À˚˛ ¬ı‘˝√√» ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ‹fl¡… › ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ÷√, ‡Ëœ©Ü˜±¸, ≈·«±¬Û”Ê√± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ò˜π˚˛ ά◊»¸À¬ı ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ Œ˚±·√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, ¤fl¡ ◊√√ ¬±À¬ı ’±Úμ ά◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡ ◊√√ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ¡Z±¬ı˛± ά◊¡Z≈X √√ ˛º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¸—À˚±·fl¡±¬ı˛œ
¬ı± ¸—˝√√øÓ¬¸±ÒÚfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ‡≈¬ı Œ¬ıø˙º
˚Ô±Ô« Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√À¸¬ı±˚˛ ά◊¡Z≈X fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√Úø˝√√Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı± Œ¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ Ú±Ú± fl¡±Ê√
Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±·, Œ˚˜Ú ‡¬ı˛±, ¬ıÚ…± › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±·, Œ˚˜Ú ˚≈X, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı
˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˝√√Ó¬±˙±¢∂d¬ › ’¸˝√√±˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬Û±À˙ “√±øάˇÀ˚˛ Ê√ÚÀ¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√±¸¬Û±Ó¬±˘, ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, ’Ú±Ô ’±|˜, ¬ı‘X±|˜, √±Ó¬¬ı…
¸—àÔ± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√› ≈√–àÔ, √ø¬ı˛^, ’±Ó«¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º
¤Ó¬é¬Ì ’±˜¬ı˛± ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡ Œ√‡˘±˜, øfl¡z≈¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√
ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡› ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸·≈ø˘ ÚœÀ‰¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º
Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡ÀQ¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙Àfl¡ ¬ı±Ò± Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¶§±ÒœÚ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜«
’&Òø¬ıù´±¸, ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘Ó¬± ¤¬ı— øÚ˚˛øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘Ó¬± ›
¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı…øq¡Q ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ Ú±º
Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈√–‡fl¡©Ü › ø¬ı¬Û√Àfl¡ ’‘√À©Ü¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˆ¬±À·…¬ı˛ Ù¬˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ≈√–‡fl¡©Ü ¸˝√√…
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ √˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’&Òfl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ı”√ø¬ı˛Ó¬
95
˝√√À¬ıº Ù¬À˘ Ú±Ú± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’Ú…±˚˛Àfl¡› Ó¬±¬ı˛± Úœ¬ı˛À¬ı Œ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛º ’Ú…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±¬Û¸ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±¬ı‘øM√√
ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº Ù¬À˘ ’Ú…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± Ê√Ú·Ì ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘º Ù¬À˘
˜±Ú≈¯∏ fl¡˜«ø¬ı˜≈‡ › ’‘√©Ü¬ı±√œ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº
ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Ò˜« ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ı¬ıøÊ«Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ’±À¬ı·õ∂¬ıÌ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛º
Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ Ò˜«±&ÒÓ¬±, ’&Ò fl≈¡¸—¶®±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Úº Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚, ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ˚±¬ıÓ¬œ˚˛ :±Ú, ¸Ó¬… › √˙«Ú øÚø˝√√Ó¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸&Ò±Ú ’Ô«˝√√œÚº ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸,
Ó¬Ô… › :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ Ò√ı—¸ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¸‘Ê√Ú˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¬ı±Ò± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—
Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º
Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸œ ˆ¬±À¬ıÚ Œ˚, Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ˝√√˘ ˙±ù´Ó¬ › ø‰¬¬ı˛z¬Úº ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±,
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ Ò˜« Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±Ú ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡º
Ù¬À˘ Ò˜« õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±˜√±øÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º
ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚˜Ú ¸—˝√√øÓ¬˜”˘fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± Ô±Àfl¡, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ ˙øq¡› Ô±Àfl¡º ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛
’ôL√ˆ≈¬«q¡ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±RÓ¬± Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛
¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Δ¬ı¬ı˛œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Δ¬ıø¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ’ÀÚfl¡º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«
ø˝√√μ≈ › ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ≈√íøȬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Δ¬ıø¬ı˛Ó¬±, √±e·± › ¸—‚À¯∏«¬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø¬ı˛Ó¬±
¸±•x√±ø˚˛fl¡ ¸•xœøÓ¬ é≈¬J fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏˜”˘fl¡ › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º
˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ò˜« ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« Ú±˜fl¡ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛øȬ ά◊2‰¬À|Ìœ
¬ı± ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ¤¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ˙±¯∏Ì ‰¬±˘±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛º
Ò˜« ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’±øÙ¬À˜¬ı˛ ŒÚ˙±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±º ¤˝◊√√ ŒÚ˙±˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡±˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛±
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Œ˙±¯∏Ì ø¬ıÚ± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√ Œ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˜±'«¬ Ò˜«Àfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ é¬øÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛
¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ - 2
1º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤À&Ò ø˘‡≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ñ¤fl¡øȬ ˝√√˘ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øȬ ¬ı±d¬¬ı Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛
¸Àe· ˚≈q¡º Ó¬± ¸ÀN› ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ‚øÚᬠ¤Àfl¡ ’Ú…Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÀÚ…¬ı˛
¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
96
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± fl¡Ó«‘¬Q ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸˜øÔ«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√
õ∂¸Àe· ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√ ˜Ó¬øȬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º ¤ ◊√√ ˜Ó¬±Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ÷ù´¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ‘©Ü ¤¬ı— ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ◊√√26√±Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛ ◊√√
¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√± ˝√√À˘Ú ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒ ˙±¸fl¡º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛
˝◊√√26√± õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ’±À√˙ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±À√˙º Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… ˝√√˘ ø¬ıÚ± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√ Ó¬± Œ˜ÀÚ
‰¬˘±º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ’±À√ ’˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’Ô« √√ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ◊√√26√±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡¬ı˛±º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√À^±ø √√Ó¬± √√ Ò «À^±ø √√Ó¬±º
õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬, Ê√±¬Û±Ú, ø˜˙¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±À√¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú øÂ√˘º ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
˚≈øÒøᬬı˛Àfl¡ Ò˜«¬Û≈S ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±˜±˚˛À̬ı˛ ¬ı˛±˜‰¬f ˝√√À˘Ú ø¬ıc≈º ø˝√√¬ıË≈ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ›ã ŒÈ¬àȬ±À˜ÀKI◊› ¬ı˛±Ê√±Àfl¡
÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ˆ¬±¬ı± ˝√√Ó¬º
˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ ‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú Ê√·ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«·≈¬ı˛≈ Œ¬Û±¬Û ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √œ‚«ø√Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ‰¬À˘ÀÂ√º Œ¬Û±¬Û
Ú± ¬ı˛±Ê√±ñŒfl¡ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¤˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈º ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡
÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… √±ø¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ≈√íøȬ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀȬº õ∂Ô˜ ø√Àfl¡ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ Œ¬Û±¬Û õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ø¸—˝√√±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’ÀÚfl¡ ά◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ√‡± Œ˚Ó¬º fl¡‡Ú› ¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú› ά◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˜˘Ó¬ Ú±º Ù¬À˘
ά◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬±‰«¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±‰«¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬ı±
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ ˆ”¬‡ÀG¬ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂¸±À¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ ’¬ı˙… ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√±˝◊√√
¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº õ∂ÀÈàȬ±KI◊ ø¬ı˛Ù¬À˜«˙Ú ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛± õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛
fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ 鬘Ӭ±˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬À¬ı ¸˜¢∂ ˜Ò…˚≈· ÒÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø˜|Ì ¤¬ı— ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ Ò˜«Ê√·»
Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı Ê√·ÀÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±› ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú ‡≈“Ê√ÀÓ¬Úº
Ò˜« ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı, ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ¬ı± ’±Àμ±˘ÚÀfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ õ∂ÀȬàȬ±KI◊ ’±Àμ±˘Úº
¤˝◊√√ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ Ò˜π˚˛ ¶§±Ô«, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±Ô« › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸˜i§˚˛ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛
’Ú…Ó¬˜ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¤¬ı— Œ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±
˝}√√±À¸¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√±À√¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±º
Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚±· õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ‰¬À˘ ’±¸ÀÂ√º õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛
é¬øS˚˛¬ı˛± ˙±¸Ú 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬Ú, ’Ô«±» ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Û√ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø˝√√μ≈ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√±øÓ¬Àˆ¬√ õ∂Ô±
’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ é¬øS˚˛À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˱pÌÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√Ó¬º ’Ô«±», ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÂ√˘
¬ı˱pÌÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¬ı± fl¡Ó«¬À¬ı…¬ı˛› ά◊À~‡ Ô±fl¡Ó¬º õ∂±‰¬œÚ
‰¬œÚÀ√À˙¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ıÒ±Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± ¬ı˛é¬± › ¬ıÚ…± ≈√øˆ«¬é¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q øÂ√˘ ‰¬œÚ
¸•⁄±ÀȬ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q¬Û±˘ÀÚ ’¸˜Ô« ˝√√À˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ Œ˚, øÓ¬øÚ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛
’Ú≈À˜±√Ú ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√Ó¬º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂Ê√±À√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Ô±fl¡Ó¬º
Ò˜«±Ú≈¬ı˛±·œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ Ô±fl¡± ¸y ¬ı Ú˚˛º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√, õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±À· Œ√À˙¬ı˛
’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ó“¬±¬ı˛±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛±› Ò˜«±Ú≈¬ı˛±·œÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛
97
˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂ø¬ı©Ü fl¡¬ı˛±Úº Ù¬À˘, ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±ø˜«fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¶§±Ô«Àfl¡ ά◊À¬Û鬱 fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Ú Ú±º
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ øÚø¬ıάˇº ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡Àf › ¬ı˛±ÀÊ√… ¸—¸√œ˚˛
˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘ Ò˜π˚˛ √˘ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸˜ÀÁ¡±Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ õ∂±Ôπ
¬ı±Â√±˝◊√√ õ∂Àùü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘ ‹ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ò˜« ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ õ∂±ÔπÀfl¡ √˘œ˚˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ √˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ˜Laœ¸ˆ¬± ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀQ¬ı˛
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¡ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√˚˛º ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ¸•x√±˚˛¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸—‡…±˘‚≈
Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’¢∂±˝√√… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛ ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ ¬ı±
’±‰¬±˚« ¬ı± Œ˜Ã˘±Ú±À√¬ı˛ ’±˙œ¬ı«±√ › ¸˜Ô«Ú ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±›
¤˝◊√√ ¸≈À˚±·Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜ÀÁ¡±Ó¬±¬ı˛
¸•Ûfl«¡ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ¬ı…q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈·±˜œÀ√¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı± Œˆ¬±È¬ Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ø˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı± ˚±Ê√fl¡ ¸•x√±˚˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√
Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡, ‰¬±‰«¬ ¬ı± ˚±Ê√fl¡ ¸•x√±˚˛ ¬ı± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ø˝√√Ó¬À√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı—
˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’±À¸ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊»¸ ŒÔÀfl¡º ˜Ò…˚≈À· ˜≈¸˘˜±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ’±˜À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ øÂ√˘º ¸≈˘Ó¬±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… øÂ√˘ ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú·≈ø˘Àfl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±º
¸≈˘Ó¬±Ú¬ı˛± õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ › Ò˜π˚˛ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ ø√Àfl¡˝◊√√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ 鬘Ӭ±Àˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¸≈˘Ó¬±øÚ ’±˜À˘ ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
øÚÀ«√˙Ú±˜±˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√fl¡œ˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√º ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Ò˜«˙±À¶a¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øÚ˚˛˜ õ∂̜Ӭ ˝√√Ó¬º
˝◊√√¸˘±˜œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√, ˙øq¡ › ¸—·Í¬Ú ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ÷ù´¬ı˛
Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œº Ó¬“±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı õ∂ÔÀ˜ ¬Û ˛·¥¤À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛
‡ø˘Ù¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˙±¸Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ά◊À˘˜±À√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… øÂ√˘º ˜≈¸ø˘˜ Ò˜«Ó¬Nø¬ı√˝◊√√ ά◊À˘˜±
Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂ√À˘Úº ά◊À˘˜±¬ı˛± ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛» ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¸≈˘Ó¬±Ú¬ı˛± Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı…±‡…± Œ˜ÀÚ Ó¬√Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº
˜Ò… ≈À· ◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û› ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… øÂ√˘º Œ¬Û±¬Û Œ·˘±ø¸ ˛±¸--1 [‡Ëœ©Ü¬Û”¬ı« 492-96] ˜Ò… ≈À·¬ı˛ ◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û
‰¬±‰«¬ › ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ Δ¡ZÓ¬ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛
fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… øÂ√˘ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˜ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˘± , øfl¡z≈¬ Œ¬Û±¬Û ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q øÂ√˘
Œ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˘±º ¤fl¡ ˙Ó¬fl¡ ’±À· Œ¸KI◊ ’…±˜À¬ı˱¸ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√± ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬, ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛
Ú˚˛º ¸˜¢∂ ˜Ò…˚≈· ÒÀ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ Œ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÂ√˘ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…¬Û±˘Ú , ¬ı˛±Ê√±
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… øͬfl¡˜Ó¬ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ‰¬±‰«¬ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀ«√˙ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ ˚±Ô±Ô« õ∂√±Ú
fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ¬Û=√ › Œ ∏±Î¬ˇ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ˜±ø «ø¢≠›, ˜…±øfl¡ ˛±Àˆ¬ø˘ ¬ı± Œ¬ı±øάÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ı «¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ¬Û «z¬ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡
õ∂±Ò±Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬› õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ øÂ√˘º
98
¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˙œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬Û±øfl¡d¬±Ú ¤fl¡øȬ Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™º ¤‡±ÀÚ ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Ò˜« ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ Ò˜« ø˝√√¸±À¬ı
¶§œfl¡‘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˙±¸Ú, ’±˝◊√√Ú › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œfl¡±¬ı˛±Ú › ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… › øÚ˚˛LaÌ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º
˜Ò…õ∂±À‰¬…› øfl¡Â≈√ ˝◊√√¸˘±˜œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ› ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú, ’±˝◊√√Ú, ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ √√ ˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ŒÚ¬Û±˘ √√ ø √√μ≈¬ı˛±©Ü™º Ó¬À¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ◊√√ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬º
˜±Ú¬ı ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ˚≈À· Ò˜«˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú øÚ˚˛La̺ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¸”S,
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú › ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øӬᬱ
fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Ò˜π˚˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛
Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º ÒÀ «¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ≈øq¡ › :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± øÚ ˛øLaÓ¬
˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º Ò˜π ˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬
˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬Ûø(˜œ Ê√·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û=√˙ › Œ¯∏±Î¬ˇ˙ ˙Ó¬fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ò˜« › ’±Ò…±øRfl¡
ø¬ı ∏ ˛Àfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛± √√À ˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√º Ù¬À˘, ¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ,
¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˝}√√±¸ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º
Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ’Ò±ø˜«fl¡ ¬ı± Ò˜«ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¬ı± Œ√¬ıÓ¬±˝√√œÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ¬fl¡±ÀÊ√
Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’¬ı˘≈ø5, ¸¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¡À√¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú ¸≈À˚±·, ˜Ú≈¯∏…¸‘©Ü ’±˝◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…, Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙
¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±fl¡¬ı˛Ì ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛, Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±
·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ú√ÀG¬ ¸˜d¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ øàÔ¬ı˛œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À·¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ¤˝◊√√ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú 1950 ¸±À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ø˙鬱¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛, Ú±¬ı˛œø˙鬱¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛, Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú ›
¬Ûø(˜œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¤ ◊√√ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ¸ √√± ˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛
’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ Ú±Ú± ¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
¤¸ÀN› ¬ı˘± ˚±À¬ı Ú± Ò « › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—À˚±· ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ŒÚ ◊√√º Ò˜π ˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√fl¡œ ˛ ¬ı± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ø˝√√Ó¬Ó¬La
¤‡Ú ’±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¤‡Ú› ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ ¬ı&Ò ˝√√˚˛ øÚº ¸—·øͬӬ
‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú Ò˜«±¬ı˘¥¤œ¬ı˛± ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Û › ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±˚˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙øq¡º ˝◊√√˝≈√√ø√ Ò˜«, ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Œ˜Ã˘¬ı±√,
‰¬¬ı˛˜¬ÛKÔœ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ¤‡Ú› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø˙‡ Ò˜«±¬ı˘¥¤œÀ√¬ı˛
ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º
99
’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ - 3
1º Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
2º Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
3º Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
’±À˘±‰¬… ¤fl¡Àfl¡ Ò˜«, ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· õ∂ÔÀ˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ Ò˜« ›
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡, ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡,
Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ò˜« ¤fl¡ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛
¸•Ûfl«¡ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡ Œ¸˝◊√√ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ’±˙œ¬ı«±√ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸ › ’±À¬ı· ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡ «¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ’Ú≈á¬±Ú ’±ÀÂ√º õ∂Ô˜øȬ ÒÀ «¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛øȬ
ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø√fl¡º ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬±, ˙≈XÓ¬± › ¸Ó¬…Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ò˜« ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ¬ı˛± Ò˜«Àfl¡
¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ√À‡Ú ¤¬ı— Ò˜«Àfl¡ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
Ò˜« ¸˜±ÀÊ ÚœøÓ¬À¬ı±Ò õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±ø‰¬z¬±Àfl¡
øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡, ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜π˚˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ Ú±Ú±
ά◊ißÓ¬ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ø‰¬Sfl¡˘±, Œ¸ÃÒ, ¸e·œÓ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º ¬ıd≈¬Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ› Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈ᬱÀÚ ¬ı˝≈√√ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸˜±À¬ı˙ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… w¬±Ó‘¬Q
¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‹fl¡… › ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ fl¡À¬ı˛º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√À¬ ¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±Ê√› fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º
Ò˜« ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ ø¬ıfl¡±˙Àfl¡ ¬ı±Ò± Œ√˚˛ › Ó¬±Àfl¡
ˆ¬±·…øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º Ò˜« ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ fl≈¡¸—¶®±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ › ø¬ı:±Úø¬ı˜≈‡Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ¬ı˛≈X ˝√√˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ ’±À¬ı· ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏ › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À¸º ˜±'«¬ ŒÓ¬±
Ò˜«Àfl¡ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
Ò˜« ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¡Z±¬ı˛±› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛
¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˜Ò…˚≈À· Œ¬Û±¬Û › ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ‚ÀȬÀÂ√
¤¬ı— ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ øÚÊ√ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ò˜« ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬ı± ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± ˚≈ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√º
Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂ùü ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
˜Ò… ≈À· ◊√√ά◊À¬ı±À¬Û › ¬ˆ¬±¬ıÀÓ¬ Ò˜π˚ ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ øÂ√ º ¤‡Ú Ú·¬ı±˚Ì, ø˙ä±˚Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÀ̬ı
Ù¬À˘ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú…˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±
‚øȬÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ¤‡Ú› ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±· Ú±Ú± Œ˜Ã˘¬ı±√œ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú
¬ı± øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º
100
1º Ò˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
[15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
2º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± fl¬œ∑
[20 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
3º Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
[30 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
4º Ò˜«œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘∑
[20 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]
1] Rakhahari Chatterjee (ed.) : Religion, Politics and Communication, The South
Asian experience, South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 110002, 1994,
pp. 1-20.
2] Bottomore : Sociology, Blackie & Son (India Ltd.), Bombay, 1979 (4th Impression),
pp. 237-249.
3] Roumila Thapar : From Lineage to State, Oxford, New Delhi, 1990, pp. 62-
7.
4] ’Ú±ø√ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜ √√±¬Û±S . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ≈ ‘√√√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ¶®± ˛±¬ı˛ [¬Ûø(˜] 1997,
¬Û‘ᬱ 421-461º
5] Kingsley Davis : Human Society, Surjeet Publication, Delhi, 1981, pp. 509-545.
6] ŒÈ¬˜ ¬ıÀȬ±˜±¬ı˛ . ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı√…±, ’Ú≈¬ı±√fl¡ ø˝√√˜±‰¬˘ ‰¬flË¡¬ıÓ¬π, Œfl¡. ø¬Û. ¬ı±·‰¬œ ’…±`¬ Œfl¡±•Û±Úœ, øÚά◊
ø√~œ, 1992, ¬Û‘ᬱ 247-262º
7] ά. ’˜À˘μ≈ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . õ∂¸e· ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990, ¬Û‘ᬱ
238-258º
101
25.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
25.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
25.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·
25.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸—:±
25.2.2 ¬ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙
25.2.3 ¸—:±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
25.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú
25.3.1 ¬Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± – õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
25.3.2 Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±
25.3.3 ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±
25.3.4 ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±
25.4 õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·
25.5 ¬Î¬◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı
25.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
25.7 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
25.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬ ’—À˙ ’±¬ÛøÚ ˚± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ
Œ˚±·±À˚±· Œfl¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬±ø˘fl¡± ˙øq¡º
ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡í › ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í-¤¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸—:± , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ά◊ÀV˙…º
¢∂œfl¡˚≈· ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈· ¬Û˚«z¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ›
’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬ¬ , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬¸¬ı˛˘ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬º
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±º
¬õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ ’¢∂·øÓ¬º
102
õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
¤˝◊√√ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
√˘ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡ ˛ Œ·±á¬œº ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ” √√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø¬ıd¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ˚±› ˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛÀȬ¬ı˛
ø√Àfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú, ¤‡±ÀÚ Ó¬± ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À26√º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡
ά◊Àij±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ÚÊ√¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛ , Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ ÚÊ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛› ¤fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±ÀÂ√º ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ˝√√˘ Δ¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±º øÚÂ√fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Δ¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º øÚÂ√fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q (domination); ¤Àé¬ÀS ˚±À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
Ô±Àfl¡ Œ·Ã̺ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒÀÓ¬ ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˚Àԩܺ ¤˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ Œ¬ı˛À‡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN Ó¬N±˚˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ë鬘Ӭ±í (power) › õ∂ˆ≈¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…
øÚ¬ı˛”¬ÛÀ̬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸º ¤Àé¬ÀS ’¬ı˙… õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ (Max Weber)-¤¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı
¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ë鬘Ӭ±í, ëõ∂ˆ≈¬Qí › ëfl¡Ó‘«¬Qí (authority)-¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ øˆ¬ißÓ¬± ›
¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¸y¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛
ŒÓ¬±À˘Úº ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π fl¡±À˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û˚≈q¡ ά◊M√√¬ı˛¸”¬ı˛œ·Ì ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’¬ı√±Ú ¬ı˛±À‡Úº
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√…º ¤ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™-鬘Ӭ±Àfl¡
õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ‹ 鬘Ӭ±Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˆ¬±À¬ı ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’¸œ˜º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ˝3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± – ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡
¸—·Í¬Ú ˚± ˙±¬ı˛œø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˘ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒˆ¬±À¬ı øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±˚˛M√√±ÒœÚ ¬ı˛±À‡ (“The State is an
institution that legitimately monopolises the means of physical coercion”)º
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˜”˘ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ≈√øȬ – [1] 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬--fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı
’Ú…Àfl¡˚’Ú…À√¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±ÒœÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ , [2] fl¡Ó‘¬«ÀQ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬--fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸y ±¬ı…
¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸¥œøÓ¬ øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±˜¬ı˛± ˚‡Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛¬ı Ó¬‡Ú ¤˝◊√√
≈√˝◊√ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± flË¡˜˙ ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À¬ıº
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ˜±Ú¬ı Ê√œ¬ıÚ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q fl¡äÚ± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±,
’øˆ¬:Ó¬± › ø¸X±z¬ ¸˝√√ Δ√ÚøμÚ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ Œé¬ÀS ¤¬ı˛ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬
˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ‰¬±ø¬ıfl¡±øͬ› ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√
·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ øÚø¬ı˛À‡˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º
’±¸À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”À˘˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó¬Ô… › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ’±√±Ú-õ∂±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
103
’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬œ« ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ√‡¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± Ó¬N±˚˛Ì › ¬ı±d¬À¬ı flË¡˜˙
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ȬÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛˝◊√√ ¶Û©Ü ŒÔÀfl¡ ¶Û©ÜÓ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ – Œ˚±·±À˚±· ◊√√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬±ø˘fl¡± ˙øq¡º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ fl¡±˘« άÀ˚˛˙ (Karl Deutsch) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Nerves
of Government Ú±˜fl¡ ¢∂À&Ô¬ı˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ Œfl¡f˜”À˘ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı± õ∂øflË¡˚˛±
ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏À̬ı˛ √±¬ıœº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œé¬ÀS--Ó¬± Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’=˘˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ˝◊√√
Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı‘˝√√» ¸—·Í¬Ú˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡--¸—øù≠©Ü ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡º ¤˝◊√√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ·Í¬Ú Œ˚, Œ˚ÃÔÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ” øÓ¬ÚøȬ Œé¬ÀS ÚÊ√¬ı˛ ø√À˘ Œ√‡± ˚± ˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ◊√√ ¸•Û‘q¡ √√À ˛ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·
õ∂øflË¡˚˛± –
[1] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ (Social foundation of political order)—¤Àé¬ÀS
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ Œ¸
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
[2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ (Social base of political behaviour)—¤Àé¬ÀS
øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬Û√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¬ı±
¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º
[3] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ (Social dimensions of political process)—
¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬ › ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¸Àμ˝√√±Ó¬œÓ¬ ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
˜Ó¬¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ’±ÀÂ√º ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì (general) › øÚø√«©Ü (specific) ¸—:± ά◊À~‡
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º
25.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸—:±
ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡í › ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í ¤ ◊√√ ≈√ ◊ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬±À¬ı ¸—:±ø ˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ıº ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡±ÀÔ« ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í-
¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬Ô…, ¬ıq¡¬ı…, ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ ¤¬ı— õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Ú ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡±ÀÔ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¤˜Ú
¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±ÒÀ˜ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˝◊√√26√±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’±Ú± ˚±˚˛º
¤ ◊√√ ”ÀS ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±fl‘¡Ó¬ › õ∂À̱ø√Ó¬
fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û ’e·œˆ”¬Ó¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸—:±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬º ¤Àé¬ÀS
Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂±Ôπ¬ı˛ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬± ¬ı± ¤fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú… ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±,
¤˜Úøfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬¬Û√àÔ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ øÚÀ«√˙› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±ˆ≈¬q¡º
104
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü ¸—:±˚˛ Ó¬± ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…º Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·¬ı˛ ά◊æ√±¬ıÚ › Œõ∂¬ı˛Ìº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ·À¬ı¯∏̱˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ¶Û©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˝√√…±¬ı˛ã ˘±¸›À˚˛˘
(Harold Lasswell) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Propaganda Technique in the World War [1927] ¢∂À&Ô Œ¬ı˛øά›
› ø˘Ù¬À˘È¬ ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ë˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ˚≈Xí ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü ¸—:±¬ı˛
¸Àe· ¸±˜?¸…¬Û”Ì«º øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙Ú, Œ¬Û±©Ü±¬ı˛ › ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±, ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › ’±˝◊√√Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±· ά◊æ”√Ó¬
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fl¡ø˜øȬ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Ú ¤¬ı— ¸—¸√œ˚˛ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛
¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü ¸—:± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ˚ø√› ¤Àé¬ÀS ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú, ά◊˝◊√√˘¬ı±¬ı˛ àflˬ…±˜ (Wilbur
Schramm) › ¸˜˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı±¬Ûiß ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏À:¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏
õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘› õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5 ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛
˜ÀÓ¬, ¤˝◊√√ ¸efl¡œÌ« ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ w¬±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬Ô… ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±˚≈q¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏
õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡À˜ ˚±˚˛º
ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı˝≈√√˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸—:± Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ –
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¸•Ûiß Ó¬Ô… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
¤fl¡ ’—˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… ’—À˙ Œõ∂ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ , ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡ › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬Ô…
’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú ‚ÀȬ Ô±Àfl¡º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ÓNø¬ı√¬ı˛± ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ≈√øȬ ˜”˘ ά◊ÀV˙…
˝√√˘ Ó¬Ô… õ∂√±Ú (twin form) › õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± (persuasion)º ¤Àé¬ÀS ” õ∂ùü ˝√√˘ – Œfl¡
¬ı± fl¡±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±À26√∑ fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À26√∑ Œfl¡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ± ¸y¬ı ˝√√À26√∑
25.2.2 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬± ≈¬q¡ ˝√√À˘› ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏À̬ı˛
¸”S ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú ˜˝√√±Ú √±˙«øÚÀfl¡¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS Œõ≠ÀȬ± (Plato)-¬ı˛ Gorgius, ¤…±ø¬ı˛àȬȬ˘
(Aristotle)-¤¬ı˛ Rhetoric, Ê√Ú àÈ≈¬ ˛±È«¬ ø˜˘ (John Stuart Mill)-¤¬ı˛ System of Logic ›
˜…±øfl¡ ˛±Àˆ¬ø˘ (Machiavelli)-¤¬ı The Prince ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º Œõ≠ÀȬ± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‹ ¢∂À&Ô õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ (propaganda)-
¤¬ı˛ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤…±ø¬ı˛àȬȬ˘ › ø˜À˘¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… øÂ√˘ ά◊»¸ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛
fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±º
Rhetoric ¢∂À&Ô ¤…±ø¬ı˛àȬȬ˘ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøȬ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº õ∂Ô˜, ¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬
‰¬ø¬ı˛S – ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛, ë¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±í¬ı˛ (audience) ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ± , Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛, ¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ õ∂‡¬ı˛Ó¬±º
¤…±ø¬ı˛àȬȬ˘ ’±¬ı˛› ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¸±Ô«fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ˚≈øq¡À¬ı±Ò õ∂‡¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬
˝√√À¬ı › ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸˜…fl¡ :±Ú, ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π fl¡±À˘ ˜±fl«¡¸ (Marx)-¤¬ı˛
105
German Ideology ¬ı± Œ¸±À¬ı˛ (Sorel)-¤¬ı˛ Reflection on Violence ¬ı± Œ˘øÚÚ (Lenin)-¤¬ı˛ What
is to be Done ¬ı± ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± (Pareto)-¤¬ı˛ The Mind and Society ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ‹
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ √±˙«øÚfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¤ ◊√√ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¸—flË¡±z¬ õ∂Ó¬… ˛ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
¸¬ı«±À¬Û鬱 ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬Û± ˛º ’¬ı˙… ’©Ü±√ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ Œ˙ ∏ ˆ¬±· › ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ≈¬ı≈ÀÓ¬ ά◊æ√±ø¬ıÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ” fl¡
·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ (representative democracy)-¤¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Œ˚±· ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı
ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Àάˇ Œ˚ 鬘Ӭ± Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬ı± øȬøfl¡À˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬
˝√√À˘ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S øÚÀÊ√˚øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¸¬ı«À|ᬠڜøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘˝◊√√ ‰¬˘À¬ı Ú±º 鬘Ӭ± ÒÀ¬ı˛
¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı Œ˚ ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ÚœøÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±˜… ¤¬ı—
¤˝◊√√ ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú › ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˚ÀÔ©Ü Œ˚±·…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ¸y¬¬ı Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ ˚‡Ú ¤fl¡ ¬ı± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡˚Œ·±á¬œ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛˚øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛
◊√√26√±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ ◊√√26√±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·Àfl¡ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı”À¬Û
·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œõ∂¬ı˛fl¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤˜Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û±Í¬±˚˛ Œ˚ Ó¬±¬ı˛
Ù¬À˘ ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬± ’Ú…Ô±˚˛ Œ˚ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± Ú± Ó¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ıÌ«Ú±˚˛
øÓ¬ÚøȬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ –
[1] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô…¬ , [2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì ¬ı± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › [3] ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±Àfl¡
¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¬Û±˘ÀÚ ¬ı±Ò… fl¡¬ı˛±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±¬ı± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı àÔ±Úœ˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ Œˆ¬±È¬ Ú± Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± Œ√‡± Œ·˘
Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± øÚ¬ı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ ¬ı± àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¡√±¬ıœ
› ’øˆ¬À˚±· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛À¬ıÚº ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬
¬Û≈Úø¬ı«À¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±È¬ ø√À˘Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸±Ô«fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‚Ȭ˘ ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛÀȬ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬ› ’Ó¬…z¬
·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛÀȬ¬ı˛ Ó¬±øNfl¡ › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ≈√˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´˚≈X õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ › ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈X ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø¬ı˙√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸y¬ı
Ú˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¤fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ˚ õ∂Ô˜ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe·˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸—flË¡±z¬ ·À¬ı¯∏̱˚˛
ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±fl¡¸•Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√ ˛º ˘± ƒ›À ˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”À¬ı«±ø~ø‡Ó¬ ·À¬ı ∏̱ ˛ Œ√ø‡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚ Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ ˜±øfl«¡Ú
¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬ ά◊ÀE± ά◊˝◊√√˘¸Ú (Woodrow Wilson)-¤¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±V √Ù¬± fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ (Fourteen Points) ά◊æ√±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛
¸˜ ˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ◊√√ ø˜S˙øq¡ Ê√± «±Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ¤fl¡ õ∂¬ı˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ≈X ≈¬ı≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Ê√± «±Úœ›
øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡± ˛√± ˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜ ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À ˛¬ı˛ ¸¥œ≈‡œÚ √√À ˛ Ê√± «±Ú ˙±¸fl¡¬ı·«
¤fl¡À¬ÛÀ˙ Ó¬Ô… Œõ∂¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œ˚ Ê√±˜«±Ú Œ˚±X±À√¬ı˛ ˚≈XÀé¬ÀS √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√
¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ’±À¸øÚ , ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À˚˛¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˜S˙øq¡¬ı˛ ø˜Ô…± õ∂‰¬±À¬ı˛ Ê√±˜«±Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬º
106
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±»¸œ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ›
˜±øfl«¡Úœ ·≈5‰¬¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ ‹ ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Ú±»¸œ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√Úœ¬ı˛ ·≈5 ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˝√√ø√˙
¬Û±›˚˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Û±˚˛º
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±fl¡º ’±À˘fl¡Ê√±`¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ê«√ (Alexander George) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Propaganda
Analysis ¢∂À&Ô Œ√ø‡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú, øÚ ˛ø˜Ó¬ Ú±»¸œ ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Ê√± «±Ú ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ flË¡˜±Ú≈ ±¬ı˛, ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ‚Ȭڱ¸ ”À √√¬ı˛
ά◊À~‡, ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±√À˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÀÓ«¬ Ú˚˛± ’±√À˘¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬Û鬬۱øÓ¬Q, õ∂d≈¬øÓ¬
õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±˜«±Úœ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚Ȭڱõ∂¬ı±˝√√ ˝√√ø√˙ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q ¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¤øȬ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛
˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇ ˚‡Ú Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ ˜≈q¡ õ∂¬ı±˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¤Àé¬ÀS ëøÚø˝√Ó¬ ’Ô«í ‡≈“Ê√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˚‡Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ [¤Àé¬ÀS Ú±»¸œ] ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı˛é ¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸˝√√Ê√ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬Ô… ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛› ¸y ¬ı ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º
˙œÓ¬˘ ≈X (Cold War)-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜À˘ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊√√ά◊øÚ˚˛Ú › ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:·Ì ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚ø√›
’ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œé¬ÀS› ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı·« ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÒœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬
øÚ¬ı˛œ˝√√ Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı± ˚‡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√·Ì Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙…
Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ëøÚø˝√√Ó¬ ’Ô«í ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¸—:±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ d¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± õ∂˜±Ì
fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ‹ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ’øÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛˘œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û√ ’ÀÚfl¡º õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛
˜”À˘ øÚ(˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º øfl¡z≈¬ ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√
Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ˚‡Ú ≈√˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ fl≈¡˙˘ ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, Œ¸˝◊√√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬
¸¬ı˛˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±¬Û± Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±º ‹ õ∂fl¡±˙… ø¬ıøÚ˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±
·≈5 ¸Àefl¡Ó¬º
¤˝◊√√ ¬ ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¸”S ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛˘ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ‹ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛
Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬± Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀάˇ Ú±º ≈√-¤fl¡øȬ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ıq¡¬ı…øȬ ¶Û©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√˘ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬¸¬ı˛˘ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıƒ√À√¬ı˛ 붧±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¸—˘±À¬Û¬ı˛í
’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸Àefl¡Ó¬ Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀάˇ Ú±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Laœ¬ı˛ Œfl¡À˘efl¡±ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ ¬Ûάˇ± › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛
Œ¸˝◊√√ Œfl¡À˘efl¡±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ΔÓ¬¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±› Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀάˇ Ú± Œfl¡±Ú› ’øÓ¬
¸¬ı˛˘ ¸—:±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛, Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ Ê√Ú¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ¤fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬± ¸•Û”Ì« Úœ¬ı˛¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡›
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬±› Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀάˇ Ú± Œfl¡±Ú› ’øÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛˘œfl‘¡Ó¬
¸—:±˚˛º ’±¸À˘ ¸efl¡œÌ« ’ÀÔ« ëÓ¬Ô…íÀfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛À˘, Œ˚ Ó¬Ô… ¤˝◊√√ Úœ¬ı˛¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’˙‘q¡ Ó¬± ‘√ø©Ü¬ı˛
’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±À¬ıº
107
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛˘œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı…±‡…± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ ’Ú… ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡›
øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ ¸±¬ıÒ±ÚÓ¬± ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤ ◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± √√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛Àfl¡
¸˜±Ô«fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˘À鬅¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛º ¤ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ’±˜¬ı˛±
˝◊√√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˘é¬…Àfl¡ ë¤fl¡˜±Sí ˘é¬… ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬ ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀ¬ıº Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛
’Ú…±Ú… ˘À鬅¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ÛÀάˇ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì, ’±¢∂˝√√ ¸‘ø©Ü › õ∂À̱√Ú (motivation)º ¤˝◊√√ ˘é¬…·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·Àfl¡ ëõ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«¶§í fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ ’Ô« ‹ Ê√øȬ˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡Ó¬±
¬ı√À˘ ’—˙ø¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ (dissemination) ‚ÀȬ ¤fl¡
Δ¬ıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±, øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ˝◊√√d¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ (manifesto), ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı±
Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ, ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±,
√ œ˚ ¸À¥œ˘Ú ¬ı± Œ¬ıøά› ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙ÀÚ¬ı ¸•x‰¬±¬ı ˜±Ò…À˜º Ó¬À¬ı ¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ıÀÚ¬ı Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚± ¸—àÔ±Ú·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı
(structurally) ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’—˙ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏º ¤ ◊√√ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ”À˘ ’¬ı˙… Ô±Àfl¡ Œ¸ ◊√√ õ∂ùü¸ ” √√ ˚± ˘±¸›À ˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Œfl¡ fl¡œ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, fl¡œ ˆ¬±À¬ı, fl¡±¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙…,
fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı¸˝√√∑ (Who says what, in what channel, to whom, with what effects?)
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·Ó¬ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ Œ¬ı˛À‡ ’±˜¬ı˛± fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ˚±¬ıº
Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡±Í¬±À˜± – õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Û“±‰¬øȬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ – [1] ’Ú±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· , [2] ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--Œ˚˜Ú
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ , [3] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ëά◊»¬Û±√í (output) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--Œ˚˜Ú ’±˝◊√√Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±· › ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ,
[4] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ëά◊¬Û¬Û±√í (input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--Œ˚˜Ú, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ , [4] ·Ì˜±Ò…˜º
’Ú±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡
¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛À̬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊ißÓ¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ·À¬ı¯∏̱
˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√ø˘˝≈√√ fl¡±Êƒ√ › ¬Û˘ ˘±Ê√±¬ı˛¸ÀÙ¬ã (Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld) Personal Influence
Ú±˜fl¡ ¢∂À&Ô Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙º ’±Rœ˚˛-¶§Ê√Ú, ¬ı&Ò≈¬ı±&Ò¬ı,
¸˝√√fl¡˜π ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˙œ¬ı˛ ˜z¬¬ı… ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ı‘øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ :±Ú, ø¬ıù´±¸ › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º
¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı√ Œ˚¸¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ≈√¬ı«˘ Œ˚¸¬ı Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
108
Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú › õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ øÚ˜«±À̬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ¬ÛÔ, Ó¬À¬ı ά◊ißÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√› ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛
·≈¬ı≈Q øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡˜ Ú ˛º ˚ø√› Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S øˆ¬øM√√ Ú ˛º fl¡±Ê√ › ˘±Ê√±¬ı˛ À٬㠌√ø‡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú
Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ë˜Ó¬¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ
ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛í (Opinion leaders) ˜±Ò…À˜ ˚±¬ı˛± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ◊√√ ìfl¡±ÀÂ√¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡îº ‹ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏:¡ZÀ ˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
˜˚«±√±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ø˜˙≈Àfl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¡í ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡± Œ·À˘›
¤¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ˚Àԩܺ ˚ø√› ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√--Œ˚˜Ú ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±Ê√--¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛
ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±Ê√ ëõ∂Ò±Úí ¬ı± ¸«√±¬ı˛ ’Ô¬ı± ¬ıÀ˚˛±¬ı‘XÀ√¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú
(council of elders) ’Ô¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÒ«Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı± Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± ¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó¬Ô…
õ∂√±Ú ¬ı± ¬ı…±‡…±˚˛ ’Ó¬…z¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¿˘efl¡±˚˛ Œ¬ıÃXøˆ¬é≈¬À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› õ∂˜±Ì
fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¬ı± õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ Ò˜π ˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈¬ı≈Qº ◊√√¸˘±˜œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ”À˝√√ Œ˜Ã˘ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı± øÙ¬ø˘ø¬ÛÚƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ˚±Ê√fl¡ › ’±À¬ıø√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ¤Àé¬ÀS õ∂±¸øe·fl¡º
˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚…› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¬ı±Ò±› ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ëά◊»¬Û±√í fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı·« ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛À̬ı˛
Ú±Ú± øÚÀ«√˙ ¸—‚¬ıXˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß d¬À¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛
Ú±˜fl¡ 븗·Í¬Úí ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜i§ ˛ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•ÛÀ√ ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬± ‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛
¸Àe· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ëÊ√Ú¸—À˚±·í› ¸y ¬ı ˝√√˚˛ ‹ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¤Àé¬ÀS ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
Ô±Àfl¡º Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬À˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚ©ÛøM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıˆ¬±· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú˜ÀÚ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ó¬Ô…› (general information) õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
’Ú…øÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ó¬Ô… Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‡¬ı¬ı˛ (news releases) õ∂fl¡±À˙… ¤ÀÚ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘
·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Ó¬Ô… ’±˝√√¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ıάˇ ¸”S ø˝√√À¸À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ëά◊¬Û¬Û±√í (input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ › ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ õ∂Ò±Úº õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ú±Ú± √±¬ıœ˚’øˆ¬À˚±· › ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ‚Ȭ±˚˛, Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸¥œÅ‡œÚ Ú± ˝√√À˚˛ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¤¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ’Ô‰¬ ø¬ı¬ı˛˘ ¸—À˚±· ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛
Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¸e∏‚¬ıX ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”˝√√
Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Œ˚±·±À˚±· àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı± fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ ¸˜Ô«Ú ’±√±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± › ¸øflË¡˚˛Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬˝√√˚˛º
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ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ › ¤fl¡±ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ õ∂±!¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ Œ˚ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±
õ∂¬ı˘ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀÂ√ Ó¬± ·Ì˜±Ò…˜º ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS, Œ¬ı˛øά›, ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙Ú, ¬ÛøSfl¡±, ¬ı˝◊√√, ø¸ÀÚ˜±
·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛”¬Ûº ’±À˘±‰¬… fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (specialization) ›
¬Û‘Ôfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ (differentiation) ¸±Ô«fl¡Ó¬˜ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ˚ÀÔ±¬Û˚≈q¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… Œ¬ÛÀ˘ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ Ú±Ú± ¬ı±Ò± ¤øάˇÀ˚˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó¬Ô…˚¬ı±Ó«¬± Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜º ‹ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5 (mileage)-¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú›
˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¸ø√26√± Ô±fl¡À˘ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¢∂˝√√ › ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Úº ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú ˝√√À˘ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ (informed)
Ê√Ú·Ì (public) Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ :±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¤˜Úøfl¡ ¬ ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ›˚˛±øfl¡¬ı˝√√±˘ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÚÀ¬ı±ÀÒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › Œ√˙¬ı±¸œÀfl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ά◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ˙±¸fl¡˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡
¬ı± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ◊√√ Œ √√±fl¡, õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À ˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±¬Û
øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì › øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ ¬ıάˇ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı˛±À‡º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˜≈q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G¬˘ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˜≈q¡ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈·Àfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛
·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˚≈·º ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À· Œ˚ ˚≈·±z¬fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ȬÀÂ√
Ó¬± ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’—À˙ ø¬ıd¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº√
¤˝◊√√ ¸”ÀS ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸˜”˝√√ fl¡Ó¬È¬± fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√À¬ı Ó¬± øÚˆ¬«¬ı˛
fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ‹ ¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸ ”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± › øÚ ˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ˜±S±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ◊√√ Δ¶§¬ı˛Ó¬±øLafl¡
˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬± ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ fl¡˜ ˝√√À¬ıº ˙±¸fl¡˜G¬˘œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ˜±S± ˆ¬˚˛efl¡¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀ˘ ‹ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ø¬ı¬Ûiß ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀ¬ıº Ó¬À¬ı ¤fl¡Ô±› øͬfl¡
Œ˚ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬› Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ˜±S±˚˛ Ó¬Ô… øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± Ê√±øÚ
Œ˚ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ › øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±·Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ Œ¸Ú¸¬ı˛ (censor) õ∂Ô± ¸¬ı Œ√À˙˝◊√√ ‰¬±˘≈ ’±ÀÂ√º
¤Àé¬ÀS› ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ëÓ¬Ô…˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ±í ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±
’…±˜`¬ › ¬Û±›À ˛ (G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell) Comparative Politics ¢∂À&Ô
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì, ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸é¬˜Ó¬± (system capability), ÚœøÓ¬õ∂Ì˚˛Ú (rule formulation) ›
¶§±Ô« õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì (interest articulation) õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±
¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±øȬÀfl¡ ‰¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ – [1] ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì ›
’øˆ¬À˚±Ê√Ú øflË¡ ˛± – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Maintenance and Adaptation
Function : Political Communication and Political Socializaiton); [2] ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± –
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Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı õ∂¸±¬ı › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± (system capabilities : Expansion and Social Moblization);
[3] ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛± 1 – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú (Conversion Functions : Pol.
Communication and Rule Making); [4] ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡ ˛± 2 – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¶§±Ô«õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì
(Conversion Functions : Political Communication and Interest Articulation)º ÚœÀ‰¬ ¤ ◊√√ ‰¬±¬ı˛øȬ
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ø¬ı˙ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º
’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ¸”S ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, ø˙鬱 õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± ‰¬±‰«¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬˚¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛
Œ˚ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ‰¬À˘ Ó¬± Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛
Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œˆ¬À„ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬Ûø(ø˜ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛˘ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‹ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√
Œé¬S [Œ˚˜Ú – ά◊2‰¬ø¬ıM√√-˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√-øÚ•ßø¬ıÀM√√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú] ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ Ó¬Ô…õ∂¬ı±˝√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛º
¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√øȬ˘ ’±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ Ó¬Ô…õ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S… ’ÀÚfl¡
Œ¬ıø˙º Ó¬À¬ı Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º
’¬ı˙… ¤Àé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˜Ó¬ ‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛›
’Ó¬…z¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ 눬±„√√±·Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛ Œ‡˘±í˝◊√√ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬Ì±À¬ıé¬Ì ¬ı± ’øˆ¬À˚±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±S±º
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±
Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ëÓ¬Ô… ø¬ıÀ¶£¬±¬ı˛À̬ı˛í (Info-explosion) ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬±
Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’¸—‡… √±¬ıœ › ‰¬±ø˝√√√± ˚± ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœº Œ˚±·±À˚±·
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ ‚Ȭ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ¬± ∏±À·±á¬œ, Ê√±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ, ’±=ø˘fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ, õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ øÚÊ√¶§ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±
Œõ∂¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú › ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ά◊À~‡À˚±·…ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ıø˙
fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡˚˛±Ú± (traditionalism) › ‡G¬œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (fragmentation) ”√¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡
› ˜±Ú¬ı¸•ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± ¬ı‘øXÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º
’±¸À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬˘º Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ¸±é¬¬ı˛Ó¬±, õ∂±‰¬œÚ
õ∂Ô±–¸•Ûfl«¡-ø¬ıù´±¸-¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ˙±¸Ú ˜≈q¡ fl¡¬ı˛±, fl¡˜«¸—àÔ±Ú–¤ ¸¬ı˝◊√√ Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe·º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ fl¡±˜…, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±› ¬Û¬ı˛œøé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˚ø√ Ú±Ú± √±¬ıœ › ’±˙±-’±fl¬±e鬱 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı‘øX
Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ¤˜Ú ’±fl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ó¬± ¸±˜±˘ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±¬ , ¤Àé¬ÀS Ú±Ú±
’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± › ’¸Àz¬± ∏ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ√‡± Œ√À¬ı ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À ˛ ‹ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¬ıάˇ ‰¬…±À˘À?¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√¬ı˛± ˚±Àfl¡ ìflË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ’±˙±-’±fl¡±e鬱¬ı˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıî (revolution of rising
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expectations) ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μÀfl¡ ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ ¸efl¡ÀȬ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÙ¬À˘
Œ√ º
¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±
ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¸X±Àz¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ø¸X±z¬ ŒÚ›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú øÚˆ«≈¬˘ › õ∂±¸øe·fl¡
Ó¬Ô…º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ˚‡Ú ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ Ó¬‡Ú àÔ±Úœ˚˛ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙, Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛
˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, õ∂±fl‘ øÓ¬fl¡ › ˜±Ú¬ı ¸•Û√ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ά◊¬Û˚≈q¡ Ó¬Ô…±ø√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ô±fl¡±
Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı, Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±À˝√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸y ±¬ıÚ±› ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬± ‚ȬÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ – ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙≈Ò≈ ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü ˜±S±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√
Ó¬Ô… ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ (process) fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ – ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˝◊√√26√±, ’±À¬ı· › õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± › ’ÀÚfl¡Àé¬ÀS
õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬ ‚ȬÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ 鬘Ӭ±
ά◊2‰¬¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ Œ¸¸¬ı Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Œ¬ıø˙º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ Œ¸Àé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰≈¬…øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡˜º
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ȬÀ˘ ¸±˜±Ú… ¸—‡…fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡ › ά◊2‰¬¬ÛàÔ¡ ’±˜˘±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ’Ê√¸Ë √±ø˚˛Q
¸—flË¡±z¬ ’¸—‡… Ó¬Ô… ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± › ¸øͬfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y¬¬ı ˝√√ ˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛
鬘Ӭ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ |X± Ô±fl¡À˘› fl¡±¬ı˛› ¬ÛÀ鬽◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œfl¡Ã˙˘, ˜≈^±¶£¬œøÓ¬,
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı˝√√Ú, ¶§±àÔ… ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øˆ¬iß ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬Û≈∫±Ú≈¬Û≈∫ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛
√‡˘ ¬ı˛±‡± ’¸y ¬ıº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· ¬ı˝≈√√ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ (technical) õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√
≈√À¬ı«±Ò… ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º ¤ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’±ÀÂ√ ˙±¸fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’À˚Ãøq¡fl fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ˚± Ó¬Ô…ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬ÀÓ¬
¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
¤ø˘È¬ ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û › Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬˘±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ά◊À~‡À˚±·…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX
¬Û±À26√º ¤Àé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…˜, ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ¬Û «± ˛ Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±À· ◊√√ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬
˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ìÊ√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’±›˚˛±Ê√î (vox populi) ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√
Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ’Ú… ¤fl¡øȬ ø√fl¡› ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ Œ√‡±
˚±˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı·« ¤˝◊√√ Ê√Ú¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı˛≈X fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√Úº Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ –
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¬ı ≈√√ Œé¬ÀS ◊√√ fl¡± «fl¡±¬ı˛Ì·Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ı ˝√√ ˛ Ú±º ¤Àé¬ÀS ˙±¸fl¡·Ì
Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì fl¡œ Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ’Ú… fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛Úº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ – ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˚≈À· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ¬ı˝≈√√ Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ :±Ú Œfl¡Ã˙˘·Ó¬
Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øάˇÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤Àé¬ÀS Œfl¡±Ú› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛±› Œ¸˝◊√√ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛
¬ÛÀé¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û, ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ı±ÀÊ√ÀȬ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ≈√À¬ı«±Ò…Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±
¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¤Àé¬ÀS¡ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬ – ’ÀÚfl¡
Œé¬ÀS Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øÚ¶Û‘˝√√ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œfl¡±Ú›
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’±¢∂˝√√ ¬ı± ¸øflË¡˚˛Ó¬± Œ√‡±˚˛ Ú±º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú Œ¬ıø˙
˝√√À˘ ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚ¶Û‘˝√√Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶§±Ô« õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬±ø·√› Œ‰¬±À‡
¬ÛÀάˇ Ú±º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ Œ√À˙ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀάˇº
õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ȬÀÂ√, ¤ ’—À˙ Œ¸ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤fl¡ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’±ÚÀÂ√ õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıº
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜–ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú (electronic) ·Ì˜±Ò…˜º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ê√·ÀÓ¬
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜π (actors) › ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘ÀÚ, ¬ı˝≈√√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú › ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ
¤¬ı— ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı àÔ±Úœ ˛, Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ά◊M√√À¬ı˛±M√√¬ı˛ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±À26√º ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏:¬ı˛±
˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ø¬ıù´±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¬ı˝≈√√˘±—À˙ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸¬ı˛ (space)
› ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú ‚≈ø‰¬À˚˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø¬ıù´±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ø¬ıù´¬ı…±¬Ûœ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¤˜Ú Ó¬œ¬ıË
’¢∂·øÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π àÔ±Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ Œ˚±·¸”S˝◊√√ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±, àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ‚Ȭڱ › ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ‚Ȭڱ ¤Àfl¡
’ÀÚ…¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¤Àé¬ÀS 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ õ∂ùü˝◊√√ ˙≈Ò≈ Ú˚˛, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸M√√± › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸M√√± ø¬ıù´¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂ùü›
Ê√øάˇÓ¬º Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·¸”S › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ά◊¬Û¢∂˝√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚˜Ú ø¬ıøˆ¬iß àÔ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬±»é¬øÌfl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸y¬¬ı ¬˝√√À26√
¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÀÓ¬ ˝√√À26√, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ›
¸˜˚˛·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¸ÀN› Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± ø¬ıù´fl¡±¬Û øflË¡Àfl¡ÀȬ¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ 븬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛í Œ√ø‡º ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π
¤˘±fl¡±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚfl¡È¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ àÔ±¬ÛÀÚ ˚± Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˚≈·±z¬fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¸y ¬ı
˝√√À26√, Ó¬± ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ › ’Ú±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚Ȭڱõ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÙ¬˘ÀÂ√º
·Ì˜±Ò…À˜ ¤Àé¬ÀS Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜±S± Œ˚±·
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜-ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱ (Media event) ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊íº
ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í ¬ıάˇ ˜±À¬Û¬ı˛ ‚Ȭڱ ˚± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ë¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±íÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜
¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ › ¬ı”¬Û±ø ˛Ó¬ √√À ˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ ˛º ø˜øά ˛± ◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊-¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì« õ∂Ó¬œfl¡œ (symbolic),
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… 븱ұ¬ı˛Ìí ‚È¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤Àfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú [Œ˚˜Ú ‰¬±˘«¸-ά±˚˛Ú± ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√], ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ά◊À¡Z±ÒÚ ’Ú≈ᬱÚ, ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ¸»fl¡±¬ı˛ [Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™õ∂Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛
Œé¬ÀS] ¬ı± ˙±øz¬‰≈¬øq¡¬ı˛ ¶§±é¬¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ‚Ȭڱ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ά◊ißÓ¬ õ∂˚≈øq¡ › ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚…
Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬√˙π ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º øά ˝√√…±ø˘Ú ›
ø¬Û ˜…±Úø‰¬øÚ (D. Hallin and P. Mancini)-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂Ô˜ ¸±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± ø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬ÀKI◊¬ı˛
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·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ¤˝◊√√ ‚Ȭڱ·≈ø˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ù¬±¬ı˛±fl¡ ”√¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬Ûάˇ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√±fl¡±øÂ√ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± Œ˚˜Ú Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú,
’±ø˙¬ı˛ √ Àfl¡ ≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™-Œ¸±øˆ¬À ˛Ó¬ ≈q¡¬ı˛±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬˜ ¬Û «± ˛ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ Δ¬ıͬÀfl¡¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ˚ӬȬ± Ú± ·‘ √√œÓ¬ ø¸X±Àz¬¬ı˛
fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ øÂ√˘ Œ˚ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ‹ Δ¬ıͬfl¡·≈ø˘ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º
‹ Δ¬ıͬfl¡·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ê√ij±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙S≈Ó¬±
”√¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı&Ò≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ó¬±¬ı¬ı˛Ì ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ √œ‚« ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˙S≈¡Z ˛ ¬ıX¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À ˛ ë√ «fl¡í¬ı˛± ¤ ◊√√ Δ¬ıͬfl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬Ú ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ‹ Δ¬ıͬfl¡·≈ø˘ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬-¬Û±øfld¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±¸ ‰¬˘±‰¬˘ [1999] › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±À˘±Àfl¡
Œ√‡± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
ά◊2‰¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬Ô…õ∂˚≈øq¡ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊íÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û Œ√˚˛º ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±˚Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ë‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛í ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ √˙«fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı, õ∂Ó¬…é¬
’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ıº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¬ı˛±©Ü™ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ › Δ¬ıÒfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û≈ ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º fl¡±Ê√ › √˚˛±Úƒ (E. Katz and D. Dayan) Media Events ¢∂À&Ô ¬ıÀ˘Ú –ìŒfl¡±Ú› ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛
¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ‹ ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ õ∂¬ı˘ ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛...¤Àé¬ÀS ‹ ‚Ȭڱ ˙≈Ò≈ ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√À˘˝◊√√
˝√√À¬ı Ú±, ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸˜˚˛¸œ˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ ¸±Ù¬˘… ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıºî
¤Àé¬ÀS ά◊À~‡ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¢∂À&Ô Œ˘‡fl¡¡Z˚˛ ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Ê√Ú˜Ó¬,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øӬᬱÚ, fl”¡È¬ÚœøÓ¬, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, Ò˜«, õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ëø˜øά ˛± ◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±› ŒÊ√±¬ı˛±À˘±ˆ¬±À¬ı √√À26√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛
¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…Àfl¡ øÓ¬Úˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, ·Ì˜±Ò…˜
¤Àé¬ÀS ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı ∏ ˛ › ¸˜¸…± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√ ˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡
d¬À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√˚˛ › ø¬ıfl¡ä ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ά◊ißÓ¬
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ŒÚÓ‘¬àÔ±Úœ ˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ‚Ȭ± ‚Ȭڱ ø¬ıù´Ê≈Àάˇ ˚Ó¬ ¸ √√ÀÊ√ Œ˚ ˜±S± ˛ ¸•x‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬
fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y¬¬ı Ó¬± Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ≈√¬ı«˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±Ú±˚˛ ‚Ȭ± ‚Ȭڱ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS
¸y¬¬ı ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ › Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱõ∂¬ı±˝√√
‰¬±¬Û± ¬ÛÀάˇ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬ ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™-Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊ά◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ Δ¬ıͬÀfl¡¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± Œ·ÀÂ√
Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ˜Ó¬±ÕÚÀfl¡…¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ˜ÕÓ¬Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬±À¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ ‰¬À˘ ˚±˚˛º
ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ·≈èQ ’À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:·Ì ¤› ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡
d¬À¬ı˛ ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡äø‰¬S (images) ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛› øÚÊ√¶§ Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ±
¸y¬¬ıº ë’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ıí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√À26√ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ fl¡äø‰¬S ¤fl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬
Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ 댘±Î¬ˇfl¡í (package)-¤¬ı˛ ’—˙ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı¬ı˛— ¤Àé¬ÀS fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
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õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ø‰¬z¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜Àfl¡ ”√À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˝√√˚˛º ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬
˜±ÀÚ Œfl¡±Ú› fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Δ¬ıͬÀfl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıËÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü¬ı˛ ¸¥œ≈‡œÚ ˝√√›˚˛± ¬ı± Δ¬ıͬÀfl¡ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛, ë’Ú…¬ı˛fl¡˜í ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ˝√√›˚˛± ¬ı± ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛±·Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡ Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘±º ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛
¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´±¸ Œ˚ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ ÚÊ√¬ı˛ fl”¡È¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ø¬ı¬Ûiß fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ’ÀÚfl¡ fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±
·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ 댷±¬ÛÚœ˚˛Ó¬±í ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı, ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸¬ı ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú
˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬Ô…ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ¤fl¡Ô± ¸¬ı«Ê√Úø¬ıø√Ó¬ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜π › Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—À˚±· ¬ı˛é¬±˚˛
·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀÂ√º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Û «±À ˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±ÀÓ¬› ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡±
¸±˜±Ú… Ú˚˛º ’¬ı˙… ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œé¬ÀS ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ڱȬfl¡œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛
fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…Àfl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀ·±‰¬À¬ı˛ ’±Ú±, ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ fl¡¬ı˛±º Ê√Ú˜Ó¬Àfl¡ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±À̬ı˛
¬ÛÀé¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¶Û©Ü Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
ø√À˚˛ ¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q flË¡˜±i§À˚˛ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ’¬ı˙… ¤˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡› ’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛
õ∂¬ı˘ ά◊O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˚≈À· Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ë˘é¬…í ˝√√À˚˛
ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º ≈√í¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛˝◊√√ √±¬ıœ Ó¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ Ê√ڷ̺ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˚ø√› ¬ı±d¬¬ı ø‰¬S ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ≈í¬ÛÀ鬽◊√√
øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ ¸À‰¬©Ü, ¬ı˝≈√√Àé¬ÀS Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ ¤Ó¬˝◊√√ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛±À˘± ˝√√À˚˛
›Àͬ Œ˚ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ øÚø©flË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ·Ó¬…z¬¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸˚˛±Ú¸Ú (D. Swanson)-¤¬ı˛
˜ÀÓ¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú, ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ìø¬ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜-Œfl¡øffl¡ ·ÌÓ¬Laî› ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì
Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡Àfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Ú± Œ√À‡ ë√˙«fl¡í ø˝√√À¸À¬ı˝◊√√ ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√
¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú Ó¬‡Ú ¸y¬¬ı ˚‡Ú Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı≈ÀÁ¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±
› ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛› ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ › ¸é¬˜Ó¬± (capability) ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì
Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ’±¬ı˛› ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº
’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ά◊ÀV˙… fl¡œ∑
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˝√√…±¬ı˛ã ˘±¸›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… Ê√±Ú±Úº
¶§ä ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«¸¥œÓ¬ ¸—:± ŒÚ ◊√√ Œfl¡Ú∑
2º ëø˜øά˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
115
ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
1º G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell : Comparative Politics (New Delhi), 1972,
¬Ûø¬ı˛À26√√ – “Communicative Function”.
2º Michael Rush : Politics and Society (New York), 1992 ¬Ûø¬ı˛À26√√ – “Political
Communication”.
3º David L. Shills ed. International Encyclopaedia of Social Science, Volumes 3+4,
1972, pp. 90-102.
116
26.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
26.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
26.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ¸—:±
26.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
26.4 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ú – õ∂Ò±Ú øÚÀ«√˙fl¡¸ ” √√
26.4.1 ¬ø˘e·
26.4.2 ø˙鬱
26.4.3 ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±
26.5 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬-¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙·Ó¬ ø√fl¡
26.5.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ù¬˘õ∂¸”Ó¬±
26.5.2 ÚœøÓ¬, ¸˜±Ê√ › Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
26.6 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ·ÌÓ¬La
26.6.1 ¬õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ·ÌÓ¬La
26.6.2 ¬õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La
26.6.3 ¬¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La
26.6.4 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬N
26.6.5 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › øÚø©flË¡˚˛Ó¬± – ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú
26.7 ¬Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬La
26.8 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
26.9 ¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ
26.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À˙À¯∏ ’±¬ÛøÚ ˚± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ–
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸—:±¬ ,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œ˘àȬ±¬ı˛ ø˜˘¬ıË…±Ô¸˝√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Àfl¡¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ ,
117
ø˘e· ø˙鬱, ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ù¬˘õ∂¸”Ó¬±, ÚœøÓ¬-¸˜±Ê√-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛
øˆ¬øM√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ˜”˘ øÚÀ«√˙¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛¬ ,
õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ·ÌÓ¬La ¤¬ı— ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ õ∂¸Àe·¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì¬ ,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬N¬ ,
’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › øÚø©flË¡˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¡ ≈√øȬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ › ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú¬ ,
¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂ √√À̬ı˛ ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬˜ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±í–Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬La ˚± Ú ˛± õ∂ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ’—˙¢∂ √√À̬ı˛
Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º
26.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ’±˜¬ı˛± õ∂ÀÓ¬…Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡-¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ :±Ú ’±˝√√¬ı˛Ì fl¡ø¬ı˛º Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú-Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…
’ÀÚfl¡º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ , ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
√À˘ Œ˚±·±√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, Œfl¡Î¬◊¬ı± øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂±Ôπ¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ õ∂‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛, Œfl¡Î¬◊¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú›
¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øάˇÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œfl¡±Ú› ά◊2‰¬
õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬ÛÀ√ ’±¸œÚ ˝√√Úº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˝≈ ¬ı…øq¡ ’±ÀÂ√Ú ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« ”√À¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı˛
Ô±Àfl¡Ú, ¤˜Úøfl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬√±ÀÚ› Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’±¢∂˝√√ Œ√‡±Ú Ú±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì
¸˜±Êø¬ı:±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œfl¡±Ô±˚˛∑ ¤¬ı˛ ά◊M√√À¬ı˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛,
·ÌÓ¬La˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± ’Ú… ¬ı±¬ıàÔ±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ Ó¬± ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ’±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√
¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸”Sº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛
fl¡˜ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˚ø√› ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˜±S˝◊√√ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±, › ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘›
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±·œ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ú©Ü ˝√√˚˛º
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ˜”˘ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…
Œ˚˜Ú ¸¥œ
118
3. 2. 4.
(dictated participation)
26.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ¸—:±
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤˜Ú Œ¶§26√±ÒœÚ (Voluntary) õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ › Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ŒÚ˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS
1
2
˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¸Ù¬˘ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇ
Ú±º
119
26.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
(Lester Milbrath)
1965 Political Participation : How and why do people get involved in
Politics? (hierarchical)
˚ (Gladiators), (Spectators),
(Apathetic) 60Ì
(badge)
(progression)
(adjustment)
¬ı ≈√√Àé¬ÀS ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¸ ” √√
[Œ˚˜Ú, ëŒ˚±X±·Ìí] ’Ú… Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ [Œ˚˜Ú, ë√˙«fl¡í] ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ ø˘5 Ô±Àfl¡Ú
1977 Political
Participation-
(Sidney
Verba), (Norman H. Nie) (J. Kim)-
Participation in America ¥œ The Modes of Democratic
Participation Participation and Political Equality,
120
(specialization)-
(protestors), (community
activists) (party and campaign workers),
(communicators), (contactors)
(voter) (inactive)
’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – õ∂Ò±Ú øÚÀ«√˙fl¡¸˜”˝√√
(general)
˚
¤˝◊√√ ’—À˙ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ øÚÌ«±˚˛fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ’ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº
fl¡±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡Ú fl¡À¬ı˛∑
(motivate)
(structural)
(Gender),
(education), (life patterns)-
(Gender difference)
(variable)
¤˝◊√√ ¬Ù¬±¬ı˛±fl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛, √˘œ˚˛
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı
˘é¬Ìœ˚˛º Œˆ¬±È¬√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¬Û=±À˙¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ·À¬ı¯∏fl¡¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı
121
¬Û≈¬ı˛≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˝√√˘ √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú :±¬ÛÚº ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛
‹ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…, Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¬Û±˘Ú,
√œ‚« ’±˚˛≈ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ ¸øflË¡˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡±
˚±˚º
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ·À¬ı¯∏̱˚˛ õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸¬ı«±—À˙ ¸Ó¬…
Ú˚˛º ¬Û±(±Ó¬… ≈√øÚ˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊ißÓ¬ Œ√˙¸˜”À˝√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊2‰¬¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÀ√ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± flË¡˜˙ ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀÂ√ , ’ÀÚfl¡Àé¬ÀS, Œ˚˜Ú Ú¬ı˛›À˚˛, ŒÎ¬Ú˜±fl«¡, ¸≈˝◊√√ÀÎ¬Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√
Œ√À˙ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¬Û≈¬ı˛≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ ¸˜¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ√ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√ º ¬ı˛±©Ü™¸—‚ fl¡Ó‘«¬fl¡ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Ú
Human Development Report-¤ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±S±˚˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÌÀfl¡ Ú±¬ı˛œ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± (Women
empowerment)-¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ˚ø√› ø¬ıËÀȬÚ, ’Àà√∏Cø˘˚˛±, ˝◊√√Ȭ±ø˘, ’±˚˛±¬ı˛˘…±`¬ › Ùˬ±Àk
˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘º ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… Œ√À˙, ˜ø˝√√˘±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√
¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬± fl¡±øȬÀ˚˛ ά◊ͬÀÂ√Úº ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏̱˚˛ ¤› Œ√‡± ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ŒÎ¬Ú˜±fl«¡, ¬Ûø(˜ Ê√±˜«±Úœ,
Œ¶ÛÚ, fl¡±Ú±Î¬± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Œ√À˙ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±¬ı˛± ¬Û≈¬ı˛≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ¸—‡…±˚˛ ¬ı±˜ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸√¸…
√√À26√Úº
ά◊À~‡… Œ˚ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ·À¬ı¯∏̱¸˜”˝√√ ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬Û±(±ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ά◊ißÓ¬ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√
fl¡À¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√ º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ά◊ißøÓ¬˙œ˘ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ˜ø˝√√˘±-¬Û≈¬ı˛≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬Ù¬±¬ı˛±fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
d¬¬ı˛ › Œé¬ÀS ø¬ı√…˜±Úº Œ˚ ’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ øȬÀfl¡ Ô±Àfl¡,
Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ‹ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’± ” ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Ú± ‚Ȭ± ¬Û «z¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ¬Û≈¬ı≈ ∏À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±¬ı˛± ø¬ÛøÂ√À ˛
Ô±fl¡À¬ıº
Almond and Verba
122
(gladiator)-
(Charisma)
(skill)
26.4.3 ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±
26.5 ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ - ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙·Ó¬ ø√fl¡
˚
123
(political efficacy)-
–
˚ (Trust)
1
2
3
4 ¥¤
ÚœøÓ¬, ¸˜±Ê√ › Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
124
¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ › Δ¬ıÒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±› Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œé¬ÀS ¸”Ñ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛
’±›Ó¬±˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº
–
–
1971
1928
(Maurice
Duverger), (Vicky Randall), (Karstin Barkman)-
125
(resource position discrepancy)
Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡ ˚±¬ı˛± Ó¬±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ’øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± (dominant
beliefs structure) fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛≈ø‰¬ (preference) › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ·Í¬ÀÚ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
26.6 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ·ÌÓ¬La
¥¤
¥¤
1 2 3
4 – ˚
˚ 5 6
26.6.1 õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ·ÌÓ¬La
(local govt. institutions)
126
(Electronic
democracy)
õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La
(common features)
õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ≈‡œ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ › õ∂øflË¡ ˛±·Ó¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬Û± ˛º
127
26.6.3 ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La
˜±fl«¡¸, ¤Àe·˘¸ › Œ˘øÚÀÚ¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ˛ ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La › ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ά◊√±¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ı˝≈√√ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º Ó¬¬ı≈› ¤˝◊√√ ¶§ä ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±
õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úº
¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ˛ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬LaÀfl¡ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ≈À·¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡
ëά◊ißÓ¬Ó¬¬ı˛í ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ 븜˜±¬ıXÓ¬±í ›
ë’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡Ó¬±í¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡› ¤Àé¬ÀS ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ˚≈øq¡ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ’¸˜ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊√±¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬La Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬± ¸—øù≠©Ü Œ˙± ∏Ì › øÚÀ©Û ∏À̬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ G¬À˘
fl¡‡ÀÚ± ◊√√ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø ˛Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ≈ø¬ıÒ± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¸√ …¬ı˛±
Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú , ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, øÚÀ©Ûø¯∏Ó¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ëÙ“¬±¬Û± õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬í-ŒÓ¬ ¬Û˚«¬ıø¸Ó
˝√√˚˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ Œ˚ 븱¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úí-¤¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û”¬ı«±—À˙ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛˘±˜ Œ¸˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛
Ê√Ú-’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øȬ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ˜øfl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì (pseudo-participation) ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±
√√ º
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±À¸ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àᬬı˛ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì ¸y¬¬ı √√ ˛º
¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚÊ√¶§ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘º
Œ˙±¯∏̘≈q¡ |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ ¬ı…øq¡˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± ¬ıøÊ«√Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ìõ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±î¬ı˛ ¶§±√ ¬Û±˚˛º ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ˝◊√√ Ê√ij ŒÚÀ¬ı ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¶§˙±¸Ú
˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜±S± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ø¬ı˘≈5 ˝√√À˘
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ˘≈5 ˝√√À¬ıº
26.6.4 ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬N
¸Ú±Ó¬Úœ ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛¬ õ∂¬ıq¡±À√¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬La ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ õ∂Ò±Ú ’±¬ÛøM√√ ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Œ|Ìœø¬ıÚ…±¸ (hierarchy) ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˜”˘Ó¬N ¤˝◊√√ – é≈¬^
Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú ˙≈Ò≈˜±S fl¡±˜… Ú˚˛, ’¬ı˙…yˆ¬±¬ıœ› ¬ıÀȬº ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸Àe· õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı øÓ¬Ú õ∂¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ Ú±˜
›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øάˇÓ¬–ø·È¬±ÀÚ± ˜¸ƒfl¡± (Gaetano Mosca), (Vilfred Pareto)
(Roberto Michel)- øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¤¬ı˛±
¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸˝√√˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚ ëõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜≈‡œ-·ÌÓ¬Laí ¤fl¡ ’Ó¬…z¬ ìø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡î Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º
˜¸ƒfl¡±, ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀȬ± › ø˜À‰¬˘-¤¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¸•ú≈‡œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ˚‡Ú ø¬ı—˙
˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ › Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ˝◊√√Ó¬±ø˘¬ı˛ Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√ ë¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛í ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛
’·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¸y¬¬ıÓ¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ˜¸ƒfl¡± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘
Ê√Úõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜≈‡œÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ ¬ıÀ˘Ú, ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’z¬˜≈«‡œ › ’øÓ¬¸z≈¬©Ü ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˝≈√√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±
128
’±¸À¬ı › ¤˝◊√√ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± fl¡±˜…º õ∂¸e·Ó¬ ˙≈˜ø¬ÛȬ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ , ˙≈˜ø¬ÛȬ±¬ı˛
˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¶§±àÔ…fl¡¬ı˛º
Ó¬À¬ı ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ “±¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Ê√øάˇÀ ˛ ˚± ˛, øÓ¬øÚ ø¸-¬ı˛± ◊√√Ȭ ø˜˘ ƒ (C-wright Mills)º
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ The Power Elite ¢∂À&Ô ¬ı˛±˝◊√√Ȭ ø˜˘¸ƒ ˜”˘Ó¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ë鬘Ӭ±À·±á¬œí¬ı˛
õ∂¬ı˘ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ı˛±˝◊√√Ȭ ø˜˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™ › ’Ú…±Ú… ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«
¬ÛÀ√ ’±¸œÚ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ±À·±á¬œ ·øͬӬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ › Œ¬ı¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ
’±¸œÚ ά◊2‰¬¬Û√àÔ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛› ¬ı˛±˝◊√√Ȭ ø˜˘¸ ¤˝◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸… ¬ı˛”À¬Û ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±˝◊√√Ȭ ø˜˘À¸¬ı˛
¬ıq¡¬ı… ˜”˘ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ¬Û√ ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… Œé¬ÀS ë˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ¬Û˚«±˚˛í-¤¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ ›
Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú › ’Ú…±Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ˚≈q¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡z≈¬ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛
Ú±º
¤ õ∂¸Àe· ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Ó¬±øNfl¡
¬ıάˇ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ά±˘ (Robert Dahl) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Who Governs › Polyarchi
Participation and Opposition ¢∂&Ô¡ZÀ˚˛ ά◊√±¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˝√√Ó¬±˙Ê√Úfl¡ ø‰¬S Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS
ά±˘ ¬ı± ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ Ó¬±øM3fl¡·Ì ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√‡±Ú fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı øfl¡Â≈√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˜G¬À˘¬ı ’±›Ó¬±˚ ’±Ú± √√ ¤¬ı— øfl¡Â≈√ Ò¬ıÀÚ¬ı ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ◊√√
‹ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G¬À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º
26.6.5 ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › øÚø©flË¡˚˛Ó¬± – ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú
1
2 –
3
–
129
1
2
3
¥¤
Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬La
(electronic town meeting)
(electronic referendum)
¤fl¡øȬ fl¡•Û≈…Ȭ±¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂±z¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… Œ˚-
Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂±Àz¬ Ó¬Ô… › ¬ıq¡¬ı… Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì ¬ı± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±
¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ › ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛–¤ ◊√√ ≈øq¡ ◊√√ Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú
·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı
Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛Ì ¸˝√√Ê√ Ú˚˛º
–
130
26.8 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
’øÓ¬¸—Àé¬À¬Û ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1
2
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1
2
ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –¬
1
2
1 L. Milbreth and M. Goel : Political Participation, (Chicago), 1977.
2 D. L. Silhed : International Encyclopoedia of Social Sciences, Vol. 11 and 12,
1972, pp. 252-265.
3º A. H. Birch : The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy (London),
1993.
4 B. Axford et al. (eds) Politics : An Introduction, Political Participation
(London), 1997.
131
27.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
27.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
27.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı
27.3 Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
27.3.1 ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±
27.4 fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
27.4.1 õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ’Ô«¸—¢∂˝√√
27.4.2 ¬ŒÚÓ‘¬Q › ˆ≈¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì
27.4.3 ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒfl¡¬ı˛Ì
27.4.4 Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¸‰¬˘Ó¬±
27.4.5 ÚœøÓ¬ › ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ά◊¬ÛàÔ±¬ÛÚ
27.4.6 ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬Ú
27.5 ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
27.5.1 ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
27.5.2 ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
27.6 ά◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı
27.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
27.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
27.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬ ’—À˙ ’±¬ÛøÚ ˚± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø‰¬Sº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬M3±˚˛Ú–ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˜À‰¬À˘¬ı˛ ì’±˚˛¬ı˛Ú ˘ ’¬ı
’ø˘·±øfl«¡îº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S… ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
132
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±º
27.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
ì¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ î-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ‹øÓ¬ √√±ø¸fl¡ ≈ ”√√ÀÓ«¬ ά◊æ√¬ı √√ ˛º ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ≈‡œ
õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˝◊ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Û › ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ õ∂¸±¬ı˛˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜ø√Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡
øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú¸˜”˝√√ Œ˚·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬Û√ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ˘À鬅 ¤fl¡ ¬ı± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸˝√√À˚±À·
ëøÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ˛í Œ˚±· ø√Ó¬º ’¬ı˙… ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ì¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘î-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS
øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ≈q¡ Ú ˛ ¤˜Ú ¸—·Í¬Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… √√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚¸¬ı é≈¬¬^ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—·Í¬Ú ˚±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± fl¡˜, ¤˜Úøfl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú›,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û±˚˛º
¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¤Ó¬˝◊√√ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Œ˚
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬ıøÊ«√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ø‰¬z¬± fl¡¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ˚±˚˛ Ú± , ˚ø√› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛
¸¥¤ ¥¤(rhetoric)
(interact aggregation) (interest articulation)
133
¥¤ (M. I.
Ostrogoski) (R. Michel)
(Iron Law of Oligarchy)
27.3 Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
(Mourice Durverger)
Political Parties
(mass party) (cadre
party)
(caucus);
(branch), (cell), (militia),
(coteric) (clique)
134
(agrarian);
(Giovanni Sartori) Parties and Party Systems
(atomistic)
(hegemonic) (pre-dominent)
(moderate) (extreme)
¥¤ (Joseph La Palombora)
(Myron Weiner) Political Parties and Political Development
(hegemonic ideological);
(hegemonic pragmatic); (turnover ideological);
(turnover pragmatic)
135
27.3.1 ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ Ó¬N±˚˛ÀÚ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜Àά˘ øÚ˜«±ÀÌ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ‰¬±¬ı˛øȬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˜Àά˘ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘ –
[1] ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜Àά˘ (Undeveloped Loyalty model) – ¤Àé¬ÀS √˘ ¸˜Ô«fl¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√
ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊2‰¬˜±S±¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… › ’ø¬ıø26√iß ¸˜Ô«Ú √±¬ıœ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ›
øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±S±˚˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂fl¡±˙ Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº Ó¬À¬ı ¤Àé¬ÀS ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı± ’Ú…±Ú… ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ŒÚ˝◊√√º
[2] ά◊ißÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜Àά˘ (Developed Loyalty Model) – ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸˜Ô«fl¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ √À˘¬ı˛
’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ ¬ÛÀ√±ißøÓ¬ › Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸•Û√øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛
õ∂ùüº
[3] ά◊ißÓ¬ ’Ú±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜Àά˘ (Developed Non-Loyalty Model) – ¤Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜Àά˘ ¬ı‘˝√√»
¬ı˛±©Ü™¸˜”˝√√, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√… › ’=À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√øȬ˘ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±ÀÂ√, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ ¤Àé¬ÀS √˘œ˚˛
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ≈√¬ı«˘¬ , ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ά◊ißÓ¬ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º
[4] ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’Ú±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜Àά˘ (Undeveloped Non-Loyalty Model) – ¤Àé¬ÀS √˘ ˝√√ ˛ ‡≈¬ı ◊√√
≈√¬ı«˘ ’Ô¬ı± ’ød¬Qø¬ı˝√√œÚº Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¤˝◊√√ ˜Àά˘ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ › Œ¬Ûìı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ (Civil
Society) ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Ô±Àfl¡ Ú± , ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬`¬ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ › ¬ı&Ò≈¬ı±&Ò¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ø√À˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡
≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛º
27.4 fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ά◊»¬ÛøM√√ › ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ Œ˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± ’Ê«√Ú › ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛
˘é¬…º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ ¬Û“±‰¬ ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
[1] ÚœøÓ¬øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì¬ , ά◊iß˚˛Ú › õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛¬ ,
[2] øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ › √˘œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Ê√Ú¸˜Ô«Ú ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ ,
[3] ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¢∂&Ôœfl¡¬ı˛Ì › õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì¬ ,
[4] √À˘ ¤ø˘È¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬Û√ ¬ı‘øX¬ ,
[5] ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬Úº
Ó¬À¬ı ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı, Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡øȬÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ú ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Ú±›
ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú Ê√Ú¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘é¬… øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ fl¡± «fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±¬ı˛
¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ëø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ √˘í ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±˘±ˆ¬Àfl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± ŒÔÀfl¡
˝◊√√26√±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı±√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
136
Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‹ √À˘¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º
¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı øÚø«√©Ü ˜±S±˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸˝√√Ê√ Ú˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı
¤Àé¬ÀS fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œé¬ÀS¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤
øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › Ê√˚˛˘±ˆ¬ –
¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈· Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ¤fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º (image)
27.4.1
¥œ
137
27.4.2 ŒÚÓ‘¬Q › ˆ≈¬øMê√fl¡¬ı˛Ì
¥¤
(Joseph Schlesinger)
(Leader producing organisation)
¸—˝√√øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒfl¡¬ı˛Ì
138
¥œ
¥œ
Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¸‰¬˘Ó¬±
— –
ÚœøÓ¬ › ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ά◊¬ÛàÔ±¬ÛÚ
139
(Common minimum programme)
¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬Ú
27.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
¥œ
140
¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±
¥œ
(heterogenous), (fragile)
141
ά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ú±Ú± ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˚±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡
Ú± Œfl¡Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ˜±Ú¬ı¸—·Í¬Ú ¤˝◊√√ ’ÀÔ« Œ˚ ¤øȬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Üº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
鬘Ӭ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’øÓ¬˜±S±˚˛ ’±˙± ¬ı± ¸•Û”Ì« ˝√√Ó¬±˙± õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸Ó¬…øȬ ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡±
õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úº
’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º ëfl¡fl¡±¸í › ë¬ı˱=í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±ÀÁ¡Ú∑
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘Àfl¡ ìŒÚÓ¬± ά◊»¬Û±√Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¸—·Í¬Úî ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ Œfl¡Ú∑
1
2
1
2
1º M. Duverger : Political Parties (London), 1964.
2º R. Rose : Do Parties Make a Difference? (London), 1984.
3º J. Blondal : Votero, Parties and Leaders (London), 1963.
4º D. L. Sill (ed.) : International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, 1972, Vols.
11 + 12, 1972, pp. 428-453.
5º J. Blondel (ed.) : Comparative Government, (Harmondsmith), 1975.
6º B. Axford ed.al. (eds.) : Politics : An Introduction, (London), 1997,
“Political Parties”.
142
28.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
28.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
28.2 Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ – ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸”S
28.3 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ
28.4 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ – Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
28.5 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙fl¡
28.5.1 ’Ô«
28.5.2 ¬¸√¸…¬Û√
28.5.3 ˜Ó¬±√ « › ˘é¬…
28.5.4 Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
28.6 ά◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı
28.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
28.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
28.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬ ’—À˙ ’±¬ÛøÚ ˚± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ
Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬M3±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸”Sº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬Ûø(ø˜ Ó¬M3ø¬ı√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛
¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º
¬¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬º
¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Úº
¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ øÚÌ«±˚˛fl¡º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › Œ¸˝◊√√
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ú±Ú± ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ˜”˘ ά◊¬Û±√Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”˝√√ ˝√√À˘›
143
¤ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¢∂±˝√√… Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬N øÚ˜«±Ì ¸y¬¬ı ˝√√˚˛øÚº Õ¬ıø‰¬ÀS…¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú ¸¬ı«¸¥œÓ¬ 댷±á¬œÓ¬Ní
¬ı± 댷±á¬œ ˜Àά˘í-¤¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ w¬±z¬ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÀ˚˛ ˜ÕÓ¬fl¡… Ô±fl¡À˘› ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√
¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ˚¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ·À¬ı¯∏̱ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
˜”˘Ó¬ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏̱ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ά◊ißÓ¬ Œ√˙¸˜”À˝√√ ˙≈¬ı˛≈
˝√√˚˛º ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ Œ˚, Œ˚ Œ√À˙ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛-¬ıø˝√√ˆ”«¬Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±À¬ı ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ‰¬‰«¬±¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛ ˝√√˚˛º
28.2 Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ – ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸”S
(Gierke)
(Meitland)
(G.D.H. Cole) (Harold Laski)
(Glamplwicz)
(Zimmel)
144
(Arthur Bently)º ˚ø√› ¤Àé¬ÀS Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘¬ı˛ ¸˝√√fl¡˜π Ê√Ú øάά◊ø ˛ (John Dewey)-¬ı˛ Ú±˜› ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±
Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı 1908 ¸±À˘ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ¢∂&Ô (The Process of Government)-¤ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
Œé¬ÀS Œ·±á¬œ¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤fl¡ ì¸≈¸—˝√√Ó¬ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Úî fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√Úº ·Í¬Ú˜”˘fl¡
¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¢∂À&Ô Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ·Ó¬±Ú≈·øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏À̬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX
ëø¬ıÀ^±˝√√í fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ‘√©Ü ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˜±S ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ¸y¬¬ı–¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬ı˙¬ıÓ¬π ˝√√À˚˛
Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ Œ·±á¬œøflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ˜”˘…±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤˝◊√√
Œ·±á¬œøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ì’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Úî (transactions)-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó¬À¬ı ‹
¢∂À&Ô Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ì’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Úî ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø¬ı˙√ ¬ı…±‡…± Œ√ÚøÚº
Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ì¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛î ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ ø√À˘›, ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ˚¶§±Ô«Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ ’±À¸, Ù¬À˘ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛¬ ¬ı√À˘ ¤fl¡ øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı±
¸—fl¡œÌ« Œé¬ÀS ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ≈¬ı≈ √√ ˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ
¸—·Í¬Ú ¬ı± fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º
28.3 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ
¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ [¬ı± ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ] Œ˚ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Ó¬± ’±¬ı˛› ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬ı± ’z¬Ó¬ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ‹ Œ·±á¬œ [¸˜”˝√√]
¸˜±Ê√ ¸—·Í¬Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øÚÊ√¶§ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’—˙ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
› ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¤Ó¬˝◊ Œ¬ıÀάˇÀÂ√ Œ˚ ¬ı˘±
˝√√˚˛ ¤À√¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤fl¡fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ (Single issue)-
øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√À26√º
28.4 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ – Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
[1 (Sectional Group);
[2] (Promotional Group)
145
¥¤
˚
˚ (Green peace)
28.5 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙fl¡
28.5.1 ’Ô
146
¸√¸…¬Û√
ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı± ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Úfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ‹ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸… ¸—‡…±,
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ÚœøÓ¬ › Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¸√¸…¬ı˛±
¸—‡…±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ˝√√À˘ ¸—øù≠©Ü Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ √±¬ıœÀfl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸˝√√ÀÊ Î¬◊À¬Û鬱 fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º
˜Ó¬±√ « › ˘é¬…
Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ ˝√√À˘ ‹ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± Œ˚˜Ú fl¡˜±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ±
Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ ˜ÀÚ Ú± ˝√√À˘ Œ¸ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı‘øX
˝√√˚˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬Ûάˇ±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± Œ¬ıÀάˇ ˚±˚˛º
Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı˝≈√√·≈Ì ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ˚ø√ ‹ Œ·±á¬œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡
¸√Ô«fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œ˚ Œ·±á¬œ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ 鬘Ӭ± ¬Û±˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛› Œ¸ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…
ά◊À¬Û鬱 fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±fl¡À˘ Œ¸ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±
› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡À˜ ˚±˚˛º
28.6 ά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±À√¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ Œ˚±À·¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ’±À·˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤Àé¬ÀS ˚≈øq¡ ˝√√˘, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú±Ú± Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡
Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ìõ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…î › ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G¬˘ ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¶§±Ô« ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… Ê√±ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, Ù¬À˘
‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜… ¬ı˛é¬± ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜… ¤˜Ú ˝√√˚˛ Ú± ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ˝◊√√ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂±Àz¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛± √øé¬Ì¬ÛKÔœ (New
Right) ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛, ˜±ø˘fl¡À·±á¬œ › ˝◊√√ά◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıX , ’Ú… Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øS˜≈‡œ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±˚˛ Œ˚±· Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ì鬘Ӭ± ŒÚ˝◊√√îº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ø¬ıÓ¬øfl«¡Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Úº
28.7 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¬ÛøÔfl‘¡ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
2º ’±Ô«±¬ı˛ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ õ∂̜Ӭ ¢∂À&Ô¬ı˛ Ú±˜ fl¡œ∑
147
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø·˚˛fl¡« › Œ˜˝◊√√Ȭ˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… fl¡œ∑
2º Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑
1º ø¬ıˆ¬±·œ˚˛ › ˜Ó¬õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
2º ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙¸˜”˝√√ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ¸˝√√fl¡±À¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
28.8 ά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±¬ı˛
1º D. L. Sillsed : International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Vols. 11 + 12,
1962, pp. 241-245.
2º A. Grant : The American Political Process (Dartmouth), 1994.
3º G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell, Jr. : Comparative Politics (New Delhi), 1972,
pp. 74-79.
148
29.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
29.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
29.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú
29.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜
29.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
29.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì
29.5.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Almond-¤¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì
29.5.2 ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Lucian Pye.
29.6 ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
29.7 ά◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı
29.8 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
29.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
29.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ıñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¤¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì·≈ø˘ fl¡œ∑
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±øȬ Œfl¡˜Ú∑
¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜‘øX › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ˙±‡± ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√, Œ˚˜Ú ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¤ ◊√√¸¬ı Ú±Ú± ˙±‡±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¸˜±Ê√ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬, ά◊iß˚˛Ú-¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N,
Œ˚˜Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú-¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ’±¢∂˝√√œ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ά◊iß˚˛Ú
149
õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ά◊¬ÛÊ√œ¬ı…º Ó¬À¬ı ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úí
› ëά◊iß ˛Úí Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ≈√íøȬ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ŒÓ¬± Ú ˛ ◊√√, ¬ı¬ı˛— Ó¬± ¶Û©ÜÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ’ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ”‰¬fl¡º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ≈√íøȬ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¤˝◊ õ∂¸Àe· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (modernization) Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ά◊À~‡…º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬
¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜–Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ·Ì¸—À˚±·
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙-ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ flË¡˜±i§À˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡À˚±À· ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ±º Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘
¤fl¡ õ∂¬ı˘ ’±Rø¬ıù´±¸œ › ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ’¬ı˙… ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ˚Àԩܺ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß ˛Ú õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì øÚÀ ˛ Ó¬± ◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ú±Ú± ˜Ó¬±ÕÚfl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Ó¬À¬ı fl¡À ˛fl¡øȬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì
˘é¬À̬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ‹fl¡˜Ó¬…› ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˘é¬Ì·≈ø˘¬ı˛ øÚø¬ı˛À‡˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·øȬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˘º
ë¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úí › ëά◊iß˚˛Úí ˙s ≈√íøȬ ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À˘› ø¬ı˙√ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ › ≈√˝◊À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬Û±Ô«fl¡…¬ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜”˘Ó¬ ¤fl¡øȬ ‚Ȭڱ ¬ı± øflË¡˚˛±¬ , ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú›
¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀάˇº ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ¤fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ô« ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√
¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú¬ , øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˝◊√√ ëά◊iß˚˛Úí ¬ıÀ˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬ı± ¸˜‘øXÀfl¡˝◊√√ Œfl¡¬ı˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚ӬȬ± ˜”˘…˜±Ú-øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±
Ú˚˛º ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¬ı± õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± øÚø˝√√Ó¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛
¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ¸¬ı˛˘˜±øSfl¡ (linear) d¬¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ (diversified) ¸˜‘XÓ¬¬ı˛ ô¶À¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡˝◊√√
¬ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊M√√¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’Ô«±» ˚± øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ fl¡Ó¬È¬± ˆ¬±À˘± ˝√√˘, fl¡œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì
’¢∂·øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ Œ¸È¬±˝◊√√ ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±¸˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬…º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ·Í¬Ú › Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± Œˆ¬À„√√ ø·À˚˛
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œé¬S ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚Ó¬‡±øÚ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚÀ˚±·… › ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú Ó¬Ó¬‡±øÚ
¸ √√ÀÊ√ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚÀ˚±·… Ú ˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò-ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡› ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂¬ı˘º Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·Ìø¬ıÀ鬱Àˆ¬¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ ’Ô¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤fl¡øȬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¡±¬ı˛≈¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› ’±¬ÛøM√√ Ô±fl¡À¬ı Ú±º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú fl¡Ô±øȬ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜”˘…˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛
õ∂ùü Ê√øάˇÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±, ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı± ’¬ıÚ˚˛Ú
¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ˜Ó¬Àˆ¬√ ‚Ȭ± ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ú˚˛º
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¸˜‘øX › ά◊M√√¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ˜”˘…˜±Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸•Û‘q¡ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬˝◊√√ ¤Àfl¡
ø‚À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˜Ó¬± › ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Ó¬±˝◊√√ ëά◊iß˚˛Úí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸≈øÚø«√©Ü › ¸—øé¬5
¸—:± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì ¸yˆ¬¬ı Ú˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬i߈¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√ › ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı˘
150
˜Ó¬¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¤˜Úøfl¡ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ¬ı˛±› øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì-Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl ¡Î¬◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·øȬÀfl¡
ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬¬ı≈ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± › ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜
˚‡Ú Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú-ø¬ıÚ…±¸ flË¡˜-¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±Ê√±Ó¬ ¸efl¡È¬ › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ
¸é¬˜ ’øÒfl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú Ú±À˜
’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ‹ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ 2˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ¬Û˚«±À˚˛º ¸√…ø¬ı·Ó¬ ø¬ı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜Ò…ˆ¬±À· ˚‡Ú ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡·≈ø˘ ^nÓ¬ ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛ ˝√√œÚ¬ı˘
˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂±ÀôL√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙˬfl¡± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√˙ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú-
Œ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ ˙‘∫˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈Mê√ ˝√√À˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œé¬ÀS ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ › ¸—˝√√Ó¬ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ ˙≈¬ı˛≈
fl¡À¬ı˛¬ , ¸√… ¶§±ÒœÚ ¤ ◊√√ ¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ì«Ò±¬ı˛ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±ø¬ıƒ√¬ı˛± ά◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂fl¡ä › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı”¬Û ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ” fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı
ά◊汬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—
¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ¬ı± ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙ › Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì« ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº
¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ά◊À~‡… ø¬ı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Û“±À‰¬¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ˜±øfl«¡Ú-Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ¡ZÀiZ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÀ˜¬ı˛≈Àfl¡øffl¡ ͬ±`¬±˚≈ÀX¬ı˛
Œ˚ ¬ı±Ó¬±¬ı¬ı˛Ì ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¸√… ¶§±ÒœÚ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ ˜≈q¡
√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øÚº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ ˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√ ·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ õ∂±q¡Ú fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú-Œ˙± ∏À̬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ø¬ı¬ı”¬ÛÓ¬± › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡
¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¢∂˝√√ ¸ÀN› ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıø‰¬S Ȭ±Ú±À¬Û±ÀάˇÚ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ˝√√À˚˛
›Àͬº ¬Ûø(˜œ ø˙ä-õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ Ò“±À‰¬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø·√Àfl¡ ’¢∂±˝√√… fl¡¬ı˛± Œ·˘ Ú±º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ˜±S±˚˛ ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì › ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛
‚Ȭ˘º ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀ˘± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ › ά◊iß˚˛Úº
Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ26≈√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸˜œé¬± › ·À¬ı¯∏̱ ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±¬ı˛ √±˚˛ˆ¬±¬ı˛
õ∂Ô˜ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Ú ’À¬Û鬱 ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı√…± › ’Ô«ø¬ı√…±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ¬ıø˙ ¬ıÀÓ«¬øÂ√˘º ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±À˚±À·¬ı˛
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ˝√√˘ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ά◊iß˚˛Úfl¡±˜œ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú
¬ı± ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı, fl¡Ó¬‡±øÚ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬ÛÀÔ ¸±øÒÓ¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√∑ ¬ı˘± ¬ı± ≈√√ …, ά◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√ ·≈ø˘ ά◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ , ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤À√¬ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±› ¸˜À·±Sœ˚˛ Ú˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı Œ√À˙ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˚≈Ê√… ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡øÚº ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˙±‡±¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ˚±Àfl¡ ëÓ≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬í
Ú±À˜ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º√
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ‚øÚá¬
’Ú≈¯∏e· ˝√√˘ Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ˚La±˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ı±˝√√… õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˚≈øq¡¬ı±√œ
151
ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±, Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ˆ¬±¬ı·Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¸±ø¬ı«fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±Àfl¡ Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ‚ÀȬ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±, õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ” fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±-¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜º
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙±¸Ú-Œ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√-
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ d¬À¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı± √√… õ∂øflË¡ ˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ”S¬Û±Ó¬ √√À ˛øÂ√ , ˚ø√› Œ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı õ∂øflË¡ ˛± øÂ√ ‡øG¬Ó¬ › ø¬ıøé¬5º
¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±-ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı«› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ˜≈‡… õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√›˚˛± õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛
õ∂±øz¬fl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ê«√Ú±¸˝√√ Œ¸·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ › Q¬ı˛±øi§Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Œ˙±¯∏Ì-˘≈FÀÚ Ê√œÌ« ¸˜±Ê√-
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Ú·«Í¬Ú › ≈Ó¬ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¬ı± ά◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘À鬅 ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡Ì«Ò±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¬Ûø(˜œ Ò“±À‰¬¬ı˛ ø˙äõ∂ ≈øq¡,
Ú·¬ı˛± ˛Ì ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ı± √√… õ∂øflË¡ ˛±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ’Ú≈ ¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤ ◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û ø √√À¸À¬ı ◊√√ ·Ì… √√À ˛ ’±¸ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
õ∂øflË¡˚˛± õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜, Œ˚˜Ú – [fl¡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˙±¸Ú
› fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬± õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Œ·±á¬œ, Ê√±øÓ¬, Ò˜« øfl¡—¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛
’¬ı¸±Ú ‚ÀȬº Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬Qº [‡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ˜±S± › ¬ı…±ø5 ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º
[·] ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÀ̬ı Ù¬À˘ ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À « ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ıÌ (differentiation) › ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏œfl¡¬ıÌ (specialization)
‚ÀȬº [‚] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜”˘fl¡ › √˘øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”˝√√ ·Àάˇ
›Àͬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±Ú± ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œº [„√√] ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡
Œé¬ÀS Ú±Ú± ¸—À˚±·-˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º
˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±ÀÓ¬ Œ˚¸¬ı ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ‚Ȭڱ
ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˝√√˘ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛ ’±Àμ±˘Ú, Δ¶§¬ı˛Ó¬Laø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ·Ìø¬ıõ≠¬ı,
ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± Ê√ij ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’±√˙«,
˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”À˝√√¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
Œ˚˜Ú Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú ¬ı± ˚La±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·Àάˇ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬
› ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬, ΔÚ¬ı«…øq¡fl¡ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ › ¶§±ÒœÚ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, Œfl¡Ã˜Àfl¡øffl¡
¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø¸øˆ¬˘ Œ¸±¸±˝◊√√øȬ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ø¬ı:±Ú › õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ıø˝√√˘«é¬Ì õ∂Ó¬…é¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ
’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øӬᬱÚ-¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√› ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Ûø(˜œ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ¸˜À·±Sœ˚˛ ¬ı± ¸˜Ò˜π ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛±
¸˜œ‰¬œÚ Ú˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ’¬Û¸±¬ı˛À̬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√ ¤fl¡ ¬Û”Ì«±e· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ àÔ±Ú øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ˚≈øq¡, fl¡Ó«‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛
¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ √±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬±, ά◊»¬Û±√ÚÀfl¡ ¸‰¬˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ά◊æ√±¬ıÚœ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û, Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ é≈¬^ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛
Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ŒÊ√À·ÀÂ√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜˚«±√±À¬ı±Ò ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡-˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¤À¸ “√±øάˇÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ¸¬ıøfl¡Â≈√¬ı˛ Œfl¡Àfº
152
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’z¬–àÔ˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ·Àάˇ Ú± ά◊Àͬ
˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±À¬ı˛±ø¬ÛÓ¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬ı√À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Œfl¡ÃÓ≈¬fl¡˜˚˛ ø˜|Ì ‚ÀȬ ˚±Àfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ë‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìí
(Modernization of tradition) ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…øq¡ fl¡√±ø‰¬» Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ›¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ àÔ±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛
øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ , ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’±‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√˜”˘ ≈√¬ı«˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¸˜˚˛ ˘±À· ’ÀÚfl¡º ¬Û≈¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
¬Û≈Ú¬ı˛±¬ı‘øM√√ ¬ı&Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø√À˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı‘øX ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ± Œ¬ı˙ fl¡øÍ¬Ú fl¡±Ê√º ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙ ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛
’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± ’±À¸º
Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø(˜œ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± Œ˚ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¸M± ¬ı± ¬ı…øq¡˜±Ú¸ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¸˜Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡˜±Ú¸ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Daniel Larner, David
Maccleland, Everett Hagen, Alex Inkeles õ∂˜≈‡ Œ˘‡fl¡¬ı˛± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ (Modern Man)
Œ˚ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬À̬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√ø√˙ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¸˝√√Ê√˘ˆ¬… Ú˚˛º√
¬Û”À¬ı«˝◊√√ ά◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ › Ó¬N·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬
‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛ ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ¬Û «±À ˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ ˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’ÀÒ«±ißÓ¬ ¬ı± ά◊iß ˛ÀÚ26≈√ Œ√ ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊iß ˛Ú ” fl¡ õ∂ ˛±À¸¬ı˛
õ∂¸Àe·º Ó¬À¬ı, õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛ ¬Ûø(˜œ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬
Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√º ˜≈‡…Ó¬, fl¡±Í¬±À˜±-fl¡±˚«·Ó¬ ÓN ¬ı± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±:±¬Ûfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì › ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ˜Àά˘ Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Edward Shils, Lucian Pye, Samuel
Huntington, Daniel Larner, David Apter, Almond › Powell õ∂˜≈‡√ ¬ı˝≈√√ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœº
¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±, fl¡±Í¬±À˜±-fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸¬ı˛˘
¬Û˚«±˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬¬ı˛, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú Ú±À˜ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
¤fl¡Ô±› ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˝√√˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
fl¡±˚«flË¡˜ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø(˜œ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡¬ı˛± ˜”˘Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ¬ı…q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬Ûø(˜œ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬
Œ√˙·≈ø˘˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ › ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú√G¬ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√
˚± Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ¬ı± ’¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ‰¬À˘º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…À˚˛ øàÔÓ¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Karl
Deutsch, Daniel Larner, Edward Shils ¤¬ı— Rostow › Pye-¤¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º
¤ ◊√√ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√¬ı˛± õ∂± ˛ ¸fl¡À˘ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì ø √√À¸À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛
Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÌÀfl¡√ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Rostow › Pye-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘é¬…
˝√√˘ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬¸±ÒÚº Edward Shil-› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
¤fl¡øȬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˘é¬Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¡ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
153
’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Everett Hagen, Eisenstadt, G.A. Almond õ∂˜≈‡ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ±
øˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜”˘ õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±√… ˝√√˘,
ø¬ıfl¡±˙˜±Ú Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Œ˚ Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬± › ¸˜¸…±ø√¬ı˛
¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ÛXøÓ¬
·Àάˇ ›Àͬ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Hagen Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬
¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú “growth of institutions & practices that allow a political system to deal with
its own fundamental problems more effectively”. ŒÓ¬˜Ú ◊√√ ¤fl¡ ◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ Eisenstadt
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÚÀfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú “the ability of a political system to sustain continuously new
types of political demands & organisations”. ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ õ∂±˚˛ ¬˝≈√√¬ı˝≈√√ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸≈À¬ı˛
fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Alfred Diament.
Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏À̬ı˛ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±À̬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸—øé¬5 ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡
’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ√¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘› ≈√íøȬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±ÌÀfl¡ ’±¬ı˛› ¤fl¡È≈¬ ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± Œ˚ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º
29.5.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Almond-¤¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì
Gabriel Almond ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¸˜”˝√√Àfl¡ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ñõ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√
≈√íøȬ ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛À˘› ¤ ≈˝◊À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ¤fl¡øȬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ (Transitional) ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±›
ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú õ∂˚˛±¸ Œ˚ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√ Ó¬± ˝√√˘, ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’À¬Û鬱 ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ë√é¬íº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ √é¬Ó¬± ¬ı± 븱˜Ô«…í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸e·øÓ¬ ¬ıÊ√± ˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡ fl¡± « ¸•Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛
õ∂øflË¡ ˛±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˛º Almond-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ √é¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ¸±˜Ô«… øÓ¬ÚøȬ ¬Û «±À ˛¬ı˛ fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛
¡Z±¬ı˛± ˚±‰¬±˝◊√√ ˝√√˚˛--[fl¡] ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ, [‡] ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ › [·]
’øˆ¬À˚±Ê√Ú ” fl¡ fl¡± «±¬ı˘œº
Almond › Powell ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÚÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¸˜øÒfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q
’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º ¤À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬ı˛øȬ ˜”˘ ¸˜¸…± ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ . [1] ¬ı˛±ø©Ü™fl¡ ·Í¬Ú (State building), [2] Ê√±øÓ¬·Í¬Ú (Nation
building), [3] ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì (Political Participation) ¤¬ı— [4] ¬ı∞I◊Ú › fl¡˘…±Ì¸±ÒÚ (Distritution
& Welfare)º
¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±ø©Ü™fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ¸•Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ¤¬ı—
õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡¬ı˛± ◊√√ √√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·Í¬Úº ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
¸¬ı˛˘˜±øSfl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ‹¸¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Ê√±Ó¬ Ê√øȬ˘ ¸˜¸…±ø√¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ d¬À¬ı˛
154
Ú±Ú± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ
¸—·Í¬Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂±z¬¸œ˜±ÀÓ¬› ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ÚÀ¬ı±æ”√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú øÚ˜«±Ì (Institution Building) ¬ıÀ˘› ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬
fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ø√fl¡ ˝√√˘ Ê√±øÓ¬·Í¬Úº ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú¸˜ø©Ü¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ≈√¬ı«˘ › ø˙øÔ˘º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ :±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ·Ó¬, Œfl¡Ã˜·Ó¬ ¬ı±
¸•x√± ˛·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı˘Ó¬¬ı˛ √√ ˛º ˘é¬…Ìœ ˛ √√ , ¬ı˛±©Ü™·Í¬Ú › Ê√±øÓ¬·Í¬Ú õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡
˝√√À˘› ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜±Ú ¸±˚≈Ê√… ¬ı˝≈√√ ¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ õ∂±˚˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡
¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬ı‘øXº Ú±Ú± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂ √√À̬ı˛ √±¬ıœ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤ ◊√√ ¬ı √±¬ıœ√±› ˛±¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛›
¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ › Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸•x¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬º
’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ◊√√ ’±øÔ«fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ≈À˚±· ≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛
’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ ¸≈¯∏˜ ¬ı∞I◊Ú ‚Ȭ±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ú±Ú± fl¡˘…±ÌÒ˜π fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ › õ∂fl¡ä ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ’±¢∂˝√√œ
˝√√ ˛, ’Ô¬ı± ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º
29.5.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂¸Àe· Lucian Pye
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸Àe· Lucian Pye-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘é¬Ì·≈26√
(Development Syndrome) Ú±À˜º ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ˘é¬Ì·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ Œ˚ øÓ¬ÚøȬ
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ¸·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ ¸˜Ó¬± (Equality), ¸±˜Ô«… (Capacity) ¤¬ı— ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì
(Differentiation)º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øάˇÓ¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¡˝◊√√ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Pye ¸˜Ó¬±
¬ıÀ˘ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Àfl¡ ◊√√ ¸øflË¡ ˛ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡Ó¬± (Active Citizenship) ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√ ˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ·ÀΡ¬ ›Àͬ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬√-
Δ¬ı¯∏À˜…¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ¸˜±Ú±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ˚ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˝√√Ê√ ’Ô« ˝√√˘
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±Àfl¡ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛, øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ › õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±º ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ’Ô«±»,
fl¡±Í¬±À˜±-fl¡±˚«·Ó¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Pye-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚« ¸•Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜Ô«… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º
155
¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß ÀÚ¬ı Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚ ‰¬±ø¬ıS˘é¬Ì √√ ø¬ı ¬±Ê√Úfl¡¬ıÌ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏œfl¡¬ı̺ (Differentiation Specialization)º
’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ά◊M√√¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú |˜ø√¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ Œ˚ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ fl¡˜«·Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › fl¡˜«·Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ¸˜Ó≈¬˘º ¤fl¡øȬ
’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± flË¡ø˜fl¡ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ¤À·±ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › fl¡˜«·Ó¬
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¤Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º
¤ õ∂¸Àe· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸Ó¬fl«¡¬ı±ÌœøȬ ά◊2‰¬±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Pye ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√À˙¬ı˛
ά◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸˜Ó¬±, ¸±˜Ô«…, › ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œ˚ øS˜±øSfl¡ ˘é¬Ì·≈26√, Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œ˚ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
øÚø(Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸e·øÓ¬¬Û”Ì« Ó¬± Ú˚˛ , ¬ı¬ı˛— ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± Ȭ±Ú±À¬Û±ÀάˇÚ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº (“In
recognising these three dimensions of equality, capcity & differentiation as lying at the
heart of the development process we do not mean to suggest that they necessarily
fit easily together. On the contrary, historically the tendency has been that there are
acute tensions between the demands for equality, the requirements for capacity & the
process of great differentiation”.)
’Ú…±Ú… Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬› ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡
›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ‚øÚᬺ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸Ú±ÒœÀÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı¸±-¬ı±øÌÊ√… › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±G¬Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ú·¬ı˛-Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛ , ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˜±S±˚˛ ˝√√À˘› ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø˙鬱¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ›
:±Úø¬ı:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛, ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛ õ∂˚≈øq¡ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıøé¬5 õ∂¸±¬ı˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸Î¬ˇfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı˝√√Ú, Œ¬ı˛˘¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú,
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛, ≈ ±˚ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸± √√±À˚… Œ√ œ-ø¬ıÀ√ œ ˆ¬± ∏±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛÀS¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√
’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√, ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ , Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡ , ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ Ú±Ú± ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±º
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏
¬Û˚«z¬ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¡ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ › Œ¬ı·¬ı±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ıœ
Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¢∂˝√√Ì › ’±RàÔ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙≈Ò≈ ’¬Û±¬ı˛·˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ Ú±, ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS
’øÚ26≈√fl¡› øÂ√˘º ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ’¬ı˘≈ø5¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±ÒÚ ‚ÀȬøÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ , ¬ı¬ı˛—
‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À √√…¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (modernization of tradition)—˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ÀÚfl¡ ’±¬Û±Ó¬-’¸e·øÓ¬
› ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂¬ı˘º
¤¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±-ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛
‰¬±À¬Û ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¡ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛À√¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡
˙±¸Úõ∂̱˘œ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬ Œ√˙œ˚˛ ά◊2‰¬¬ı·π˚˛À√¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ’øˆ¬: › √é¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘øÂ√˘º
156
¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ’¬ı…¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¤ø˘È¬ ¸•x√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ
˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¤ø·À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ õ∂˚˛±¸œ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û˚≈q¡ ’Ô‰¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬
·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸ √√± ˛fl¡ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡-’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ài§ ∏Ì ¤Ê√Ú… ’Ó¬…z¬ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úœ ˛ øÂ√ º ø¬ı¬Û≈ Δ¬ıø‰¬ÀS…
ˆ¬¬ı˛± ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±√œ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜”˘fl¡ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
øÂ√˘ õ∂±˚˛ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«º Almond-fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ › Ê√±øÓ¬·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˜±Ô±˚˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛
ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ 1949-¤¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÓ¬ÀLa ø¬ı˙ˆ¬±À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛
¸y¬±¬ı… õ∂fl¡ä·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸øißÀ¬ı˙ ‚Ȭ±Úº ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛
¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬ı˝≈√√·≈Ì ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘… flË¡˜¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±
ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊æ”√Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± › ¸efl¡È¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı˝≈√√˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ
Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ ¶§±é¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛, ¤˝◊√√ ¸±˜Ô«… ¬ı± √é¬Ó¬± ’øÊ«√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º
Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ø¬ı¯∏˚˛
˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøȬº ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À˘› ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úí › ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛Úí ≈√íøȬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ’±ÀÂ√º ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬
˝√√ ˛ Ú±º
¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı ά◊iß ÀÚ¬ı ¸±ÀÔ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÀ̬ı ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’Ó¬…z¬ ‚øÚᬺ ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ◊√√ά◊À¬ı±¬Ûœ˚ Ò“±À‰¬¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÌ
õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ά◊iß˚˛ÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˘é¬Ì ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂Ó¬œ˚˛˜±Ú ˝√√˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÚÀfl¡ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡¬ı˛± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘›
fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˘é¬Ì › Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ’ÀÚÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬
¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·Ì-’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜Ó¬±, flË¡˜¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±, ¡ZiZ¸—fl¡È¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ √é¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ¸±˜Ô«… ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › fl¡˜«·Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı‘øX–¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˘é¬Ì ¬ıÀ˘
¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º
ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—øé¬5 ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
157
3º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
4º ë‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ fl¡œ∑
5º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Almond-¤¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
6º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂¸Àe· Lucian Pye-¤¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
7º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊iß˚˛Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ú±øÓ¬√œ‚« õ∂¬ı&Ò ø˘‡≈Úº
1º G. A. Almond & G. B. Powell : Comparative Politics
2º Ali Ashraf & L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology
3º J. C. Johari : Comparative Politics
4º Samuel Huntington : Political Order in a Changing Society
5º ˜‘̱˘fl¡±øz¬ Œ‚±¯∏√ød¬√±¬ı˛ . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Ú
158
30.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
30.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
30.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
30.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì [ά◊»¸]
30.3.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊»¸·Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸˜”˝√√
30.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±
30.4.1 ¬õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬, ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, ¯∏άˇ˚La, ’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú
30.4.2 ¬ø¬ıõ≠¬ı
30.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú . ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
30.6 ¸±¬ı±—˙
30.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
30.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
30.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ıñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊»¸·≈ø˘ fl¡œ∑
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Ó¬±»¬Û˚«º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú-õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¬
159
¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬
õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı˝◊ √√ ¬ı˛±Ê√œÚøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ‚ÀȬ ¬ı± ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈À˘± ¬ı˝≈√√ › ø¬ıø‰¬Sº Œ˚˜Ú,
’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, õ∂˚≈øMê√·Ó¬ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙À˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, Ê√Ú¸—‡…±·Ó¬ › ’øˆ¬¬ı±¸Ú·Ó¬
(migration) ¬ Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì Ê√øÚÓ ¬ Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı·Ó¬
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ø˙鬱¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øӬᬱڷӬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ’±ôLÊ«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± › ¬ı…¬ı¸± ¬ı±
øÚÀ ˛±··Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ’±ôLÊ«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ˙øMê√ ”À √√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±À˜…¬ı˛ ¬ Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º¬ ¤ ◊ ¸˜ô¶ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±ôL › ø¸X±ôL¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ›
õ∂øӬᬱڷӬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’¬ı˙…y±¬ıœº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛
¬ı˛”¬Û, õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì, ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ¸¬ıÀé¬ÀS ¤fl¡¬ı˛fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± fl¡‡ÀÚ± Œ˚˜Ú
flË¡ø˜fl¡ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ fl¡‡ÀÚ± Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±˜”˘ ¸—À˙±ÒÚ¬Û&Ôœ › ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡ , fl¡‡ÀÚ± Œ˚˜Ú ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬ı± ‡øG¬Ó¬
fl¡‡ÀÚ±¬ı± Ó¬± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ , fl¡‡ÀÚ± Œ˚˜Ú Ó¬± ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« › øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ fl¡‡ÀÚ± Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸ø˝√√—¸ › ¬ı˛q¡é¬˚˛œº
ø¬ıõ≠¬ı, ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚±¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì ’Ú…±Ú…
Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜”˘Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ¶Û©ÜÓ¬˝◊√√ ¶§Ó¬Laº ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’±˜”˘¬Û&Ôœ › ‰¬¬ı˛˜¬Û&Ôœ ŒÓ¬± ¬ıÀȬ˝◊√√,
¤¬ı— Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ¤¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5 › ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛Ó¬± ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ˜±S±˚˛ ά◊»øé¬5 › ’±À˘±øάˇÓ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§Ó¬La˜˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¸•ÛÀfl«¡
¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ Ó¬±øNfl¡¬ı˛± Ú±Ú± ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛-øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ŒÓ¬± Ú ˛ ◊√√, ¬ı¬ı˛— ά◊ ¬À ˛ ¤fl¡ ‚øÚᬠ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¬ıXº ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡
¸±À¬Ûé¬Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N (Political Sociology)-¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º
¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±ôL–øSê˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
·Àάˇ-›Í¬± øÚø¬ıάˇ, ø¬ıø‰¬S › Ê√øȬ˘ ¸•§gÊ√±˘º ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ Ê√øȬ˘ ¸•§gÊ√±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√ij ŒÚ ˛ øfl¡Â≈√
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¤¬ı— ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√
¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±z¬–øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ¸—øù≠©Ü
ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡øȬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜≈√˚˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Àfl¡˝◊√√ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘
’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛”¬ÛÀfl¡ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˜±Ú¬ıÀ√À˝√√¬ı˛
’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ’ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜ Ú±Ú± ¬ı˛±¸±˚˛øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± metabolism ‚ÀȬ, Ù¬˘|≈øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±fl‘¡øÓ¬-õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ÀÓ¬
Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸˜±Ê√À√À˝√√¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ’ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡
Social metabolism ¬ı± ¸˜±Ê√À√À˝√√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±¸±˚˛øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
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¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬Û”Ì« fl¡Ó‘«¬Qfl¡±Í¬±À˜± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ ¸—øù≠©Ü ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ¬”ø˜Àfl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√À ˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬–’Ô«±»
¤˝◊√√ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬Û”Ì« fl¡Ó‘«¬Q-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±À¬ı Ú±º ’Ú…ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú-õ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ’øi§Ó¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
˚Ó¬ øÚø¬ıάˇˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ≈√íøȬ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
Ú˚˛º ¸˜¢∂ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ëά◊¬Û¬ı…¬ıàÔ±í (Sub-
system) ¬ıÀ˘ Ò¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸M√√±øȬ Œõ∂±øÔÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¡ZiZ ¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬º ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¸≈”√¬ı˛Ó¬˜ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±˘ ¬Û˚«z¬ Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡±À˘˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ¡ZiZ˜˚˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±˚˛øÚº [˜±'«-fl¡øÔÓ¬ ’±ø√˜ ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ¸˜±Ê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ ’¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú]º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘–˚± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ Ú±˜fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-
õ∂fl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√–¤fl¡ ø‰¬¬ı˛z¬Ú õ∂¬ı±˝√√ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øȬÀfl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ Œ¸Ë±Ó¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ô« ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¤ Ú˚˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸Ë±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı√˘ ‚ÀȬøÚº ¬ı¬ı˛— õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¸Ó¬…øȬ ˝√√˘, ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸Ë±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı√˘ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¬Û˚«±À˚˛, Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı
¤¬ı— ¤·≈À˘±˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸ø&Òé¬Ì ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛ Ó¬±˝◊√√, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬
’±¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‰¬˘˜±ÚÓ¬± ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ Ò±¬ı˛± Ú±Ú± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›
’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸ ”À √√¬ı ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¸˜± √√±À¬ı¬ı ¸±ÀÔ ‚øÚᬈ¬±À¬ı ¸¥¤&Ò ≈q¡º (“Political change is intricately
related to a wide Spectrum of social & economic factors”—Davies & Lewis : Models
of Political Systems) º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˚‡Ú ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙鬱¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛,
õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± flË¡˜˙ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, õ∂Ó¬…±˙±
› ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı õ∂Ó¬…±˙± › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
¸e·øÓ¬ ¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ√À˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ¬ÛXøÓ¬-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úœ ˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú flË¡˜±i§ø˚˛fl¡, Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß › øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¤ fl¡Ô± fl¡‡ÀÚ± ¬ı˘± ˚±À¬ı Ú± Œ˚, Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œ˚¸¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ó¬…±˙± › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±
Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ¤¬ı— Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˝◊√√
¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı¬ı˛— ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬À¬ı· ¬ı± ˜±S± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ·Àάˇ
›Í¬± ‰¬±ø˝√√√± › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ù≠Ô·øÓ¬ › ¸œø˜Ó¬˜±øSfl¡º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±˙±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬¬ı ·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ ’¸±˜?¸… ¬ı± ‚±È¬øÓ¬ Ó¬± flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¬Û≈ø?ˆ”¬Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬d¬Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√-ø¬ıÀ¶£¬±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˆ¬e·œÀÓ¬ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙ ‚Ȭ±˚˛ , ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡ÀÚ±¬ı± Ó¬± ¸≈¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬
161
ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û ŒÚ˚˛º ¤ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ά◊ißÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
’Ú…Ó¬˜ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛øSfl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…˝◊ ˝√√˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ŒÔÀfl¡ ·Àάˇ ›Í¬± ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±Ó¬ ’±M√√œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±, ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ 鬘Ӭ±˝◊√√ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ·…±¬ı˛±øKI◊º ¤Àfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬
¬Û±ø¬ı˛ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±í (Continuity through change)º
30.3.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊»¸·Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸˜”˝√
’±À·˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı…øq¡, Œ·±á¬œ, ¬ı·«, ¸•x√±˚˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¡ZiZ-
¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ ”¬ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì › Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ê√ijº ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”À˘› ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√ ¡ZiZ¸efl≈¡˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚± ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º√
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú˝◊√√ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛–¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ fl¡Ô±
¬ı˘± ˝√√À˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”ÀS¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
Tom Bottomore ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜ øÚø«√©Ü fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”SÀfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡
ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Àfl¡º ˜±'¬π˚˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡,
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı± Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ¸—¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸—øù≠©Üº Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú›
Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬q¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ≈√íøȬ ˜≈‡… Œ|Ìœ ≈√˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛-ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛
¸—‚±ÀÓ¬ ø˘5 ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛¬ Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ 鬘Ӭ±-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ ˚± ’¬ı˙…y±¬ıœˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º ˜±'¬π ˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ú≈ ± ˛œ, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Δ¬ı ∏ø ˛fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú › ¬ı∞I◊ÚÒ±¬ı˛±, ’Ô«±» ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Àfl¡ øÚ ˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ≈Ò≈ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ◊√√ Ú ˛, ’Ú…±Ú…
ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, Œ˚˜Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ø˙鬱·Ó¬ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤˝◊√√
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú˝◊√√º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ ’Ú… ¤fl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡
Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¤‡±ÀÚ
Œfl¡±Ú› Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬˘|≈øÓ¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ√‡± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±, Œ√‡± ˝√√˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡À˜«
øÚ˚≈q¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙À˘¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ά◊»¬Û±√Ú-õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬7¡¡¡øÚÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ø˝√√À¸À¬ıº ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø˙丘±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¤ fl¡Ô± ’±Ê√ ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ Œ˚, ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚LaøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛
ά◊»¬Û±√Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ˝√√˚˛, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú
ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂¬ı±˝√√-õ≠¬ıÓ¬± ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¸À¬ı«±¬Ûø¬ı˛ ¤¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜…
·Àάˇ ›Àͬ Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛z¬¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º
’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡› ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π
ø¬ıÀù´ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ˚±øLafl¡ › õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡±˙-ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú › ¬ı∞I◊Ú-ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛
Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ‚Ȭ±˚˛øÚ, ¬ı√À˘ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±
162
˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√, ˚±¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬‚±ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ȬÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¸˜”À˝√√º ˚±øLafl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’ˆ”¬Ó¬¬Û”¬ı«
’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¸—À˚±·-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ √é¬Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı ≈√√·≈Ì ¬ı±øάˇÀ ˛ Ó≈¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Àfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’ˆ¬±¬ıÚœ˚˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ [Œ˚˜Ú fl‘¡øS˜ ά◊¬Û¢∂˝√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ˝◊√√KI◊±¬ı˛ÀÚȬ-fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·,
ƒ’±Ìø¬ıfl¡ Œ¬ı±˜± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√] ˙≈Ò≈˜±S Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ú˚˛, ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˙øMê√¸±˜…Àfl¡
¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ”S √√ ≈Xº Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏Ó¬
Œfl“¡±Ó¬, Œ¶Ûk±¬ı˛, ›À¬ÛÚ˝√√± ◊√√˜±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı˛+¬Û±ôLÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ”À˘ ¤fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ≈ÀX¬ı˛
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ŒÂ√±È¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıô¶±¬ı˛ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ,
ά◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’e·œˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, é≈¬^ é≈¬^ ø¬ıø26√iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸˜¬ı±À˚˛ ·Àάˇ
ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√ ¸≈ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…º ‡G¬-é≈¬^ ˜±Ú¬ıÀ·±á¬œÀfl¡ ¸—‚¬ıX ø¬ı˙±˘Ó¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ øˆ¬øM√√¬ı˛
‘√Ϭˇfl¡¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˚≈X ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂øӬᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛
붧±ÒœÚÓ¬±˚≈Xí-¤¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ ¶§Ó¬La Ê√±øÓ¬¸M±¬ı˛ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı‘˝√√» ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ±˙ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛, ˚≈X Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ é≈¬^ é≈¬^ ˜±Ú¬ıÀ·±á¬œÀfl¡ ¸˜øi§Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸≈¬ı‘˝√√» ¸±•⁄±Ê√…Àfl¡
‡G¬-ø¬ıø26√iß fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¶§˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛º Ù¬˘Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬Û&Ô±-¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛
Ú¬ı Ú¬ı ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ’ø¬ı¸—¬ı±√œº
’±¬ı±¬ı˛, fl¡± « ˜…±Ú √√± ◊√√ õ∂Ê√ij·Ó¬ ø¬ı ∏ Ó¬± ¬ı± ¬ı…¬ıÒ±ÚÀfl¡ (Generation gap) ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
’Ú…Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”S ¬ıÀ˘ ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘ ^≈Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√ij ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ¬π õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ¬ı˛≈ø‰¬ › ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’±‰¬¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤Ó¬È¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı√À˘
˚±˚˛ Œ˚ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…±˙± › ’±˙±-’±fl¡±e鬱¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı˛ÀÌ ÚÓ≈¬ÚÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ Ê√±Ú±ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛º ‘©Ü±z¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ı·Ó¬ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı 60-¤¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û Â√±S-˚≈¬ı ’±Àμ±˘Ú ’Ô¬ı± õ∂±q¡Ú ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡
Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı-¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬La › ˜≈q¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤ õ∂¸Àe·
·Ìõ∂Ê√±Ó¬±øLafl¡ ‰¬œÀÚ øÓ¬À˚˛Ú-’±Ú-Œ˜Ú Œ¶®±˚˛±À¬ı˛ ¸˜À¬ıÓ¬ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±› ¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Ú±¬ı˛œ¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± Ó¬Ô± ˜±Ú¬ı±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡ ˜±S± Œ˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«±Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÒ±Ú-¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı√À˘ ˚±›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± Œ√‡± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ≈√투±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡øȬ ˝√√˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡, ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬
¬ı± ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øȬ ÷øoÓ¬, õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±º õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛
¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Œ˚ ø¬ıø‰¬S ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±–’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂ ≈øq¡·Ó¬–Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√˚˛º
¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡, ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ ¬ı± øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±-øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘
ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì-õ∂øӬᬱڱø√¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±øÒÓ¬
˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±flË¡À˜˝◊√ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ‰¬À˘ Ú±¬ , ¬ıάˇ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Ó¬± ¤fl¡ ˜±S±·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úº
163
¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’äø¬ıd¬¬ı˛ ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¸—‚øȬӬ
˝√√À ˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ√º√
’±¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±õ∂¸”Ó¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬º Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛
ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ › ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸ÀM3› õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œ˚ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜… ¬ıÊ√±˚˛
Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸fl¡˘ ’—À˙¬ı˛ › d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ ¬ı± ¸˝√√Úœ˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ù¬À˘
Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú õ∂Ó¬…±˙±˚˛ õ∂d¬±¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± fl¡À¬ı˛Ú øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıάˇ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛º
¬ıάˇ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜±ÀÚ˝◊√√ Œ˚ Ó¬± ¸¬ı¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û鬬۱Ӭœ , Ó¬± Ú˚˛º
fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú-¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ˙≈Ò≈˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı± ˜±S±·Ó¬, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú›¬ı± Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¤˝◊√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú–˚± ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı
˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬–Ó¬± øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√
õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜”˘¬Û&Ôœ ¬ı± Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¡‡Ú› flË¡ø˜fl¡ ›
Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß , fl¡‡Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ˚˜Ú ’±À¬Û±¯∏˜≈‡œ fl¡‡Ú› Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸—‚±Ó¬¬Û”Ì« , fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛q¡±q¡
ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¡‡Ú› ¬ı˛q¡¬Û±Ó¬˝√√œÚº
30.4.1 õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬, ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, õ∂±¸±√ ¯∏άˇ˚La, ’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú
’±À· ◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À ˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¡ZiZ¸—‚±Ó¬˜ ˛ ¬ÛȬ ”¬ø˜ › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…- ’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛
õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ‚øÚᬈ¬±À¬ı ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬º øfl¡z≈¬ Œfl¡±Ú› øÚø«√©Ü
¸˜˚˛fl¡±À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ¸—‚±Ó¬ › ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú¸”S ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
¬ı± ¬ÛXøÓ¬õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì ‰¬±˘≈ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸fl¡˘ ’—À˙¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q › ¸˜‘øX¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ú ’Ú≈fl”¡˘
Ú˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¤˝◊√√ ’¸±˜… › ’¸±À˜…¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Ò ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œé¬±ˆ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œé¬±ˆ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√
fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬ › ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬˝√√±¬ı˛± ŒÚ˚˛º ø¬ıø26√iß Œé¬±ˆ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± ¸—·øͬӬ ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬˝√√±¬ı˛± øÚÀ˘› ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¬ı± ”√¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ ˘é¬… øàÔ¬ı˛
Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ ø¬ıÀ鬱Àˆ¬ › ø¬ıø26√iß õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬
› ”√¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ ˘À鬅 ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«fl¡±¬ı˛œˆ¬±À¬ı ”√¬ı˛õ∂¸±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ ¸y ¬ıº Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√
¸≈¸—·øͬӬ › ¸≈¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ õ∂˚˛±¸ ≈√˝◊√√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛¬ , ¤fl¡øȬ ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« ›
øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛÔ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øȬ ¸˙¶a › Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ÛÔº Ó¬À¬ı ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« › øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛÀÔ
¸—‚øȬӬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S √√ ˛ Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß › øÚÓ¬±z¬ ◊√√ ˜±S±·Ó¬º ¤¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
Œfl¡±Ú› ’±˜˘ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ Ú±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛±› ¸e·Ó¬ Ú˚˛ Œ˚, ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛
› ¸˙¶a ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ › ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬fl¡º Œ˚˜Ú, õ∂±¸±√ ¯∏άˇ˚La ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ‚ÀȬ Ú±º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
·≈Ì·Ó¬ › ”√¬ı˛õ∂¸±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øӬᬱڱø√¬ı˛
’±˜”˘ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Ú › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ › ‰¬˜fl¡õ∂√, Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± √±¬ıœ fl¡À¬ı˛º
164
ø¬ıõ≠¬ı
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˆ¬ ˛efl¡¬ı˛ ’±À˘±Î¬ˇÚ ‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ‰¬˜fl¡õ∂√ ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± √√À˘› ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÀfl¡
ø‚À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬ › Ó¬±øNfl¡ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û › ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±Ú± ø¬ıw¬±øz¬fl¡¬ı˛
Ò±¬ı˛Ì± õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe·, ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡øȬÀfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡
√±Ú± ¬ı“±ÀÒ√º ’ÀÚÀfl¡˝◊√√ Œˆ¬À¬ı Ô±Àfl¡Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¯∏άˇ˚La˜”˘fl¡ › ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ õ∂˚˛±¸˝◊√√
˝√√˘ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ ’ÀÔ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ëõ∂±¸±√ ¯∏άˇ˚Laí ¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú› ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬Û√¬ı±‰¬… ¬ı± ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸˜Ò˜πº ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ¤ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˚Ô±Ô« Ú˚˛º ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’øÓ¬
’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± Ô±Àfl¡, ¤¬ı— õ∂±˚˛˙˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ô±Àfl¡ Œ·±¬ÛÚ ¯∏άˇ˚La˜”˘fl¡ õ∂˚˛±¸ ›
ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’ÀÔ« ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬˜ ˘é¬ÌøȬ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔÓ¬º ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¬ı√À˘ ˚±˚˛º ¬Û”À¬ı«fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ÚÓ≈¬Ú
Œfl¡±Ú› Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… õ∂øӬᬱ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ õ∂±¸±√ ¯∏άˇ˚La ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı∞I◊Ú ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ˝√√¬ı˛ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ù¬˘Ó¬, ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡
ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı › õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ‚ÀȬ ¤fl¡ ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛, õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡
ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œ|Ìœ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…º ’±¬ı˛ ¤È¬± ◊√√ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ”‡… ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ìº ’Ó¬¤¬ı Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·‘ √√ ≈ÀX¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬, õ∂±¸±√-¯∏άˇ˚La ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÚÀfl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±¬ , ¬ı¬ı˛— fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú›
¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬-ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘¬ı˛ ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı
Ú˚˛¬ , ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˝√√˘ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸-¸—àÔ±¬ÛÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬fl¡º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛
¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·Ì-’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú ¤¬ı— Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤fl¡ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, õ∂±¸±√-¯∏άˇ˚La ¬ı±
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÓ¬±z¬˝◊√√ øÚ¬ı˛≈¬Û±˚˛ √˙«Àfl¡¬ı˛º
¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô« ¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚÀ˚˛› Ú±Ú± ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±Ô«-
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂˚˛±¸
ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± øfl¡ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ø˝√√—¸±|˚˛œ › ¬ı˛q¡¬Û±Ó¬¬Û”Ì«∑ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√
Œ˚ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˜”˘Ó¬˝◊√√ Ò√ı—¸±Rfl¡ › ¸ø˝√√—¸ fl¡˜«fl¡±G¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± [˜”˘Ó¬
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øӬᬱÚ]-Œfl¡ Ò√ı—¸ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂±øӬᬱøÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛
ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¬Û”À¬ı«fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ|Ìœ › õ∂øӬᬱڷ≈ø˘ ¸ø˝—¸ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Ò ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ˚±¬ı˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ Œ|Ìœ·≈ø˘¬ı˛
¬ÛÀ鬛 ø˝√√—¸±|˚˛œ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’¬ı˘•§Ú ’¬ı˙…y±¬ıœ › Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº øfl¡z≈¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø˝√√—¸±|˚˛œ
õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜±S± ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ Œˆ¬À√ øˆ¬iß ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø¬ıõ≠¬ı-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ Ó¬±øNfl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÀfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬À˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
√¬ı˛≈Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ˚ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ é¬˚˛é¬øÓ¬, ¸•ÛøM√√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ±˙ › ˝√√Ó¬…±˘œ˘± ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡˘…±À̬ı˛
Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’fl¡˘…±Ì˝◊√√ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ é¬˚˛é¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ά◊2‰¬˜”À˘…¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬Û&Ô± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ’fl¡±˜… › ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±q¡º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı ø˝√√—¸± › ˝√√Ó¬…±˘œ˘±¬ı˛
√±˚˛ˆ¬±· ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœÀ√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ıÓ«¬±˚˛ Ú±¬ , Ó¬± ¬ıÓ«¬±˚˛ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± é¬ø˚˛c≈ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛ø˜¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛±
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ø˝√√—¸Ëˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂˚˛±¸Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ά◊√…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬˘Ó¬, fl¡±À˚˛ø˜¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛√ ¤˝◊√√ ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡
õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ˜±S± › ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¶Û©ÜÓ¬˝◊√√ ø¡Z˜≈‡œº ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú
õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ÛÀé¬ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±Àfl¡ àÔ±ø˚˛Q
ø√ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡, Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬˜Ó¬±√˙« ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœº ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬
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ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸˜±Ú ά◊À~‡Úœ˚˛º
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˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¸•Ûfl«¡ ŒÚ ◊√√º øfl¡z≈¬ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú õ∂d¬±¬ı › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ’Ú≈ ± ˛œ Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
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˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ‡≈¬ı ˚≈øq¡˚≈q¡ Ú˚˛º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬
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[1] ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú› ¤fl¡ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«
› ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º øfl¬ôL≈√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˘› ¤ ≈√íøȬ
øˆ¬iß ¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬q¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ˚Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ Ó¬± ¸¬ı˝◊√√
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’e·º øfl¡z≈¬ ¸˜d¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Ú˚˛, ¬ı˘±˝◊√√ ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…º
[2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡
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¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø √√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ‰¬À˘º ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± ˛ Œ˚ ’±øÔ«fl¡, õ∂ ≈øq¡·Ó¬, ¬ı± ø˙鬱-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬
Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ȬÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò…º Ó¬À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¡ ˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¬ı± ·øÓ¬À¬ıÀ· Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬ Ó¬± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º
[3] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸≈øÚø«√©Ü ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±¬ı˛øȬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬ÛøG¬Ó¬¬ı˛±º ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
Œ|Ìœ-¸—‚±Ó¬·Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Úº ¤¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ›
õ∂¸±¬ı˛·Ó¬ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ˚± ˙≈Ò≈ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú › ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ú˚˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ,
˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√Àfl¡› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛
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Ò±¬ı˛±º õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛¬±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬ ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ø¬ıøé¬5 ¬ı± ’¸—˘¢üˆ¬±À¬ı ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙
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[5] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
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¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¸± √√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬Ò˜π Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√ « ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’õ∂¸±øe·fl¡Ó¬±
› ’˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬±Àfl¡ ά◊Àij±ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı± ø¬ı˘≈ø5Àfl¡ Q¬ı˛±øi§Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º
øÚÀ•ß±q¡ ø¬ı¬ı‘øÓ¬·≈ø˘ øͬfl¡ Ú± ˆ≈¬˘ Ó¬± [ ] ø√À˚˛ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
øͬfl¡ ≈¬˘
1º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú–
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú–
3º ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛–
4º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ά◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛± › Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡±˙-ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
√¬ı˛≈Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛–
5º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı«√±˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬–
6º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ › ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˝√√˘ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı–
7º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« Â√±Î¬ˇ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸yˆ¬¬ı Ú˚˛–
ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—øé¬5 ά◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Úº
1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
2º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑
3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜ fl¡œ∑
4º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
5º ˚≈X fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
6º ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÚ¬ı˛”¬ÛÌ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
7º ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚ¬ı˛”¬ÛÌ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
1º G. A. Almond & G. B. Powell : Comparative Politics
2º T. Bottomore : Political Sociology
3º Samuel Huntington : Political Order in a Changing Society
4º Ali Ashraf & L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology
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31.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
31.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
31.2 Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì± Ó¬N › ˜Ó¬±√ «
31.3 ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±
31.3.1 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ά◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬±
31.4 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±·Ó¬ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ
31.4.1 ¬˜Ó¬±√˙« › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı∞I◊Ú
31.4.2 ˜Ó¬±√˙« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
31.5 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú
31.6 ¸±¬ı±—˙
31.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
31.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
31.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ıñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, Ó¬N ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑
˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì fl¡œ∑
¬˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ά◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬± fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
¬˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬¬ı… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«, ¤¬ı— ø¬ıø¬ıÒ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¤¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› Ê√Ú¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øӬᬱÚ
169
› õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ ˝√√À˚˛
›Àͬº ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√øe·Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Alan R. Ball ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ÚœøÓ¬
øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì › ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√À̬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¤fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º (....in every type of
political system, policies are formulated and decisions are made within a value-frame-
work.) Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”≈˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ Ó¬±˝◊√√ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂¸e· › ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬ ¤À¸ ¬ÛÀάˇº Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘, Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤fl¡ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡
ά◊¬Û±√±Úº
øfl¡z≈¬ ˜”˘ õ∂ùüøȬ ˝√√˘, ˜Ó¬±√˙«, ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ øͬfl¡ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑ ˜Ó¬±√˙«
¬ı± ¤¬ı˛ ˝◊√√—ø¬ı˛√Ê√œ õ∂øÓ¬˙s Ideology fl¡Ô±øȬ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ Ú±Ú± ’øÚø«√©Ü ’ÀÔ« õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ ˙søȬ¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜
õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø‰¬ôL±ø¬ı√ Destutt de Tracy 1797 ¸±À˘º ˜”˘Ó¬ ’øÒø¬ı√…±˜”˘fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ¬ı±Òœ¬ı+À¬Û øÓ¬øÚ ëˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı±¬ı ø¬ı:±Úí ¬ı+À¬Û ˜Ó¬±√ « ˙søȬ ¬ı…¬ı √√±¬ı fl¡À¬ıÚº ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı ’Õ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ’øÒø¬ı√…± ” fl¡
ø‰¬ôL±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıfl¡±˘œÚ ˚≈øq¡øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙søȬ¬ı˛ ά◊æ√±¬ıÚ
fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¸˜”˝√√ (Political ideas), ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ (Political theory) ›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« (Political ideology)—¤·≈ø˘ ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À˘› õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¸≈øÚø«√©Ü
’ÀÔ« ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏
¬ı± ‡G¬ ‡G¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± õ∂ùü ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸≈¸—¬ıX
¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˝√√ø√˙ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º Œ˚˜Ú, ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ÀQ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ¸±À˜…¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º
øfl¡z≈¬ ‡G¬ ‡G¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ¸≈¸—¬ıX ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ·Àάˇ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬‡Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± Ó¬±Àfl¡ Ó¬N ¬ı±
˜Ó¬¬ı±√ Ú±À˜ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú, ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜QÀfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Q¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±√œ Ó¬N¬ , ¸±˜… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡
ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬N ¬ı± ¸˜±Ê√¬ı±√œ Ó¬N , øfl¡—¬ı± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ˜±'¬π˚˛ Ó¬Nº
Ó¬À¬ı Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ (Ideology) ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¶Û©Ü Ú˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬
’z¬Ó¬ ≈√íøȬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¤‡±ÀÚ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ά◊À~‡Úœ˚˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛
‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡Ó¬± ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛
Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸œø˜Ó¬ › ‡øG¬Ó¬º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬Ó¬‡±øÚ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛
√±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬± Ô±Àfl¡ Ú± ˚Ó¬‡±øÚ Ô±Àfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀSº ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡
Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ˚± ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Û≈Ú·«Í¬ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÌœÀ˚˛¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øe·Ó¬ Œ√˚˛º C. J. Friedrich ¤¬ı— J. K. Brzeziuski
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ “action-related system of ideas” ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√ « ˜±ÀS ◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÊ√ øÚÀ ˛±øÊ√Ó¬º
170
õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ-√±˚˛¬ıX ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøȬ˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡
’øÒfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Œ˚˜Ú, Preston King ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, Ideology “may or may not possess
a logical or philosophical character at all; but it must possess a political character,
i.e. a content without which it cannot be described an ideology—a guide to direct
political action”. ¤ ◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ «Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√Ú ¤¬ı— ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ «Ú ø‰¬z¬± › ά◊¬Û˘øtÀfl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı ŒÁ“¡±fl¡, fl¡± « › √±˚¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı õ∂øÓ¬º (“Political philosophy evoks reflection & understanding,
while ideology is more likely to imply commitment & action”.)
¸—Àé¬À¬Û Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì, ˚≈øq¡
¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±, ˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬±, Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ¤¬ı— ø¬ıù´±¸› Ê√øάˇÓ¬º ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ
ø‰¬z¬±·≈26√ ˚± Œfl¡±Ú› øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”˝√√Àfl¡ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛
› ·Àάˇ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ Ú±Ú±ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú, Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›
˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ ø˙øÔ˘ › ’¸—¬ıX, ˚ø√› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√ÀÚ ’±À¬ı· › ά◊ij±√Ú±
õ∂¬ı˘º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬, Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ ¬Û±¬ı˛•Û˚« › ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ‚Ú¸øi߬ıX
› ¸≈¢∂øÔÓ¬º Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√ ¬ı± Ú±»¸œ¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˜Ó¬±√À˙« ˚Ó¬‡±øÚ ’±À¬ı· › ά◊ij±√Ú±¬ı˛ Ó¬œ¬ıËÓ¬± Ó¬Ó¬‡±øÚ ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛
¬Û±¬ı˛•Û « › ¸— √√øÓ¬ ŒÚ ◊√√º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√ ’Ô¬ı± ˜±'«¬¬ı±À√ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¸—·øÓ¬¬Û”Ì« ø¬ıÚ…±¸ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ” fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı
’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡¬ ı±˜¬Û&Ôœ › √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ–õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√˝◊√√ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±·
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’¸±˜… › Δ¬ı¯∏˜…˜”˘fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚¸¬ı
˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬±Àfl¡ √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ’¬Û¬ı˛¬ÛÀé¬ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Δ¬ı¯∏À˜…¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚¸¬ı
˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬±øNfl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ › ‹¸¬ı ’¸±˜…-Δ¬ı¯∏À˜…¬ı˛ ’¬Û¸±¬ı˛ÀÌ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡
¬ı±˜¬Û&Ôœ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ıÀ˘º
’ÀÚÀfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¬ı± ά◊ÀV˙…·Ó¬ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ › Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡–¤˝◊√√ ≈˝◊√√
ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±À· fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û鬬۱Ӭœº Œ˚¸¬ı ˜Ó¬±√˙« øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ’Ô¬ı± àÔ±Úfl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˚≈Ê√…
¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ¸—¶®±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ flË¡˜±i§ ˛ ¬ı”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸œ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ¬ı± øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±fl¡±˜œ ˜Ó¬±√ «
ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ › õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¸ø˝√√—¸ ¬ı± ¸˙¶a ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
’±˜”˘ ’¢∂·±˜œ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸œ Œ˚¸¬ı ˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ’±‡…± Œ√›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤
õ∂¸Àe· ά◊À~‡… Œ˚ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±·±˜œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«
’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º
171
31.3.1 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ά◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬±
Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ¸KÒ±ÀÚ ø·À˚˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú›
’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ˆ”¬ø˜Àfl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ ˚Ô±˚Ôˆ¬±À¬ı
Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı± ¸—‚±Ó¬ ˜”Ó«¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬
ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊M√√¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√˙«º Ù¬˘Ó¬,
¸—øù≠©Ü ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬ ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò-¸—‚±Ó¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ◊√√ øÚ¬ı”¬ÛÌ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü
˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ‰¬ø¬ı˛Sº ˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı˛ › ¬ıøÌfl¡
¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ÛøÓ¬À√¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ı ‚ȬøÂ√˘ ¤¬ı— ¤¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ Δ¶§¬ı˛±‰¬±¬ı˛œ √˜Ú¬ÛœÎ¬ˇÀÚ¬ı˛
Ú±·¬Û±À˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ’±˜Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚ ø¬ıÀ鬱ˆ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º
’Ú≈¬ı˛+¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬iß ¤fl¡ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ ά◊M√√¬ı˛Ì ¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ê√ij øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√˘ ˜±'«¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ˚±
ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…ôLÀ¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ›Í¬± ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò › ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ›
Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔøÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡, Ú±»¸œ¬ı±√ ¬ı± Ù¬…±¸œ¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛
‰¬ø¬ı˛SÀfl¡ ˚Ô±˚Ôˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ Œ˚ øÚø«√©Ü ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸·Ó¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¤À√¬ı˛ Ê√ij ¤¬ı— Œ¸˝◊√√
¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı…±5 Œ˚ ¸—fl¡È¬ › ¸—‚±Ó¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±È¬± Ê√èø¬ı˛º
fl¡±˘« øÙˬάø¬ı˛˙, øά. Œfl¡. Œ¬ıËøÊ√Úø¶®, ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ά±˘, ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ õ∂˜≈‡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì › ¸—:± øÚ¬ı˛+¬ÛÀÌ Ó¬±¬ı˛ √±˚˛¬ıX fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøȬ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıÚ…±¸˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ
˜ √√À˘ õ∂± ˛ ¸¬ı«¬ı±√œ¸¥œÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ”¬ø˜fl¡± ◊√√ √√ Œfl¡±Ú› øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔõ∂√˙«fl¡ › ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º ’¬ı˙… ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ò±Ú › õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛
ƒ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ’±¬ı˛› øfl¡Â≈√ ά◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ ’¬ı√±Ú ά◊À¬Ûé¬Ìœ˚˛ Ú˚˛º
õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± ˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛+¬Û±ø ˛Ó¬
˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øάˇÓ¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸ Œ˚˜Ú ˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±
√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛±› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… ˝√√˚˛º ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ·Ì¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ÀQ¬ı˛
Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛, Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ fl¡˜«õ∂˚˛±¸ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± Œ√˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚˛±
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛÀÔ ’¬ı±Ò õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡–’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸fl¡˘ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡ › Œ·±á¬œ ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ¸˜˜˚«±√±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ú±Ú±õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú
172
ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Úº ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ú±˚˛fl¡Q, ¬Û”À¬ı«fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ
Œ|Ìœ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’¬ı√˜Ú ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œé¬ÀS fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ √À˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡fl¡
õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ-Œ˘øÚÚ¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« øÚø«√©Ü
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±øNfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó¬±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛QÀfl¡
øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü Ô±Àfl¡º
˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±øȬ¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ά◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ ’¬ı√±Ú› ά◊À¬Û鬱
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’—˙ › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛
√±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ú±˚…Ó¬±, › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬
¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± øÚÊ√ øÚÊ√ ˚Ô±Ô« › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√
¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú±Ú±Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± ¸—fl¡ø˘Ó¬ › ά◊¬ÛàÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ øÚø¬ı˛À‡º
¤ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± ›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ˚Ô±À˚±·…Ó¬± › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¸—øù≠©Ü ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˜±¬Ûfl¡±øͬÀÓ¬º ˙≈Ò≈ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬˝◊√√ Ú˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±G¬› õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸e·øÓ¬¬Û”Ì« øfl¡Ú±
Ó¬± ¬ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝‘√√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚˜Ú, ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛√À¬Ûé¬
¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Ò˜«±&ÒÓ¬±õ∂¸”Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈ᬱÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Œ˜Ã˘¬ı±√œ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ¸‘ø©Ü
√√ º
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ë¤ø˘È¬í ¸•x√±˚˛ øÚø«√©Ü ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√ ø√À˚˛ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬±˙± ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‚±ø¯∏Ó¬
˘À鬅¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ¸˜À¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√Úº øÚø«√©Ü ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛±
fl¡‡Ú› ë·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«í fl¡‡Ú› 븘±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«í ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú› ëÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ·ø¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«í Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
’±À¬ı·˜ ˛ ά◊Vœ¬ÛÚ± ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬±øˆ¬˘± ∏œ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú, ¤˜Úøfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ≈XÀ‚± ∏̱› fl¡À¬ı˛Ú,
¤¬ı— Œ¸˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ¬ı± ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ê√Ú¸˜ø©ÜÀfl¡ ¸˜À¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√Úº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈X-
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬Ûø(˜œ ≈√øÚ ˛± ˛, ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏Ó¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı±√œ ≈√øÚ ˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¤fl¡ÀÊ√±È¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
ë·ÌÓ¬La ¬ı˛é¬±í¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ √±¬ıœÀfl¡
¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±Àμ±˘ÚÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ 븘±Ê√Ó¬La ¬ı˛é¬±í¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ë¸ø˘Î¬±ø¬ı˛øȬí
ƒ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ¤¬ı— ‰¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ øÓ¬À˚˛Ú-’±Ú-Œ˜Ú Œ¶®±˚˛±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‚Ȭڱ ¤-õ∂¸Àe· ¶ú¬ı˛ÌÀ˚±·…º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ øSÀ˙¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ Ú±»¸œ › Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡ ëÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ·ø¬ı˛˜±í ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√
ø√À˚˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡Àfl¡ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ’±·±˜œ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¤˜Úøfl¡ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¬fl¡±À˘›
õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÂ√ ¬ıÌ«ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏œ øfl¡Â≈√ √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ ά◊¢∂¬ı±√œ¬ı˛±º
˜Ó¬±√˙« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
ø¬ı√…˜±Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±Àfl¡ àÔ±ø˚˛Q ø√ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú ¸—øù≠©Ü
˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤fl¡øȬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛
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fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ’¸—·øÓ¬, ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± ά◊À26√À√ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛±º
¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤fl¡øȬ ¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ ‚Ȭڱ ¬ı± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛, ˚ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¬ı± ¬ÛXøÓ¬
øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ú± Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¸˜˚˛
› ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ ¸¬ı«√± ·øÓ¬˙œ˘º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¡‡Ú› flË¡ø˜fl¡ ›
Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß, fl¡‡Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ˚˜Ú ’±À¬Û±¯∏Ò˜œ« fl¡‡Ú›¬ı± Ó¬± ¸—‚±Ó¬¬Û”Ì« , fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛q¡é¬˚˛œ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ
fl¡‡Ú› ¬ı˛q¡¬Û±Ó¬˝√√œÚº Ó¬À¬ı ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚ ˜Ó¬±√˙«
Œ¸ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘› Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ Sêø˜fl¡ ’±À¬Û±¯∏˜≈‡œ › ˙±øôL¬Û”Ì«
˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ Ê√±Ú±˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¶Û©ÜÓ¬ ’¸e·øӬ۔̫ › ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±˜”˘fl¡
¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øàÔÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ Q¬ı˛±øi§Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± ¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛
› ’±À¬Û±¯∏˝√√œÚ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰©Ü ˝√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ˘é¬…
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±-¬ı˛é¬±fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ’±ÀÂ√, øͬfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úfl¡±˜œ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı› ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ’Ô«±», ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚,
øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ı˛é¬±fl¡±¬ı˛œ ˜Ó¬±√ « Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø ˛QÀfl¡
øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¤Ó¬W±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˙øq¡Àfl¡ ≈√¬ı«˘ › øÚ¬ı˛¶a fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úfl¡±˜œ ¬ı± Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…±fl¡Ó«¬± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı
Œ˚˜Ú ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ’¬ı√±Ú ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛
¸±ÒÀÚ ¤fl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº
ά◊¬Ûø¬ı˛Î¬◊q¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±·-¸—·øÓ¬ øÚÌ« ˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ fl¡©Ü¸±Ò… Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ Ú ˛º ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¸ ”À √√¬ı˛
Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬ Ê≈√Àάˇ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¬ı± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸˜i§À˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˝√√ø√˙ ¬Û±›˚˛±
˚± ˛º ’Ô«±», øÚø«√©Ü øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ’±√ « › ” …À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ≈ — √√Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± › ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
’Ô‰¬ ¤¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ’øÓ¬ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±À˘–’Ô«±», ø¬ı·Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ øÓ¬Ú-‰¬±¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ë˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí
(End of Ideology) ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ, ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√À√¬ı˛ ˜˝√√À˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ά…±øÚÀ˚˛˘
Œ¬ı˘ (The End of Ideology), Ê√Ú Œfl¡ÀÚÔ ·˘À¬ıËÔ (The New Industrial State) õ∂˜≈‡ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ı¬ı˛±
õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX±M√√¬ı˛ ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœÀÓ¬ ø˙ä-¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈Ó¬ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
√±¬ıœÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı˝≈√√˘±—À˙ ø˙øÔ˘ ˝√√À˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√º ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬
¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±√œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ (Plural Society) Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¤fl¡À¬ı˛±‡± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı
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¬ı± ¤fl¡˜≈‡œ √±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬± ’¬ı±ø>Ó¬ › ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı›
¤˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü ’ÀÚfl¡ ø˙øÔ˘Ó¬± › ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸ø˝√√c≈Ó¬± ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º
˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ø¬ı˛¬Û±¬ıø˘fl¡±Ú › ŒÎ¬À˜±ÀflË¡øȬfl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¶§äº
’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı, ¬Ûø(˜ ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ √˘ › ¸˜±Ê√ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ √˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ±
˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú ’±Ê√ ’±¬ı˛ Ó¬Ó¬‡±øÚ ≈√d¬¬ı˛ › ’ÚøÓ¬flË¡˜… Ú˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ’Ò≈Ú± ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¸˜”À˝√√
¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛Ó¬± ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ˜±S±˚˛ ¬˝}√√±¸ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ÒÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı±Ê√±¬ı˛-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
’±À¬Û±À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ë¬ı±Ê√±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Laí (Market Socialism) Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’øÓ¬ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡±À˘ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂±Àz¬ ëά◊√±¬ı˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ìí, 댬ı¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛Ìí, ëø¬ıù´± ˛Úí ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ ’øˆ¬‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ flË¡˜˙ ø˙øÔ˘ ˝√√À26√º
ø¬ı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¯∏±ÀȬ¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Á¡±˜±øÁ¡ ŒÙˬά±ø¬ı˛‡ ›˚˛±È¬øfl¡Ú¸ƒ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ “The Age of Ideology” ¢∂À&Ô
˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡È¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¤fl¡À¬ı˛±‡±ø˜ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ’±Ê√ ŒÔÀfl¡
õ∂±˚˛ ‰¬±¬ı˛ √˙fl¡ ’±À· øÓ¬øÚ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, ì˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ά◊¢∂Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ flË¡˜é¬œ˚˛˜±Ì ¸˜Ô«Ú ¤¬ı—
¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬Ûάˇ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ flË¡˜¬ıÒ« ±Ú ’±¢∂˝√√ ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…
¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ºî ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı˝≈√√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ
˚ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡ ÚÚ Ó¬¬ı≈ ë˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ flË¡˜˙ ’øÒfl¡ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
˜Ó¬±√˙«˝√√œÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ά◊ÀͬÀÂ√ √œ‚« ¬Û“±‰¬ √˙Àfl¡¬ı˛ ͬ±`¬± ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±ÀÚº ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La ¬ıÚ±˜
ÒÚÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ó¬¬ı˛Ù¬± ø¬ÛøÂ√À˚˛ ’±¸± › flË¡˜-’¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬,
’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ ı± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚ ά◊ ¬˚Àé¬ÀS ◊√√ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±À¬ı±ÀÒ ¬Ûø¬ı‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡¬ı±¬ı Œ‰¬©Ü± ‰¬˘ÀÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ øÚÂ√fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±À¬ı±Ò›
¤fl¡¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙«˝◊√√º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ˜Ó¬±√˙«˝√√œÚÓ¬± fl¡Ô±øȬ w¬±øz¬Ê√Úfl¡º ¬ı¬ı˛— ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂¬ı˘ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛
’¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ˚ ˙”Ú…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸øȬ ˆ¬¬ı˛±È¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı˙øfl¡Â≈√ ¸˜˚˛ ˘±À·º
¬ı…¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’±À˘±‰¬…
ø¬ı ∏ ˛º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±,
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ ø‰¬z¬±·≈26√ ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì, ˚≈øq¡-¬Û±¬ı˛•Û˚«, ˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬±, Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±
¤¬ı— ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸˜øi§Ó¬º
˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ” ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ˝√√˘ ¤¬ı˛ fl¡ « ≈‡œ √± ˛¬ıXÓ¬±º ’Ô«±», Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√ «
¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”˝√√Àfl¡ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ·Àάˇ
ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ › øȬÀfl¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ’¸—·øÓ¬
175
› ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ά◊ƒ√‚±È¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’Ô¬ı± ø¬ıÚ±À˙ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ά◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬
¸˜±ÀÊ√ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì«º
¬Ûø¬ı˛À˙À¯∏, ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX±M√√¬ı˛ õ∂±¢∂¸¬ı˛ ø˙ä-¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙À˘¬ı˛
’ˆ”¬Ó¬¬Û”¬ı« ¬õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±—˙ ë˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ ·Àάˇ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº
Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡˜”˘fl¡º
1º ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¸˝√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸—:± ø√Úº
2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑
¬3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
4º ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ά◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ fl¡Ó¬‡±øÚ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘∑
5º øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—øù≠©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
6º ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸—øù≠©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
7º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± fl¡œ∑
8º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± fl¡œ∑
9º ë˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
10º ë˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ fl¡Ó¬”√¬ı˛ ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·…∑
1º Alan R. Ball : Modern Politics & Government
2º Finer S. E. : Comparative Government
3º Carl J. Friedrich & J. K. Brezinski : Totalitarian Dictatorship & Autocracy
4º Preston King & B. Parekh : Politics & Experience
5º D. Bell : The End of Ideology
6º Johari J. C. : Comparative Politics
7º øÚ˜«˘fl¡±øz¬ Œ‚±¯∏ . ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º
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32.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
32.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±
32.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡˘Ó¬±
32.3 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬±
32.4 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡
31.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛”¬Û
32.5.1 ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂26√iß › ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬À鬬Û
32.5.2 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬À鬬Û
32.5.3 ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú
32.6 ¸±¬ı±—˙
32.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ
32.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ
32.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ıñ
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º√
¬ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ó¬La…¸”‰¬fl¡ ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊¬Û±√±Úº
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı › ˝√ô¶Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛”¬Ûº
¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ≈√íøȬ ’±¬Û±Ó¬ ø¬ıø26√iß ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… ˝√√˚˛º
õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√ 鬘Ӭ± ¬ı± fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬
ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øSê˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÚÀfl¡˝◊√ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ Ú±À˜ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛
¤˝◊√√ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º
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鬘Ӭ± ¬ı± fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ’—À˙¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ’Ú≈À˜±√Ú ¬ı± ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ ˚± ‹ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬
fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ¸efl¡È¬ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬À˘ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ›
¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±øȬÀfl¡ øȬøfl¡À˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Ó¬‡Ú õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˘ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ’øÓ¬ ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ › ¸≈ø˙øé¬Ó¬
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¤fl¡ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« õ∂øӬᬱں
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’ÒœÀÚ ˚“±¬ı˛± ¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¶Û©Ü › õ∂fl¡±˙… Ú˚˛º ¬ı¬ı˛—, ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡
Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˜”øÓ«¬ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛, ¤ ≈√˝◊À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂26√iß
› øfl¡Â≈√ ¶Û©Ü ¸•Ûfl«¡ Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± › Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀάˇ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
˙±¸Ú õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ’Ô¬ı± Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ Ó¬“±À√¬ı˛ Δ¶§¬ı˛±‰¬±¬ı˛œ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ õ∂± ˛ ◊√√
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… øÚÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡Úº
¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûfl«¡˙”Ú… ¤˜Ú
¤fl¡ ¶§Ó¬La › øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˚± ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ øÚ˚˛La̱ҜÀÚ ¸—·øͬӬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛
Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˆ”¬‡G¬·Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œé¬ÀS ˙±øz¬˙‘∫˘±
¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈ø˘˙ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ › õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ˚Ô±Ô« › ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·…
¬ıÀ˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¬ı˝≈√√ Œ√À˙˝◊√√ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ‹¸¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛
¸øflË¡ ˛ ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı ≈√√˘±—À˙ øÚ «¬¬ı˛ œ˘º ø¬ı·Ó¬ ’Ò« ˙Ó¬±øsfl¡±À˘ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‚Ȭڱ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂ√º ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛ ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX¬ı˛
’±À·˝◊√√ ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ Œ√À˙ ¤¬ı— Œ¶ÛÚ › Ê√±¬Û±ÀÚ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ‚Ȭڱ ‚ÀȬÀÂ√º øfl¬z≈¬ ø¬ıù´˚≈X
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¤Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‚Ȭڱ ‚ȬÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘± Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ≈√øÚ˚˛±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸√… ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±õ∂±5 Œ√À˙º ¤ø˙˚˛±, ’±øÙˬfl¡±
¤¬ı— ˜Ò… › √øé¬Ì ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√À˙ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± 鬘Ӭ± ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬
˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, ’Ô¬ı± ¤fl¡ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’Ú… ¤fl¡ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±˙œÚ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˜√ÀÓ¬º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· Alan R. Ball-¤¬ı˛ ˜z¬¬ı…øȬ : “The lengthy list of
successful or unsuccessful direct intervention by the military....since 1945 creates the
impression that seizure of political control by the armed forces, or the military ensuring
the replacement of one civilian government by another, is the norm rather than the
exception in modern political systems.”
Fred R Vonder Mehden Ó“¬±¬ı˛ The Politics of Developing Nations ¢∂À&Ô ¤fl¡øȬ
ά◊À~‡À˚±·… Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ √√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±õ∂±5 75øȬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂±˚˛
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25øȬÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸Ù¬˘ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛȬ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Joseph La
Palambara Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Politics within Nations ¢∂À&Ô Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, 1945 ¸±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ 1970 ¸±˘
¬Û˚«z¬ ’±øÙˬfl¡± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¸—‚À¯∏«¬ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ 71 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ê√øάˇÓ¬º
’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ø˙˚˛± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ 42 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ¤¬ı— ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ 52 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¸—‚¯∏« ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ê√øάˇÓ¬º
’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ S. E. Finer Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Comparative Politics ¢∂À&Ô ¤¬ı— Jean Blondel Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Comparative
government ¢∂À&Ô ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸õ∂¸e· ø¬ı˙√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Finer-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛
≈√¬ı«˘ › ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ’øÒfl¡º ’¬ı˙…, ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛
Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± Œ˚ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈q¡ ¤˜Ú Ú˚˛º Finer ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ˚≈X¬Û”¬ı«
Ê√±˜«±Úœ, Ê√±¬Û±Ú, Ùˬ±k, Œ¶ÛÚ › ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ‘©Ü±Àz¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ά◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬
Finer-¤¬ı˛ ¶Û©Ü ˜Ó¬ ˝√√˘, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ≈√øÚ˚˛±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ˙≈Ò≈ Ú˚˛, ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ õ∂±˚˛
’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±º Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ı± õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ˚ӬȬ± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › õ∂fl¡È¬ ’Ú…S Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛
Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¡‡±øÚ õ∂26√iߺ
(Autonomous Characteristics)
Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı ≈√√ø¬ıÒ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¸•x√± ˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√Àfl¡
¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ › ¬ı‘øX fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û Œ√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ Ú±Ú± ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ
’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ Ê√ij ŒÚ ˛ › ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¢∂ √√Ì
õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ¸≈¸—·øͬӬ › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ô±fl¡± ¸ÀM3› ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº
õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚¸¬ı ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı±
¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¸øflË¡˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ŒÚ˝◊√√ ,
Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¸—·øͬӬ ˝√√˚˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ά◊À√…±À·º ¬Û鬱z¬À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ’øÓ¬ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«
› õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ¸—·Í¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏QøȬ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¤¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘ øÓ¬ › ¸—·Í¬Ú·Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘˝◊√√
¤È¬± ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸˝√Ê√ ˝√√À¬ı Œfl¡Ú ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ’Ú… Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±, ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ó¬±Àfl¡ fl≈¡ø鬷Ӭ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙
¸≈ø¬ıÒ±Ê√Úfl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±ÀÚ Ô±Àfl¡º
179
˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ ˝√√˘, ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸¬ı¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ’Ú…±Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛
’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œº ¤˝◊√√ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…˜øG¬Ó¬ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì·≈ø˘ Finer, Lucian Pye › Alan Ball õ∂˜≈‡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛
¡Z±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀù≠ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
[1] ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± flË¡À˜±2‰¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…d¬ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡f¬ıX (hierarchical &
centralized)º ¤‡±ÀÚ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ¸√À¸…¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸¬ı«øÚ•ß ¬Û˚«z¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß d¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡º õ∂øÓ¬øȬ
d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Δ¸øÚfl¡ › fl¡˜πÀ√¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q › fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… ¸≈øÚø«√©Üº ÿÒ√ı«Ó¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ’±À√˙-øÚÀ«√˙ øÚ–˙ÀÓ«¬ Œ˜ÀÚ
‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ’Òd¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ¬ı±Ò… Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸±‘√˙… ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ÿÒ√ı«Ó¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ’±À√˙-øÚÀ«√˙ ¤¬ı— Ó¬± ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’Òd¬ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬ı±Ò…Ó¬± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤Ó¬ fl¡±Àͬ±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa ’Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º
õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬± › ˙‘∫˘± ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± ‰¬¬ı˛˜ › ‘©Ü±z¬˜”˘fl¡º ˙‘∫˘±,
øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬± › ø¬ıÚ± ¬ı±fl¡…¬ı…À˚˛ ά◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ’±À√˙-øÚÀ«√˙ ¬Û±˘Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛
ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˝√√˘ ’Ó¬…z¬ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ › ’±¬Û¸˝√√œÚº fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ ˙‘∫˘± › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ìø¬ıøÒ ’˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±À· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˚≈q¡ ¸√À¸…¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ › fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ ˙±ød¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
Œ·±á¬œ–Ó¬± Œ¸ ˚Ó¬ 鬘Ӭ±˙±˘œ˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú øÚ˚˛˜˙‘∫˘± ˆ¬Àe·¬ı˛ Ê√ÀÚ… ‡≈¬ı Œ¬ıø˙ ˝√√À˘ Œ√±¯∏œ ¸√À¸…¬ı˛
¸√¸…¬Û√ Œfl¡Àάˇ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı Δ√ø˝√√fl¡ ˙±ød¬√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º ¤ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ’ÚÚ… 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œº
[2] ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… 鬘Ӭ±˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ¬ıάˇ
¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ˝√√˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—À˚±· ¬ı± ¸e·øÓ¬
Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√i߈¬±À¬ı øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı…±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛º
Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ¬Û±˙±fl¡-’±˙±Àfl¡ › ’±√¬ı-fl¡± ˛√± ˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ”‰¬fl¡ ¶§±Ó¬La… › ¸˜¬ı”¬ÛÓ¬± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚± ˛º ¸À¬ı«±¬Ûø¬ı˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’Ú≈·Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√˚˛º (“The armed forces in varying
degrees emphasise their separation from civilian society by separate barracks, distinctive
uniforms and indoctrination of recruits in the history and traditions of that particular
branch of armed forces, resulting in a pride in the tradition and a distinct esprit de
crops.”—Alan R. Ball)
¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± › ¶§±Ó¬La…˜˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛
¬Û‘Ôfl¡ Œ·±á¬œˆ≈¬q¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¤fl¡ øˆ¬ißÒ˜π ‘∫˘±¬Û¬ı˛± ˛Ì ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ˚± ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶§Ó¬La Œ·±á¬œÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛
Ê√ij Œ√ ˛º
[3] Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’‡G¬Ó¬± › øÚ¬ı˛¬ÛM√√± ¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ’±flË¡˜Ì õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛
’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«Ó¬± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈√–¸±˝√√ø¸fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…øÚᬱ Œ√˙Àõ∂À˜¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬
˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı±ø˝√Úœ¬ı˛√√ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ ’øˆ¬Àõ∂Ó¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±
˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—fl¡œÌ« fl¡±À˚˛ø˜ ¶§±Ô« ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ÿÀÒ√ı« ’¬ıàÔ±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì
Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ˝√√˘ ¶§À√˙õ∂œøÓ¬ › ’±RÓ¬…±À·¬ı˛ ˜”Ó«¬ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı˜”øÓ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
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¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬fl¡ › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ˙≈Ò≈ Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸˝◊√√
Ú˚˛, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±ÀÓ¬› ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ¬ı˙ õ∂¬ı˘ Œ˚ ‡G¬ ‡G¬ Œ·±á¬œ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛
¸—‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı¬Ûiß ¸˜¢∂ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¶§±Ô«Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı± ά◊X±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
[4] ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ’±flË¡˜Ì õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Œ√À˙¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ
Œ·±˘À˚±· ¬ı± ·‘˝√√˚≈X Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· › ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ¸˜d¬ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛
¤fl¡À‰¬øȬ˚˛± ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ › ¬ı˛±À©Ü™
¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’˘e∏‚Úœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬº ’±¬ı˛ Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬
¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱ˚˛ Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«z¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ˝◊√√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈õ∂À¬ı˙ ¬ı± ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß ˝√√˚˛º
[5] ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ˘é¬…Ìœ ˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… √√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜« ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— fl¡À¬ı˛º ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ
Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › õ∂26√iß Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı± 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ › ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı Ú±Ú± ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ ¸±ø˜˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
øfl¡z≈¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ¤È¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬± ¬ıÀȬ ◊√√ ¤˜Úøfl¡ ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı± ’±¬Û»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ Ô±Àfl¡º
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±˝◊ ˙≈Ò≈ Ú˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó¬±øNfl¡
¬ı…±‡…± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ ˜˝√√À˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈X-¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ¤ø˙˚˛±, ’±øÙˬfl¡±
› ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± › ’øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¤¬ı—
Ó¬±¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏ÀÌ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì« ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÀ ˛ Œ¬ı˙øfl¡Â≈√ ·À¬ı ∏̱ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº
¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬
‰¬±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±Àfl¡ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡øȬ
’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ‚Ȭڱ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ά◊ißÓ¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈À˘± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬QÀfl¡ ˚ӬȬ± ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ά◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘ ¬ı± ’ÀÒ«±ißÓ¬ Œ√˙·≈À˘±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS
Ú±Ú± ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬·Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬± ¸yˆ¬¬ı ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙¸˜”À˝√√ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ‚Ȭڱõ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ Œ˚±·›
ά◊À¬Ûé¬Ìœ˚˛ Ú˚˛º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’Ô¬ı± ά◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı˝≈√√˘±—À˙˝◊√√ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√ ˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ¬ı ¬ı±ø √√…fl¡ ‰¬±¬Û–Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ά◊ ¬ ˛Ó¬–
õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¬ı˝≈√√Àé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˝√√±À˚…¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
√√ º¬√¡√√√√√√√√√√
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¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸˜Ò˜π ¬ı± ¸˜¬ı˛”¬Û Ú˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ú±Ú±
Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… õ∂¸Àe· ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Alan R. Ball ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì
fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˜”˘Ó¬ ≈√íøȬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚœÀ˚˛¬ı˛ (variable) ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘º
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úœ˚˛ ≈√íøȬ ˝√√˘ . [1] ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ , [2] ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¸±˜Ô«…º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘±
Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ≈√íøȬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úœ˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ˙øq¡º
Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øȬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ›
ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’øÒfl¡
Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı˛œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı¸•Ûiߺ ¤˝◊√√ Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı˛œ › ˙‘∫˘±¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ’±R˜˚«±√±À¬ı±Ò › ’Ú…±Ú… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¶§Ó¬La Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº
Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ Œ¬Û˙±√±ø¬ı˛Q › ¶§±Ó¬La…-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ’Ú…À√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛
Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ’Ô¬ı± fl¡˜ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ò…Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ øÚ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ·øͬӬ Œ¸Ú±¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¤¬ı—
Œ¶§26√±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ·øͬӬ Œ¸Ú±¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…› ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ú±¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ øÚ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛
Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±øÒfl¡… Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ
øÚÀ˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú ¤ø˘È¬ ¬ı·«ˆ≈¬Àq¡¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›
Œ√À˙ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛±À·¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√œ¬ıœ ¸•x√±˚˛ › øÚ•ß-˜Òø¬ıÀM√√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º
¤˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı·«·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± › õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±›
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:Ó¬±, õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ √é¬Ó¬± › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜…
Ô±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛
øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ˙øq¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Ó¬±˝◊√√ ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úœ˚˛øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏√ ·≈èQ¬Û”Ì«º ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’Ô¬ı± ¤fl¡fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛
¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛
¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ŒÓ¬˜Ú Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚ ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ’—À˙¬ı˛
’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’Ê«√ÀÚ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛ › ˜˚«±√± ˝√√±¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± Œ¬ıø˙
˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛
Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘ Œ˚ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±¬ı˛±Rfl¡ ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ≈√¬ı«˘Ó¬± ¬ı± ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬± Ú± Ô±fl¡À˘
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± fl¡˜º
õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬À鬬Ûí-
¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤fl¡˜±øSfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±À¬ı Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√˜±øSfl¡
› Ê√øȬ˘ ¸•Ûfl«¡øȬÀfl¡ ˚Ô±˚Ô ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÌ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ó¬± ◊√√ ¤Àfl¡ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ¬Û «±À ˛ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡
õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì·Ó¬ ˜±S± › ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ
Alan R. Ball ¤Àfl¡ ˜≈‡…Ó¬ øÓ¬ÚøȬ d¬À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú .
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32.5.1 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂26√iß › ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬À鬬Û
’±¬Û±Ó¬ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıø26√iß ˜ÀÚ ¬˝√√À˘›
¤fl¡Ô± ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚« Œ˚, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ õ∂26√i߈¬±À¬ı ˝√√À˘› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±©Ü™ÚœøÓ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ¸—flË¡±z¬ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ√
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ά◊À…±·œ ˝√√˚˛º ¤fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘… Œ˚, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±©Ü™ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú…±Ú…
ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤¬ı— Ù¬˘Ó¬ ‹ ≈√˝◊√√ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±Àé¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬, ¤fl¡øȬ ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±, ‰¬±fl≈¡ø¬ı˛¬ı˛
˙Ó«¬±ø√ ¤¬ı— ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬©Ü Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚Àfl¡±Ú›
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛
¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜≈‡… ά◊ÀV˙…˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ¸—flË¡±z¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛
¬ÛÂ√μ¸˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛”¬Û±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± ¬Û”¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
fl¡¬ı˛±º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· › ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ¸¬ı Œ√À˙
¸˜±Ú Ú˚˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ˚ø√› ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ › øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬¬ı≈ ¤˝◊√√ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ¸¬ı Œ√À˙ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı± fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú± Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬
¸fl¡˘ ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬ › fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¸˜±Ú ˜Ê√¬ı≈Ó¬ › ¸˜±Ú ‹øÓ¬˝√√…ø¸X Ú˚˛º Ó¬¬ı≈
Œ˜±ÀȬ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Œ¢∂Ȭ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú ’Ô¬ı± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ά◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤¬ı—
·Ì- õ∂Ê√±Ó¬±øLafl¡ ‰¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤fl¡√˘œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ fl¡‡Ú› ŒÓ¬˜Ú ‰¬…±À˘? Ê√±Ú± ˛øÚº
Ó¬À¬ı ˚≈Xfl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı± ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ’±¬Û»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øȬ øfl¡Â≈√Ȭ± øˆ¬iß ˜±S± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øˆ¬iß ˜±S± ’±¸À˘ ¤fl¡±z¬ˆ¬±À¬ı
’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı± Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ¬ı…øÓ¬flË¡˜œ ˜±S±º
¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ’¬ı˙… ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ fl¡Ô±› ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ › ’Ú…±Ú… ¤fl¡√˘œ˚˛
¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’Ú…±Ú… ’±Ò±-¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸˙¶a ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√˚˛º ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œé¬ÀS
øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±¬ı˛é¬±, ¸—fl¡È¬ ”√¬ı˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¬± õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ú±»¸œ¬ı±√œ ¬ı± Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ Δ¶§¬ı˛Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-
õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√Àfl¡ ¸≈øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ·Í¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ › ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡ä ˜±S± ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬À鬬ۺ øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú ¬ıÀ˘
183
˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ˆ≈¬˘ ˝√√À¬ıº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¤ ˝√√˘ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ’¬ıàÔ±º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬
˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¤¬ı— ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ¬ı± ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ’¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ıÀ˘
ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û Ú±Ú± fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ › Ú±Ú± ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ‚ȬÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛
‚Ȭڱ Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ‚Ȭ± ¸yˆ¬¬ıº ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ Ball-¤¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ . “Direct interference
by the military in politics, but falling short of the assumption of power by the military
may occur in any type of political system.” Ó¬À¬ı õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ Œ˚ ≈√íøȬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¬ı± ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û ά◊À√…±·œ ˝√√ ˛ Ó¬± ˝√√˘ . [1] ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—fl¡œÌ« Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬
¶§±Ô«¸±ÒÚ ¤¬ı— [2] ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±, ≈√ÚπøÓ¬ ’Ô¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡±À˚˛ø˜ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘
˙±¸Ú ‰¬±˘±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ Œ‰©Ü±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬º Ó¬À¬ı ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ ˝√√˘, ά◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¤˝◊√√ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl ¡¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ
øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛√ õ∂øÓ¬ ”¬ › ¬ı˛é¬fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ô«±», ˚‡Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡œÌ« Œ·±á¬œ¶§±ÀÔ«› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú› ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ê√Ú¸˜Ô«Ú ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤¬ı— Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û õ∂˚˛±¸Àfl¡ ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«˝◊√√ ’Ú≈¬õ∂±øÌÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘ Ê√±ø˝√√¬ı˛
fl¡À¬ı˛º
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ Œfl¡±Ú› ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ¸˝◊√√ ’Ú… ¤fl¡ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ά◊À√…±·œ ˝√√˚˛º 1964
¸±À˘ Œfl¡øÚ˚˛±, Ó¬±ÚÊ√±øÚ˚˛± › ά◊·±`¬±˚˛ ¸—‚øȬӬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ά◊À~‡
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ Œ˚¸¬ı fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊À~‡À˚±·… øÂ√˘
Œ¬ıÓ¬Ú › fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¸Àz¬±¯∏, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬¬Û√·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬
’±øÙˬfl¡±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ øÚÀ ˛±À·¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Ó¬À¬ı 鬘Ӭ±¸œÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬Àfl¡ ά◊»‡±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸:±Ú ’øˆ¬õ∂± ˛
¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ’±øÙˬfl¡±¬ı˛ ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ’±¬ı˛› fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ Œ√À˙ 60-¤¬ı˛√ √˙Àfl¡ ¤
Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ › ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛øÚº
Ó¬¬ı≈ Œ˜±ÀȬ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ’¸Àz¬±À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ › ’Ú…±Ú… Œé¬ÀS √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ’‰¬˘±¬ıàÔ± › ¸—fl¡ÀȬ¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛ ÀÚ ’鬘Ӭ± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√
¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û õ∂À¬ı˛±ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú õ∂øӬᬱ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±
õ∂±˚˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛˘º
¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ’Ô¬ı± 븱˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Úí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛
fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ √‡À˘ Ô±Àfl¡º ’¬ı˙… ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú±ÒœÀÚ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛
˜±S±˚˛ › ‹ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛› ¬ı˛fl¡˜ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˜Ò…õ∂±‰¬…,
√øé¬Ì¬Û”¬ı« ¤ø˙ ˛±, ’±øÙˬfl¡± › ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ‚Ú ‚Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ ˛LaÌ
¬ı± ˙±¸Ú fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬Àfl¡ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º
184
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˚ø√ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±àÔ± › |X±¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Ò flË¡˜˙ øÚ•ß·±˜œ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı ’Ú… ø¬ıfl¡Àä¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√Ú·Ì ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡
¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬À鬬ÛÀfl¡ ¶§±·Ó¬ Ê√±Ú±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º √œ‚«fl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±·≈ø˘ ˚ø√
flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ’¬ıÀ √√ø˘Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıƒ√, õ∂˙±¸fl¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√ fl¡±À ˛ø˜ ø¬ıM√√À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ ≈ ¬ ŒÊ√±ÀȬ¬ı˛
Ù¬À˘ ˚ø√ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ’øÚ(˚˛Ó¬±, ˝√√Ó¬±˙± › ø¬ı˙‘∫˘± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı…±ø5 ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬
鬘Ӭ± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú Ú± Ô±fl¡À˘› ’z¬Ó¬ øÚø©flË¡˚˛ ’Ú≈À˜±√Ú Ô±Àfl¡º Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√
’Ú≈À˜±√Ú àÔ±˚˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú± fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡± Œ·ÀÂ√ õ∂±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡ Ê√Ú-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
øÚÀÓ¬ ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º
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Ê√Ú… Ó¬»¬Û¬ı˛ ˝√√ ˛º ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±-¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ Ú± ◊√√ÀÊ√ø¬ı˛ ˛± ˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤fl¡Ú± ˛fl¡Q õ∂øӬᬱ¬ı˛ ‚ȬڱÀfl¡ ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ‘√©Ü±z¬
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¬ı˛±À©Ü™› õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸yˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ’øÒfl¡º
Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı ≈√√ Œ√À˙ Ú¬ı·øͬӬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ õ∂øӬᬱڸ ” √√ ≈¬ı≈ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜
ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ õ∂Ó¬…±˙± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛› ˚ø√ √œ‚«ø√Ú ÒÀ¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛
› Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜≈‡… ’—À˙¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛±À˘± ’±¬Û±Ó¬ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±·≈À˘±Àfl¡ Ó‘¬5 Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¬Û≈ø?ˆ”¬Ó¬
’¸Àz¬±¯∏Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±ø·À˚˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ά◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ›Í¬± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ S±Ó¬±
ø˝√√À¸À¬ı õ∂øӬᬱ˚˛ õ∂˚˛±¸œ ˝√√˚˛º
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ Œ√˙ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › õ∂ø˙é¬Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬
fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¬Ûø(˜œ ˙øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀ√˙ › ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ Î¬◊À√…±·œ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬˘¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ‹¸¬ı ¬ı‘˝√√»˙øq¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«À¬ı±Ò
› ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı— fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı
Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ˜√Ó¬¬Û≈©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú õ∂øӬᬱ˚˛ ά◊À√…±·œ ˝√√˚˛º
¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ › ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ˚≈¢¨ˆ¬±À¬ı
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õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ¸˝√√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± › ¸˜Ô«Ú ’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡-’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ˚ÃÔ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ
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¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛± ¸•Û”Ì« øˆ¬ißÒ˜π ˝√√À˘› ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬,
fl¡‡Ú›¬ı± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
185
¸•Û±√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ≈¬ı±À√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂ √√Ì õ∂øflË¡ ˛±Àfl¡ õ∂¬ı±ø¬ıÓ¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ıº
øfl¡z≈¬ fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ˜≈‡… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛
˚‡Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸—fl¡È¬fl¡±˘œÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛
¸≈À˚±· ¬Û±˚˛, ’Ô¬ı± ˚‡Ú ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± √‡˘ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’¬ı˙… ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±À·¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛±
˚±˚º
1º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜≈‡… ά◊¬ÛÊ√œ¬ı… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ fl¡œ∑
2º fl¡œ ’ÀÔ« ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬±· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬∑
3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
4º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
5º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ’Ú…±Ú… ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…¸”‰¬fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ fl¡œ∑
6º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ øÚX«±¬ı˛fl¡ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑
7º Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¡± fl¡˜, ¤¬ı— Œfl¡Ú∑
8º ’ÀÒ«±ißÓ¬ ¬ı± ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Œfl¡Ú Œ¬ıø˙ Ô±Àfl¡∑¡
9º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
10º ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑
11º Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡øȬ Œ√À˙ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛∑
12º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑
1º Alan R. Ball : Modern Politics & Government
2º Guttridge W. F. : Military Regimes in Africa
3º Finer S. S. : Comparative Government
4º Lucian Pye : Aspects of Political Development
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6º J. C. Johari : Comparative Politics
7º ¸≈øÊ√Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬º√
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